Murtaza Ali*, Yasser Durrani and Muhammad Ayub
...sun drier cabinet drier, tunnel dryer, solar drier and portable solar dryer, on the white mulberry fruit (Morus alba) variety grown in District Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan. After drying, mulberry fruit was stored for 150 days and evaluated for physiochemical and sensory parameters (water activity, ash content, percent acidity, pH, moisture content, reducing and non-reducing sugars, taste, texture, color and overall acceptability). Statistically minimum dec...
Imtiaz Hussain, M. Sajid, Noor ul Amin, Abdul Mateen Khattak, Abrar Hussain Shah, S. Mussarat Hussain, Sayed Hussain and Nagina Zeb
...tions i.e. under plastic tunnels and open field growing conditions, on five different planting dates with the regular interval of 15 days such as January 15th, January 31st, February 15th, March 2nd and March 17th. The growing conditions were studied in main plots, while the planting dates were assigned to the sub plots. It was found that most parameters were non significantly influenced by growing conditi...
Hina Fatima, Lal Almas and Bushra Yasmin
...on cropping system under tunnels. The data were collected from 150 farmers; those were cultivating cotton-melon crops in combination under tunnels. The study area was Punjab, Pakistan. The stochastic cost frontier analysis was used to estimate the allocative efficiency of cotton-melon cropping systems efficiency. The result illustrates that none of the farmers to be optimally using their inputs. The average allocative effici...
Zahid Latif1,*, Kathrin Blasius2-4, Tufail Hussain Tahir7, Muhammad Nasim Khan1, Ghazanfar Ali5, Ansar Ahmed Abbasi6, Abdul Rauf1, Hao Hu8 and Angela M. Kaindl2,3,4
...ch gradually progress to tunnel vision and ultimately masks with complete blindness. Autosomal recessive mode of inheritance which contributes 20-25% of total known cases of RP, is almost the result of inbreed union or cousin marriages. In this study, a large consanguineous family with 11 affected individuals was recruited from Azad Jammu and Kashmir which was analyzed through linkage mapping and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This family showed a homozygous ...
Wanrong Wei and Weiguo Zhang*
...ns, fractal dimension of tunnel systems, number of nesting chambers and surface holes) by excavating the tunnels of 24 burrow systems of the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Pikas have two types of burrow systems, namely temporary and permanent burrows. The number of surface holes and length of tunnels were significantly different between the temporary and permanent burrows.
Khalid Mahmood Qureshi, Fakhar ul Hassan, Qamar ul Hassan, Usman Shaukat Qureshi, Saman Chughtai and Adnan Saleem*
IMPACT OF CULTIVATION SYSTEMS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA ANANASSA) CV. �CHANDLER�
...il less media (T ), high tunnel (T ), green house (T ), 1 2 3 4 including open field condition on ridges (T ) by keeping plant to plant 5 distance of 30 cm and row to row distance of 60 cm. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects and suitability of different cultivation systems for better vegetative growth, production and fruit quality of strawberry. The results of cultivation systems on different vegetative traits i.e., plant height, number of leaves,...
Muhammad Farooq*, Hidayat Ullah*, Nausherwan Nobel Nawab* and Khalid Mahmood Qureshi**
EVALUATION OF INDIGENOUS TOMATO HYBRIDS UNDER PLASTIC TUNNEL
...' as check under plastic tunnel for yield and yield components at National Agricultural Research Centre, -1 Islamabad. Maximum yield of 71.58 tha was recorded in NTT-12-08 while minimum -1 yield (34.75 tha ) was observed in NTT-16-08. Sahel used as -1 check bore maximum number of fruits plant (30.26) and followed by NTT- -1 04-08 and NTT-03-08 bearing 28.68 and 24.16 fruits plant , respectively. The highest mean fruit weight of 170.63 g was recorded in NTT-05-...
Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi1*, Sidra Mushtaq1, Muhammad Tariq Malik2, Ummad-ud-Din Umar1, Ateeq ur Rehman1, Shoaib Fareed3, Muhammad Asif Zulfiqar4
...ungal spores and produce tunnels in the bark of the trees. Since, many extensive filed surveys of forests, avenues, road sides and canal banks has been made to calculate the total losses and mortality of the sheesham trees in Indian sub-continent. Up-till now billions of shisham trees have been destroyed because of decline or dieback disease but unluckily there is no suitable solution against this disease. There is a need to develop the resistant varieties and...
Sun Hong1, Zhang Yifeng1, Wang Baishi2, Li Yangwei1, Xu Wenbo1, Mao Runkun1 and Wang Zhenglong1,*
... the embedded artificial tunnel method in a natural burrow system to measure oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and the temperature and humidity in the underground burrows of mandarin voles in Xinzheng, Henan Province, China during the spring and summer of 2015. Our results show that 1) the depth and complexity of the burrow were higher during summer than during spring; 2) maximal CO2 levels (2.55%) and minimal...
