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K.N. Ahmed , M.A. Al-Helal, N-E-P. Khanom, S. Bulbul

Control strategies of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Willink infesting vegetable crops in Bangladesh

...eposition of thick white waxy material by this mealybug. Five biopesticides i.e., tobacco medicine (100 %), tobacco leaf extract (20 % ), mehgoni seed oil (5 % ), castor seed oil (5 % ) and neem seed oil (5 % ) were used to assess their effects on the mortality of P. marginatus . It is evident that tobacco medicine exerted the best result in terms of control followed by neem seed oil, mehgoni seed oil, castor seed oil and tobacco leaf extract (20 % ).

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M. A. Al-Helal, K. N. Ahmed, N-E-P. Khanom, and S. Bulbul

Observations on papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Willink (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) damag-ing some crops in Bangladesh

...s are covered with white waxy substances developed ventrally by the adult female. Egglaying is continued up to 2 weeks and 150-200 eggs were deposited during this period. The life cycle is completed within 29 days at an average room temperature of 25 ± 1ºC and 67 ± 5 % RH. The adult life span for male and female were 29 and 27 days, respectively. P. marginatus is a devastating insect pest causing immense damage to the field crops, vegetables...

Rashid Pervez, Santhosh J. Eapen, S. Devasahayam and M. Dinsha

Characterization of entomopathogenic nematode, Stein-ernema carpocapsae from ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizosphere in India

...proctis sp.) and greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) was found under in vitro condition. Further this isolate displayed high virulence on above insect species. This study reported occurrence of a isolate of S. carpocapsae from ginger rhizosphere from India. This indigenous isolate could be investigated further for managing insect pests of ginger.

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Evaluation of Few Essential Oils for the Management of Parasitic Bee Mites, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera L. Colonies

Muhammad Abu Bakar¹, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel¹, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza¹, Muhammad Irfan Ullah^1,*, Muhammad Arshad¹, Mubasshir Sohail^1,2 and Jaime Molina-Ochoa^3,4

...ites, residual in honey, wax and potentially hazardous to man and environment. Plant-derived mixtures are normally more easily degradable and could show a minor undesirable impact on environment with respect to synthetic compounds. This study was planned to check the efficacy of four different essential oils (neem oil, lemon oil, eucalyptus oil and orange oil) at different doses against percent mortality of Varroa mites. The essential oils were applied ...

Susceptibility of Adult Engorged Ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to a Native Heterorhabditid Isolate (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) in Colima, Mexico

Jaime Molina-Ochoa^{1, 2, 6,}*, Edelmira Galindo-Velasco², Ana María Rosales-Gutiérrez², Martín González-Ramírez³, Roberto Lezama-Gutiérrez³, Wilberth Chan-Cupul³, Steven R. Skoda⁴, Muhammad Irfan Ullah⁵, Luis Jorge García-Márquez² and John E. Foster⁶

...ast instars of the great wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella L., and an EPN isolate was obtained, it belonged to the genus Heterorhabditis and identified as JMO71. The nematodes were cultivated in GWM larvae, and the emerging infective juveniles (IJs) were collected from White traps, and pooled in canted neck vented plastic flasks. The susceptibility of an important livestock arthropod, the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrinito...

Inoculum Doses and Exposure Periods Affect Recovery of Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora from Tenebrio molitor

Ali Murad Rahoo^1,*, Tariq Mukhtar², Ali Murad Jakhar³, Rehana Kanwal Rahoo³

... insects such as greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) for in vivo production. Since G. mellonella may not always be available, therefore, yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) could be an alternative host. Therefore, in the present studies recovery of two EPN (Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) from T. molitor cadavers was compared in relation to the dosage of infective juveniles (IJ) applied ...

Influence of Gibberellic Acid on the Hemolymph Content of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae

Nevran Eylem Akman Gündüz^1,* and Özgür Özcan²

Management of Citrus Green Mould through the Use of Allelochemicals and Salicylic Acid

Hafiz Abdullah Akbar, Zafar Iqbal, Waqas Raza*, MuhammadUsman Ghazanfar and Salman Ahmad

... and in combination with wax and 3 concentrations of salicylic acid alone and in combination with wax. The study revealed that in case of plant extracts maximum growth inhibition (35.90 %) was shown by Anar followed by Chabir (33.60%) and Garlic (29.16%), while minimum growth inhibition was recorded from Parthanium (17.43%) and Ginger (19.94 %). In case of plant extracts + wax maximum grow...

Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematode (Steinernema kraussei) against Last Instar Larvae of Different Lepidopteran Insect Pests

Babar Khan^1,2*, Nazir Javed¹, Sajid Aleem Khan¹, Nasir Ahmed Rajput¹, Muhammad Atiq¹, Abdul Jabbar^1,Abdul Rehman³, Anam Moosa¹ and Muhammad Amjad Ali¹*

...ur lepidopteran insects, wax moth (Galleria mellonella), pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella), eggplant fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) and armyworm (Spodoptera litura)at 27±2°C under laboratoryconditions. The results indicated that the larvae of G. mellonella and S. litura were better host as compared to P. gossypiella and L. orbonalis for multiplication of infective juveniles (IJs) of t...

