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Age-Specific Response of Atteva sciodoxa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)

Ghulam Ali Bajwa¹, Faizah Abood², Yusof Bin Ibrahim³

...yed against three larval instars of Atteva sciodoxa under laboratory conditions of 27±2ºC, 75% RH and 12:12 h photoperiod. Instar 3rd responded with 100% mortality at 5x107 conidia ml-1, while same level of mortality was recorded in 5th instar at 1x108 conidia ml-1. Instar 5 also showed the lowest mortality (33.3%) at 1x106 conidia ml-1. Median effective concentration (EC50) ranged between 9.87x105 and 21.30x105 conidia ml-1 for 3rd to 5th

Predation Efficacy of the Predator Coccinella septempunctata L. on the Aphid Species Macrosiphum rosae (L.) in Kastamonu Province, Turkey

Sabri Unal¹, ASır Er², Erol Akkuzu¹* and Lubomir Salek³

... third and fourth larval instars of C. septempunctata consumed 20.3, 54.3, 108.2, and 232.7 M. rosea, respectively. The predation efficacy of the C. septempunctata was increased with the progress of the larval instars up to the fourth which was the most voracious.

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M. A. Al-Helal, K. N. Ahmed, N-E-P. Khanom, and S. Bulbul

Observations on papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Willink (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) damag-ing some crops in Bangladesh

..., three and four nymphal instars occur in case of female and male mealybug, respectively. The adults are most active in warm, dry and humid weather. The male adult mealybugs possess two pairs of wings. Female have no wings and move by crawling short distances or by being blown in air currents. Female usually lays 100 to 600 eggs. Eggs are greenish-yellow in colour measuring 0.120 cm diameter and laid in an ovisac that 3-4 times the body length. Eggs are covere...

Susceptibility of Adult Engorged Ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to a Native Heterorhabditid Isolate (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) in Colima, Mexico

Jaime Molina-Ochoa^{1, 2, 6,}*, Edelmira Galindo-Velasco², Ana María Rosales-Gutiérrez², Martín González-Ramírez³, Roberto Lezama-Gutiérrez³, Wilberth Chan-Cupul³, Steven R. Skoda⁴, Muhammad Irfan Ullah⁵, Luis Jorge García-Márquez² and John E. Foster⁶

...ds were baited with last instars of the great wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella L., and an EPN isolate was obtained, it belonged to the genus Heterorhabditis and identified as JMO71. The nematodes were cultivated in GWM larvae, and the emerging infective juveniles (IJs) were collected from White traps, and pooled in canted neck vented plastic flasks. The susceptibility of an important livestock arthropod, the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus micro...

Reproduction Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Armyworm (Spodoptera litura)

Hina Safdar^1,*, Nazir Javed¹, Sajid Aleem Khan¹ and Muhammad Arshad²

...against different larval instars (2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th) of armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) at different exposure times were evaluated. Entomopathogenic nematodes were applied at 1000 IJs/ml and larvae maintained at 25°C. Mortality was recorded upto four days. Both species of entomopathogenic nematodes proved effective against all larval instars. Maximum mortality was ob...

Javed Khan, Ehsan-ul-Haq, Naheed Akhtar, Waseem Ahmad Gillani*, Naila Assad**, M.Asif Masood and Irum Raza*

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF IMMATURE STAGES OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) FEEDING ON RICE MEAL MOTH, CORCYRA CEPHALONICA EGGS

....8±0.07 and third instars were, 4.9±0.10, 4.0±0.06, 3.4±0.13 days at three temperatures, respectively. The larval developmental duration were 11.9±0.13, 9.7±0.31, 8.2±0.14 and pupal duration were 9.2±0.10, 8.3±0.10 and 6.8±0.07 days at three temperatures respectively. Biological cycle of immature stages were 26.0±0.13, 21.8 ±0.08 and 18.0±0.56 days, respectively with tot...