Muhammad Mansoor1, Khalid Usman2*, Shahid Hameed Khan Khalil3, Abdul Mateen Khattak4, Muhammad Ehsan Elahi1, Muhammad Waqas Imam Malik2 and Amir Hamza2
...rowers switched to solar tunnel drying but couldn’t get the required results. The protocols of using solar tunnels needed fine-tuning of temperature and relative air humidity, which affect fruit quality. During dates’ drying process high temperature and low humidity is required. This research was conducted at Arid Zone Research Center, D.I. Khan, Pakistan for quick and safe ripening of date fruits under controlle...
Muhammad Bakhtiar Khan1 and Jangraiz Khan2*
...r. Growing vegetables in tunnel have been adopted by many farmers. However, growing off-season vegetables in tunnels entails added efforts and cost. Through this research study the economic analysis of Tunnel farming of off-season vegetables has been done for district Peshawar. Primary data was collected from eighty-four farmers who had grown off-season vegetables through
Farid Ullah Khan1, Muhammad Iqbal1
DEVELOPMENT OF A TESTING RIG FOR VIBRATION AND WIND BASED ENERGY HARVESTERS
...ration shaker and a wind tunnel
for testing of micro and meso scale vibration based, wind based and hybrid (using combined vibration and wind)
energy harvesters. The mechanical shakers used for vibration and shock testing are the most versatile, inexpensive
and easy to operate, however, due to their fixed displacement, single frequency and sinusoidal behavior, usage of
these shakers is limited. The less known electro-hydraulic shake...
for testing of micro and meso scale vibration based, wind based and hybrid (using combined vibration and wind)
energy harvesters. The mechanical shakers used for vibration and shock testing are the most versatile, inexpensive
and easy to operate, however, due to their fixed displacement, single frequency and sinusoidal behavior, usage of
these shakers is limited. The less known electro-hydraulic shake...
Muhammad Yaseen1*, Muhammad Luqman1*, Zahoor Hussain2, Usman Saleem3, Asif Nawaz1, Tahir Munir Butt4 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood1
Assessment of Knowledge Level and Information Sources of Vegetable Growers regarding Tunnel Farming in District Sargodha
...getable production under tunnels. Every year there is a lot paid from the national exchequer for the import of vegetables, especially from the neighboring countries. To at least minimize those expenditures tunnel farming to a maximum level can give us a way forward. This transverse study has the Sargodha district as its universe. All the vegetable growers who used to grow off-season vegetables were the population of the stud...
Sadaqat Khan1,Saleem Ullah1* and Muhammad Sajid2
... grown in simple plastic tunnels using randomized complete block design. The data showed that plant height in centimeter, buds, flower, leaves and leaflets in numbers per plants with a range of 131.33 to 176.67 cm, 60 to 105, 41.5 to 60.0, 50.66 to 77.167 and 7.607 to 15.33, 30.33 to 82.0, respectively were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the interaction of selenium application in irrigation and foliar spray in relation to season. The effect was also sig...
Muhammad Yamin1*, Usama Ali Zafar1, Ghulam Usman2, Muhammad Nauman1, Muhammad Rizwan3, Muhammad Nadeem1, Muhammad Azhar Ali1 and Usman Haider1
...environmental factors in tunnel farming. Three tunnels were set for monitoring the environmental factors using temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensors. Two of three tunnels were fit with control units of exhaust fans and air heaters and a water pump for controlling the temperature and soil moisture. During the testing and validation of the system, temperatures recorded through DHT-...
Arshad Abdulkhalq Yaseen1,2* and Mária Takácsné Hájos1
... L.) grown under plastic tunnel conditions. In this regard, three different lettuce varieties (May King, Kobak and Great Lakes) were grown in spring 2019 and 2020. The concentration of 6% MLE was sprayed as a biostimulant every two weeks from transplanting with the amount of 25 mL plant-1. The results indicated that lettuce vegetation quality (head structure, head weight and root weight) was significantly improved by the use of 6% MLE, where their combination ...
Ghani Akbar*, Muhammad Asif and Zafar Islam
...vegetables under plastic tunnel have elevated importance, because of comparatively less capital cost and skills requirement. Keeping in view these challenges, this study was conducted to evaluate the water and land productivity of drip irrigated off-season tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under tunnel farming compared with traditional open-air farming method in Potohar, a rainfed area in ...
Hina Fatima1*, Bushra Yasmin2 and Lal Khan Almas3
...e cropping systems under tunnels in Punjab, Pakistan. Given the wide land fragmentation and high population pressure, this is the dire need of time to get farmers involved in advanced and intensive farming techniques to attain self-sufficiency in production. This study conducted the efficiency and productivity analysis by applying the parametric and non-parametric techniques to evaluate the optimal utilization of farm resources in multiple cropping system and ...
Sanjeela Sabahat1*, Juliya Abbasi2, Mushtaq Ahmad1, Saima Mumtaz1, Taj Naseeb Khan1, Sudheer Tariq1 and Muhammad Imran1
...ent concentrations under tunnel conditions on strawberry cv. Chandler at Horticultural Research Institute (HRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Our study showed that the 0.2% ZnSO4 and 0.4 % FeSO4 showed maximum mean values for fruit weight (18.22 g), fruit width (32.66 cm), yield per plant (175.84 g), no. of fruits per plant (10.26) and fruit set per...