Insecticidal Potential of Native Diatomaceous Earth Against Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Muhammad Salim^1*, Ayhan Gökçe¹, Muhammad Nadir Naqqash¹ and Orkun Ersoy²

...uo; protective cuticular wax layer. In order to develop environmentally sound control programs for in sito management of granary weevils, it will be necessary to expand the present study based on life table to get a comprehensive understanding and to determine the effect DE has on granary weevils and other grain pests when it is combined with plant extracts.

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Comparative Nutritional and Storage Study of two Mandarin Varieties by Application of Various Salts Incorporated in Wax

Ehsan-Ul-Haque¹, Akbar Hayat^1*, Muhammad Asim¹, Sajjad Hussain², Muhammad Shakeel Hanif³, Muhammad Zubair¹, Muhammad Abdullah Jamil¹ and Faheem Khadija¹

...alts are incorporated in wax to limit postharvest fruit decay and fungal attack. In the present study two salts were incorporated in commercial wax to control postharvest decay in Willow leaf mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Sodium bicarbonate and Potassium sorbate incorporated (6% w/v concentration) in wax were used to compare with commer...

M. Rufai1† , A. A.Wahab2 , Q. O. Adeshina1 , J. C. Umehokoh1 and O. O.Ologunro1

Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria

...eria mellonella (greater wax moth) for presence of entomopathogenic nematodes. Four EPN isolates were recovered viz., Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema karii and Steinernema wesieri. Of a total of 110 soil samples examined, EPNs were found in 90.90% soil samples, they belonged to the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Steinernema spp. was found prevalent in both cultivated and undisturbed soils. Frequency of occurrence of ...

Identification and Expression Patterns of Chemosensory Genes in Male and Female Wax Moths, Galleria mellonella

Shuang Yang^1,2, Huiting Zhao³, Xuewen Zhang², Kai Xu¹, Lina Guo¹, Yali Du¹ and Yusuo Jiang^1,*

...ize: small;">The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758), is a notorious pest of honey bee colonies that has negatively affected the global apicultural industry. Olfactory cues influence the behavior of wax moth, where males attract females, making them an ideal candidate for pheromone studies. However, the molecular mechanism of chemoreception in G. mellonella pertaining to sex pheromone recogni...

Fatty Acyl-CoA Reductase of Ericerus pela (Hemiptera: Coccoidae): Localization in Insect Cells and Bioinformatic Analysis

Yanhong Hu* and Linkai Cui

...="font-size: small;">Bio-wax components are produced in specialized glands of animals, plants as well as other organisms via well-characterized biosynthetic pathways. Fatty acyl alcohols are the key components for synthesis of wax. A fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) is often essential in this biosynthetic pathway. The subcellular localization of FARs is crucial for understanding the process of synthesis and transport of

Efficacy of Lipase-Producing, Wax-degrading Bacteria against the Solenopsis Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and the Striped Mealybug, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on Cotton

Nagarathinam Arunkumar*, Jainullabudeen Gulsar Banu, Nagarajan Gopalakrishnan and Arkalgud Hiriyannaiah Prakash

...tance. In this study, 23 wax-degrading bacterial strains isolated from four mealybug species infesting cotton were screened for lipase production. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, lipase-positive strains were classified into six genera, namely, Pseudoxanthomonas, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Providencia, Enterobacter, and Serratia. Acinetobacter lwoffii PSAD2 and A. beijerinckii PSAD7isolatessho...

Entomopathogenic Nematode (Nematoda: Rhabditida) Survey and their Occurrence in Soil of District Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

Samreen Khan*, Salma Javed, Tabassum Ara Khanum, Nasira Kazi

... instar larva of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. as baited host. After completion of requisite process, resultantly the corresponding recovery rate of EPNs was found 10.9% which includes only genus Steinernema comprising two isolates of S. balochiense (24%), two isolates of S. siamkayai (24%) and four unidentified Steinernema spp (52%). However, genus Heterorhabditis was not identified from collected soil samples. Characterization of these previously r...

Incorporation of Gallic Acid Into Zein Wax Film to Improve the Quality and Safety of Chilled Veal Meat Chunks

Asmaa Sh. Fayed1*, Safaa M. Abo El-Soud2

...the 4% gallic acid/ zein wax film as an antioxidant and antimicrobial food packaging material, focusing on the quality, shelf life, and antioxidant properties of veal meat chunks during refrigerated storage. After coating meat samples, we analyzed their microbial, chemical, and sensory properties after 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days of chilled storage. GA/ zein wax sheets significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the abundance levels ...