Asrar Ali*, Ehsan-ul-Haq**, Abdul Rehman***, Javed Khan, Waseem Ahmad Gillani** and Maria Rauf*

BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND PREDATORY POTENTIAL OF MENOCHILUS SEXMACULATUS FAB. (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE) AT VARYING TEMPERATURE ON RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L.

... potential of all larval instars ranged from 148 to 162 aphids, respectively. The prey consumption of female beetle was significantly higher than male. The adult male consumed from 2294 to 2422 aphids and female consumed from 2912 to 3085 aphids, respectively. Based on results of present study, possibility of quality mass rearing and commercialization of predatory beetle, M. sexmaculatus was ascertained.
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Molecular Identification and Pathological Characteristics of NPV Isolated from Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in Pakistan

Jam Nazeer Ahmad^1,2,*, Rashid Mushtaq¹, Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad^1,2, Sumaira Maqsood³, Ishita Ahuja⁴ and Atle M. Bones⁴

...i> was observed at early instars. Against second instars of S. litura, LC₅₀values of NPV isolate ranged from 1.92×10³ to 3.64×10³OB/ml with LT₅₀ values of 69.30 h to 72.80 h, respectively. This study showed highly effectiveness and provides an opportunity to cut down the use of synthetic approaches and develop safe biological/microbial insecticides from NPV isol...

Morphology of Immature Stages of Schistocerca gregaria with Special References to its Size Variations

Ahmed Ali Samejo* and Riffat Sultana*

... and 5^thinstars were voracious in consuming vegetation and having more chances of survival than 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd instars. Finally this study suggests that 4^th and 5^th instars, which were neglected previously, are the potential enemies of agro economy in Thar Desert.
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Comparative Study on the Nymphal Stages of Two Sphingonotus Species (Acrididae: Oedipodinae)

Fakhra Soomro^1,*, Riffat Sultana² and Muhammad Saeed Wagan²

...ecies passed through six instars larvae. Emergence of larval instars in both species was started from the month of July just after monsoon rainfall, whereas, S. savignyi immature emerges earlier than S. rubescens rubescens and increases their density rapidly in open grounds and rocky areas. Immature stages were found exclusively geophiles in nature and usually giving two generation in a year but occasionally th...

Efficacy of Mixture of Pesticides on the Mortality and Energy Reserves of a Stored Grain Pest Trogoderma granarium Everts

Tanzeela Riaz¹, Farah Rauf Shakoori^2,*, Hareem Mansoor¹, Sana Khan¹ and Mushtaq A. Saleem¹

... 1:3) against two larval instars (4^th and 6^th) of MBDIN and Lahore populations of T. granarium. The LC₅₀ of abamectin, emamectin and spinosad for 4^th larval instars of Lahore population was 172, 185 and 196 ppm, respectively while LC₅₀of these insecticides against 4^th larval instar of MBDIN population was 186, 192 and 198 ppm, respectively. Similarly, ...

Molecular Study on Field Evolved Resistance of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferruginous) and its Management through RNAi

Jam Nazeer Ahmad^1,2*,Mujahid Manzoor¹, Zubair Aslam³and Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad^{1, 2}

Comparative Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Commercial Formulations against Leaf Worm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius under Laboratory Conditions

Ammara Blouch¹, Ata ul Mohsin², Muhammad Naeem² and Rashid Mahmood¹*

...ainst three early larval instars of S. litura under laboratory conditions using leaf dip method. Mortality was recorded after three and seven days of exposure. The results indicated that larval mortality increased with time and Turex (Bt sub speciess kurstaki and aizawai)after 3 days of exposure caused significantly higher mortality i.e 46.43, 43.45 and 38.69 % as compared to Dipel (Bt sub speciess kurstaki) tha...