Rizwana Abdul Ghaffar* and Kamil Nadeem
...r by making coils in the tunnels of the intestine or by attaching themselves to the mucosal layers. This causes severe pathogenicity in the intestine as a result the pigeon shows signs and symptoms of illness. Pathological studies of tissues from infected intestine reveal several changes from the normal architectural organization of tissues. The most common findings were massive congestion, cellular infiltration, atrophy, hypertrophy and dystrophy of cells and...
Ejaz Ur Rehman1, Shakeel Ahmad2, Fathul Bari3*, Tanveer Khan2, Naveed Ullah Khan2, Abdullah Khan4 and Romaan Hayat Khattak2
....27 inch, mean length of tunnel 2.82 feet. Clutch size varied between 1 and 5 with an average of 3.25 per nest. Both parents incubated the eggs which hatched after a duration of 15-18 days. Hatching success was 94% while survival of fledglings was 90% in the study area. The most dominant activities performed by the white-throated kingfisher was flying (33.3%) and resting (33.3%) followed by hunting (25.1%) and preening (8.3%). Flying and hunting activities are...
Ejaz Ul Haq, Urooba Pervaiz*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan and Ayesha Khan
... extension staff towards tunnel technology, only 6.7% farmers got training regarding tunnel farming, 70% respondents reported that extension worker visited their field once a year. The study concluded that though extension worker visited farmers’ field but the frequency was very low and very limited trainings were given to the farmers regarding tunnel farming in the study area. Resul...
Kokab Nazim1*, Asghari Bano1 and Ghulam Jellani2
...ent was performed in polytunnel conditions (30±2 °C) as control and open field conditions (10±2 °C) as chilling stress. After transplanting tomato plants were divided into controlled and chilling stressed. Chilling stressed set was placed in open field to apply stress while control treatment was kept in polytunnel. All the genotypes showed significant variability in cold tolerance during two growing sea...
Zubair Aslam1, Ali Ahmad1*, Korkmaz Bellitürk2, Hira Kanwal1, Muhammad Asif1 and Ehsan Ullah1
...culture, Faisalabad in a tunnel under field conditions. The experiment had five treatments in which the mineral (NP) fertilizer, simple compost, earthworm’s excreta-based vermicompost and vermi-tea were alone and combined in different proportions as (T0: control (recommended fertilizers), T1: 100% simple compost, T2: 100% vermicompost, T3: 100% vermi-tea, T4: 33% simple compost + 33% vermicompost + 34% vermi-tea and T5: 25% simple compost + 25% vermicomp...
Behari Lal Meghwar1*, Attaullah Khan1, Imran Ali Lakhiar1, Asif Ali Mirani2, Muhammad Siddique Daper1 and Muhammad Waseem Kalroo1
...nt drying methods, solar tunnel (T1) and solar cum gas (T2), and compared the rate of reducing the moisture over time with T3 method. The T1 and T2 methods are substitutes for the T3 drying method. Therefore, a small-scale natural convection solar tunnel dryer and solar cum gas-based drying methods were developed and tested at PARC-Arid Zone Research Center, Umerkot. This study was conducted in three different intervals duri...
Abid Hussain1*, Hassnain Shah1, Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal2 and Tariq Sultan3
...les’ production in tunnels viz. chili peppers, bell peppers, cucumber and bottle gourds, twenty Biozote technology sites for wheat crop, and six Pak Seeder technology sites for planting wheat. Use of micronutrients resulted in better fruit setting and productivity in citrus by 12.5 percent and 15.0 percent, respectively. Sample farmers reported that use of the technology resulted in premium prices of the produce by ten percent. Benefit cost ratio of micr...
Syed Said Badshah Bukhari, Muhammad Yousaf Khan Syed Zakir Hussain Shah and Khalid Jan
...pose dam and a diversion tunnel to Dir Upper on Chitral river at Mirkani. The existing water flow in river Indus is fluctuating between 50,000 Cusec and 1,200,000 Cusec. The ideal management will be constant flow of 2,92,987 Cusecs water round the year in the river system which is easily practicable given the watershed dynamics of Pakistan.
Construction of the dams will perform like safety valve during floods season and will enable us to keep uniform...
Naveed Ahmed
... which made longitudinal tunnels in affected part....
T. J. Roberts
...percolation trenches or tunnels which are known locally as
Kharezes. This was supplemented with a few open wells. Even from the times of the earliest British administrative control in the region, which provides the first written records, the climate was one of extremes. Shortage of water was an ever present...
Atyab Amjad1*, Riaz-Ur-Rehman1, Muhammad Shafique Khalid2, Samia Ikram1, Riaz Bukhari1, Muhammad Shafique3 and Muhammad Luqman4
...etting, and polyethylene tunnels. The study was conducted at the Cut Flower Production and Technology Dissemination Islamabad, Pakistan) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements. All plant growth parameters were measured at maturity. Results demonstrated that variety Crystal Blanco exhibited the greatest plant height (86.9 cm) under green shade netting. This cultivar also produced the thickest stems (8.4 mm) under both shade ...
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