Oxidative Stability of Whey Protein Isolate Coating Incorporated Beeswax: A Shelf-Life Study in Sliced Pastirma

Marwa Ragab Saeed Abdallah, Hussein Mohamed Hussein Mohamed, Mohamed Mohamed Talaat Emara, Mai Atef Mohamed

...whey protein isolate/beeswax (WPI/BW) as an edible coating to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of sliced pastirma stored under either aerobic or vacuum packaging. Pastirma was produced, sliced, and then allocated to four groups; the first group was aerobically packed and used as control, the second group was vacuum packed, while the third and fourth groups were coated with WPI/BW then packed in either polyethylene or vacuum bags. All groups were s...

Epidemiological Study on Feline Otoacariasis with Special Reference for Therapeutic Trials

Amira Adel Taha AL-Hosary1, Walaa Mostafa2*

...shaking with coffee-like waxy excretions. The epidemiological findings revealed that age and season significantly affected the prevalence of ear mange in cats (P<0.05). Young cats (less than a year old) were more infested (87.57%) than older cats (50%). Infestation rates were highest during cold months (84.44%). Sex and breeds had a non-significant effect on the infestation rate (P>0.05). According to the results of the clinical trials, the combination b...

Protecting cucumber from Meloidogyne incognita using graft onto resistant cucurbit rootstocks and antagonistic marigold as an alternative to nematicide

A.W. Amin† and A.W. Mona*

...selected two rootstocks, wax melon, Benincasa hispida (grafted

onto Bh) and C. maxima x C. moshata Ercola hybrid 6001 (grafted onto Ercola 6001), marigold (Tagetes spp.) as

root antagonistic plant and Rugby as a nematicide (two formulation, Rugby 10G and Rugby 20L) for control of

Meloidogyne incognita cucumber root-knot were evaluated in nematode naturally infested soil under greenhouse

Effect of Various Edible Coatings in Extending the Storage Life of Apricot Fruit

Muhammad Kefayatullah* and Said Wahab

... % pectin), BW1(1 % bees wax), BW2(2 % bees wax), CC1(1 % calcium chloride) and CC2 (2 % calcium chloride) were studied for TSS, pH, acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, moisture content, percent weight loss, decay index, chilling injury, total phenols, sugar acid ratio and organoleptic evaluation. An increase was observed in TSS (11.05 to 13.00°Brix), pH (3.71 to 4.25), reducing sugar (1.43 to 2.7...

Exploring the Potential of Castor Oil for Effective Management of Seed-Borne Fungi in Zea mays

Rahmat Elahi¹, Gulnaz Parveen¹*, Nazara¹, Faryal Ali², Nain Tara³ and Saba Iqbal¹

... as yellow, blue, white, waxy, and hybrid, sourced from Buner district in KP. Through blotter test and agar plate methods, a total of eight different species of fungi were isolated from five different maize varieties. In the blotter test method, only spores and mycelium of seed-borne fungi were detected, that was further confirmed by the agar plate method revealed the presence of eight different types of fungal colonies in maize varieties, each with varying pe...

A Comparative Study on Using Simple Pollen Substitutes to Improve Brood Rearing Activity and Characteristics of Honey Bee Workers

Hossam F. Abou-Shaara

...rewing length and width, wax mirror longitudinal and wax mirror transversal) used as indicators to body size and the development of glands. These characteristics showed higher values in yeast group than the other groups. In light of this study, yeast feeding is promising and recommended as a simple pollen substitute followed by corn flour while turmeric is not preferred.

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Hepatotoxic effects induced by a traditional oral Anti-hyperglycemic Drug in healthy Mice

SHAGUFTA ANDLEEB¹*, ASMATULLAH², SHABANA SHAUKAT¹ & SIDRA NAWAZ²

...nfiltrated with paraffin wax, sectioned to size of 4μm and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. The histological analysis revealed that metformin could cause adverse malformations like pyknosis, necrosis, and steatosis.

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Weathering effects on finishing properties of low value wood species from AJK-I

Tanvir Hussain

Effect of cooperative house rearing and transportation on growth and economic cocoon characters of Bombyx mori L.

Sardar M. Rafique and Ghulam Ali Bajwa

...y. Larvae transported in wax paper lost larval body weight by 4.24% (C-102) and 4.09% (206-PO) as compared to wooden rearing tray. Combination of motorbike and wooden rearing tray produced maximum larval body weight (3.23gl^-1), cocoon weight (1.53g), shell weight (0.32) and cocoon shell ratio (22.32%) in C-102 while in 206-PO these entities have values of 3.371gl^-1, 1.358g, 0.287g and 22.95% in the same combination. Based on present findi...

Match industry in Pakistan - past and present consumption with future requirements

M.I. Sheikh, Saliheen Khan and Raja Walayat Hussain

... paper and cardboard and wax for this purpose. However, as the demand rose with the increase in population, several new well-organized and modern units were set up. The total production during 1983-84 was estimated at 1668 million match boxes out of which 40% were produced from wood and 60% from wax and cardboard. Currently 9 large units using wood as a raw material are producing 537 million match boxes every year. The wast...