Larvicidal Effect of Ipomoea stolonifera on Laboratory-Reared and Field-Collected Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes in Enugu, Nigeria

Godwin Ikechukwu Ngwu¹*, Maria Ifeyinwa Ngwu², Fabian Chukwuemenam Okafor¹, Aruh Ottah Anaga³ and Christopher Didigwu Nwani¹

...ra on 4^th instars larvae of both laboratory-reared and field-collected Aedes aegypti were carried out. The 4^th instars larvae of laboratory-reared and the field-collected A. aegypti mosquitoes were exposed to 5000mg/L, 2000 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L of the extract. The solvent for the extract, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was used as control. The results indicate conce...

Biology of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) of Cauliflower under Laboratory Conditions

Muhammad Ramzan, Unsar Naeem-Ullah*, Mahreen Hanif, Muhammad Nadeem, Mirza Abdul Qayyum, Muhammad Javaid

...s. There are four larval instars of Plutella xylostella. The first, second, third and fourth instar larva survived for 3-5,3,1-4 and 2-3 days respectively while pupal and prepupal period lasted for 5-3 days, respectively. Adults lived for 4 to 5 days and life period under laboratory condition varies from 13 to 23 days.

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Feeding Potential of Chrysoperla carnea on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) under Laboratory Conditions

Muhammad Farhan¹, Ghulam Murtaza¹, Muhammad Ramzan², Muhammad Waqar Sabir³, Muhammad Arsalan Rafique², Saif Ullah²

...vae on different nymphal instars of Myzus persicae was investigated in ambient laboratory conditions at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Chrysoperla carnea was found very active and consumed all stages of aphid. The predation rate of Chrysoperla carnea was increased with increase in larval instars (1st to 3rd). Third instar of Chrysoperla carnea was very voracious feeder and fed large number of aphid

Biological and Morphological Parameters of Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in Pakistan

Muhammad Ramzan, Unsar Naeem-Ullah*, Mudssar Ali and Hasan Riaz

...ians has five larval instars. The last instar changed its colour to dark reddish and look like branches of host plants. The male and female mean longevity was 6.0 ± 1.171 and 11.4 ± 1.70 days. Pale reddish brown lines were present on the dorsal side of female forewings. Female forewings were broader than male wings with dark reddish brown thorax, head and abdomen. Adult hind wings were grayish with reddish brown outer margins. The biological ...

Sabina Noor¹*, Fatimah Abang¹ and Hamady Dieng²

Biology of an Exotic Butterfly Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae), in a Newly Invaded Region, Sarawak, Borneo

...h a total of five larval instars. The ontogenesis of larvae was accomplished without any disruption of diapause. The female adults were ochreous orange in color with a wingspan of about 50-60 mm. The males were brighter orange in color and had a wingspan of about 40-50 mm. The population index was found to be common throughout the year but declined during months with higher precipitation. Being an exotic species, A. terpsicore is likely to keep track by feedin...

Mortality Dynamics of Exotic Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Muhammad Arslan Ibrahim¹*, Aneeqa Aleem², Farkhanda Manzoor², Shahbaz Ahmad¹, Hafiz Muhammad Zahid Anwar¹, Talia Aroob² and Mansoor Ahmad³

... against the late larval instars of S. frugiperda when natural mortality tends to decrease after each successive instar. The single-sex method was adopted in the construction of the life table. The ratio of mortality in the late instars (3rd to 5th) was greater than the early instars because of entomopathogenic treatment. The survivorship curve explicated that the 4th to 6th instar larvae,...

Insecticidal Toxicity of Plant Extracts and Green Silver Nanoparticles against Aedes albopictus

Hassan Shahzad Khan¹, Muhammad Tariq¹*, Tariq Mukhtar²and Asim Gulzar¹

...0% mortality of both the instars of the mosquito. Bakain and neem extracts showed the minimum LC₅₀ values after 72 h of application followed by garlic against the 3^rd instar A. albopictus larvae. In case of green synthesized silver nanoparticles, the minimum LC₅₀ values after 72 h were recorded with neem, bakain and garlic while the values were maximum in the case of clove, bitter gourd and datura. Similar trend of LC

Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth and Deltamethrin Alone and in Combinations on Mortality and Energy Reserves of Insecticide Resistant Strains of Stored Grain Pest, Trogoderma granarium

Nabila Kousar¹, Tanzeela Riaz², Anum Feroz¹, Abdul Rauf Shakoori³ and Farah Rauf Shakoori¹*

...1 against 4^th instars of insecticide resistant populations of Trogoderma granarium collected from godowns of Gujranwala (GUW), D.G. khan (DGK), Okara (OKR), Lahore (LAB-S) and Layyah. The LC₅₀ values of deltamethrin against 4^th instar larvae of GUW, DGK, OKR, Layyah and LAB-S were 514, 353, 303, 189 and 98 ppm respectively while for the DE these values were 3606, 2684, 2407, 2192 and 2065 ppm, respectively. Based on the ...

Phosphine Induced Abnormalities in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Macromolecular Concentrations of Trogoderma granarium Everts Over Various Exposure Periods

Tanzeela Riaz¹, Farah Rauf Shakoori²*, Syed Shahid Ali² and Mushtaq Ahmad Saleem¹

...entrations in two larval instars (4^th and 6^th) of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, at different exposure periods (24-120 h) was determined. Two populations of khapra beetle used in this research possessed different levels of susceptibility to phosphine. Based on LC₅₀ one population was termed as a susceptible population (never exposed to phosphine previously) while the other was a tolerant population (having a hi...

Lethal and Sub Lethal Effects of Plant Extracts and Green Silver Nanoparticles against Culex pipiens

Abdul Jabbar¹, Muhammad Tariq¹*, Asim Gulzar¹, Tariq Mukhtar² and Tayyaba Zainab³

...es of 3rd and 4th larval instars of C. pipiens after 96 hours. With the increase in time intervals and concentrations, the mortalities increased showing direct positive relationships between mortalities and time intervals and concentrations. The lethal and sub lethal effects of plant extracts on the mean development of larvae was the maximum by A. indica while the effects on pupal period were the maximum by A. indica and Z. officinale. Similarly, female longev...

An Overview of Sericulture and Enhanced Silk Production in Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) Through Artificial Diet Supplementation

Naila Shahzadi¹, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir¹*, Shaukat Ali¹, Muhammad Farooq Bhatti², Azizullah¹, Shafaat Yar Khan³, Abdul Khaliq⁴

... stage (1st, 2nd and 3rd instars etc.) significantly influences the status of the resulting larva, pupae, adult and fiber. For this purpose, sericulture productivity has been impressively modulated by fertilizing the silkworm’s diet with natural food supplements or exogenous nutrients like Amway protein, honey, bovine milk, sericin, probiotics (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, Lactobacillus casei, Saccharomyces cerevi...

Life Table Studies of Invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize under Laboratory Conditions

Arfan Ahmed Gilal¹*, Lubna Bashir Rajput¹, Muhammad Ibrahim Kubar¹, Ghulam Murtaza Kaleri², Tanzeela-ul-Zahra^1,3, Muhammad Ishaque Mastoi⁴ and Zeeshan Rasheed¹

...ed in 4th and 5th larval instars. Almost, similar male to female sex ratio was recorded in leaves and stems with higher female longevity in leaves than stems. No significant difference was recorded in approximate and corrected generation time of FAW between leaves and stems. Innate capacity of increase (rc) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) recorded on stems (0.1237±0.0032 and 0.1248±0.0033, respectively) were higher than leaves (0.1027...

Comparative Performance of Three Silkworm Races Fed on Local Mulberry against Biological and Commercial Parameters

Sharon Zulfiqar¹, Mubashar Hussain¹*, Kiran Aftab¹, Muhammad Faheem Malik¹, Rizwan Khursheed², Somia Liaqat¹ and Maimoona Kanwal¹

...l length (cm) during all instars i.e. maximum larval weight i.e. 0.076g, 054g, 3.14g, 4.29g, and 6.23g in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instars, respectively. A similar trend in the mean larval length (P < 0.05) was also observed. Significantly greater fecundity (437 no.), fertility (85.20%), and hatchability (84.40%) were recorded in the Bulgarian races which were significantly higher as compared to Chinese and Korean race...

Toxicity of Imidacloprid Administered Alone and in Combination with Heavy Metal Lead on Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Sehrish Akram¹, Abida Butt¹* and Shakil Ahmad Khan²

...st 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars of silkworm. For treatment, leaf-dipping method was used and toxicity calculated after 48h exposure to the treatment. Both chemicals showed high toxicity against all instars of silkworm. However, results indicated that imidacloprid was more toxic for silkworm larvae compared to lead. The acute toxicity of imidacloprid formulation (IMF), imidacloprid technical grade (IMT) and Pb showed positiv...

Functional Response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)

Yasir Hameed, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Shahzaib, Muhammad Sarmad, Muhammad Farrukh Hamid, Syed Muhammad Zaka*, Khalid Abbas and Muhammad Zakria

...response of three larval instars was calculated using a logistic regression model, where handling time (Th) and attack rate (a) that calculated by using Roger random predator equation. The results revealed that all the predatory stages show a type II functional response and consumption rate increased with the increase in prey density for the first, second and third larval instar of C. carnea on both L. erysimi and D. noxia. It is concluded that as the handling...

Functional Response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)

Yasir Hameed, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Shahzaib, Muhammad Sarmad, Muhammad Farrukh Hamid, Syed Muhammad Zaka*, Khalid Abbas and Muhammad Zakria

Functional Response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)

Yasir Hameed, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Shahzaib, Muhammad Sarmad, Muhammad Farrukh Hamid, Syed Muhammad Zaka*, Khalid Abbas and Muhammad Zakria

In-Vitro Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Associated Symbiotic Bacteria and their Metabolites against Armyworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius

Hina Safdar^1,2*, Nazir Javed², Sajid Aleem Khan², Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed³, Arif Mehmood³ and Muhammad Arshad⁴

...against different larval instars of S. litura. At day one post-treatment, maximum larval mortality (59.40%) was exhibited by Xenorhabdus spp. against 2nd instar larvae followed by 52.80, 46.20 and 46.20% mortality of 5th, 3rd and 4th instar larvae, respectively. In case of Photorhabdus spp., maximum mortality (26.40%) was observed against 2nd instar larvae. In other bioassay, 40% suspensions of bacterial metabolites were evaluated against different larval

Comparing the Effect of Selected Cabbage Varieties on the Fitness of Diadegma insulare Cresson Parasitizing Plutella xylostella Linnaeus under Controlled Conditions

Riaz Hussain¹*, Ata-ul-Mohsin¹, M. Farooq Nasir¹, Zahid Akram², Muhammad Sajid Qureshi¹ and Abdul Mannan Hamzah¹

...er both second and third instars larvae were released on cabbage varieties. Parasitism efficacy was lower on third instars larvae as compared to the second. Higher parasitism (53.53%) was assessed on Asha while lower parasitism (44.95%) was observed on Golden acre when second instars larvae were exposed. Parasitism was higher (61.17%) on Asha while lower (50.1%) on golden acre when third <...

Potential of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Fed on Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under Controlled Conditions

Ahmad-Ur-Rahman Saljoqi¹, Imtiaz Khan¹*, Ijaz Ahmad¹, Javed Khan², Shahid Sattar¹, Bashir Ahmad Khan¹ and Muhammad Salim¹

...ional response of larval instars indicates that with increasing prey densities, the number of aphids consumed linearly increase and then become static after attain the asymptote level at certain densities were 25, 35 and 70 aphids per first, second and third instar larvae. The life table’s immature stage survival and female fecundity rate revealed that the stage of eggs had the greatest death rate, at 12%, followed by pre pupal stage. The lowest mortalit...

Effects of Violet Light Radiation on Growth, Development and Reproduction of Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich-Schaeffer) at Different Instars

Li Qiao*, Shubao Geng, Shibao Guo, Hongmin Liu, Jian Yin and Quan Zhang

Morphological Aspects of a New Emerging Leaf Eating Caterpillar, Trilocha varians on Ficus benjamina in Pakistan

Muhammad Ramzan¹*, Unsar Naeem-Ullah², Shafia Saba², Madiha Mobeen Khan³, Naeem Arshad Maan³, Asad-ur-Rehman⁴, Mahreen Khalid⁵, Syed Waqar Hussain Shah⁶ and Wardah Muzaffar⁷

...m. There are five larval instars of T. varians. The head length of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instars was 0.30±0.05, 0.35±0.07, 0.93±0.08, 1.67±0.40, 2.09±0.09mm, respectively, while width of 1st to 5th larval instar was 0.28±0.02, 0.38±0.05, 0.89±0.06, 1.56±0.30, 2.00±0.07mm, respectively. The average body length of first, second, third, fourth, and fift...

Cold Storage of Predatory Coccinellid Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) to Increase its Shelf-Life for Biological Control Programmes

Qurat ul Ain¹, Asifa Khan¹*, Asia Riaz² and Nazia Suleman²

...ngth. Most of the larval instars remain alive under storage conditions up to four weeks, but larval survival in third and fourth instar larvae did not extend after three weeks of storage. Our results provide a guideline to extend shelf-life of C. septempunctata for its use as natural enemy in biological control programmes. Such studies may help in planning the storage, transportation and release of these useful natural enemies in the IPM programmes.

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Yield performance of Bulgarian race of Silkworm fed on local Mulberry supplemented with Vitamins and Amino Acids

MAIMOONA KANWAL, MUBASHAR HUSSAIN*, ZAHEER ABBAS¹, SHAKIL AHMAD KHAN², FATIMA

ZAFAR & RIZWANKHURSHEED²

...% RH during early larval instars (1stand 2nd)and 24-28○C and 85 ± 5 % RH during last three (3rd -5th) larval instars. Early in stars were fed on chopped mulberry leaves whereas later instars were reared on mulberry leaves dipped with 10% solutions of vitamins (B and C) and 2%amino acid (Alanine and Glycine) in different combinations. Data collected at the end of 3rd...

Determination of larval instars of Piesmopoda obliquifasiella Hamps by measuring head capsule width

G. A. Bajwa and Hanif Gul

...scope (50X). Five larval instars were determined with maximum and minimum ratio of increase in head capsule width of 0.748 and 0.624 with an average 0.70 which conforms with Dyar's rule. The pest was found active in all larval instars from April to October except June and it over wintered in larval stage (2-5th instar) from November to February. Six to seven generations were found in a year....

Biology and natural enimies of Pine bagworm, Cryptothelea crameri Westwood (Psychidae: Lepidoptera)

M. Ismail Chaudhry and Wali-ur-Rehman

...nd pass through 5 larval instars during 10.5 to 11 months including 5 moths of hibernation. The larvae pupate in May - June for a period of 7-30 days. The life cycle is annual. Brachycorphus nursei Cam. (Ichneumonidae) Sturmia inconspicuella and Podomyia sp. (Tachinidae) were recorded parasitizing bagworms in the defoliated area. Gradual increase in parasite population over took pest population in few years and the insect outbreak...

Biological studies on leaf stitcher of Poplars, Gypsonoma hapalosarca Meyr in Pakistan

M. Ismail Chaudhry and Iqbal Ahmad

... pass through 5-6 larval instars. Pupation takes place within the stitched leaves, in cracks and crevices on the bark and under leaves attached to the stem and branches of the trees. The insect remains under pupation for 6 to 14 days. A life cycle is completed in 21 to 52 days. The pest hibernates in pupal stage from December to February during winter....