Short Communication

 

Genetic Characterization and Expression Analysis of Recombinant Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) from Spontaneously Occurring Canine Mammary Tumor

 

Richa Arora1, Sonal Saxena1*, Sameer Shrivastava1, Shahid Hussain1, Saumya Srivastava1, Resma Kochumanayin Vasu1, Priyanka Sharma1, Monalisa Sahoo2, Naveen Kumar3

1Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India; 2Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, UP, India; 3Division of Veterinary Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India.

 

Editor | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received | June 20, 2016; Accepted | June 30, 2016; Published | June 06, 2016

*Correspondence | Sonal Saxena, 1Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Arora R, Saxena S, Shrivastava S, Hussain S, Srivastava S, Vasu RK, Sharma P, Sahoo M, Kumar N (2016). Genetic characterization and expression analysis of recombinant Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) from spontaneously occurring canine mammary tumor. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 4(7): 363-369.

DOI | Http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.7.363.369

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2016 Arora et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Canine mammary cancer is an important neoplastic condition of female dogs (Davidson, 2003; Murphy, 2008; Salas et al., 2015) accounting for more than 40% of all tumours diagnosed (Sleeckx et al., 2011; Beck et al., 2013). The mortality rates in dogs suffering with canine mammary cancer are atleast three times higher than human breast cancer (Egenvall et al., 2005; Shafiee et al., 2013). In recent years there has been alarming increase in incidence of canine mammary tumor cases due to interaction between genetic and environmental factors (Pharoah et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2012).

 

Cancer onset typically encompasses alterations in the cellular growth and proliferation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and DNA damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced endogenously play important role in development of cancers by inducing DNA damage and stimulating cell proliferation which leads to tumour promotion (Clair et al., 1996). Higher levels of ROS contribute to genetic instability, which ultimately results in the stepwise process of carcinogenesis. Further ROS also activate various cancer signalling pathways and transcription factors in tumour cells regulating proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, thus contributing towards cancer progression. A significant role is played by antioxidant enzymes in protecting the cells from oxidative damages. Superoxide dismutases (SODs), glutathione peroxidases and catalases are the main antioxidant enzymes (Fridovich, 1995) present in cell. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) specifically catalyse superoxide radical (O2−) conversion to H2O2 and O2 (Fridovich, 1995). SODs thus protect oxygen-metabolizing cells from the detrimental effects of superoxide free radicals and are therefore considered as key enzymes for controlling oxidative stress (Hassan, 1980). SODs are present in mammalian cells in three isoforms namely SOD1, SOD2 and SOD3. The gene Sod2 encodes manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD/SOD2) which requires manganese in the catalytic site of enzyme and whose subcellular location is exclusively mitochondrial matrix (Miao and Clair, 2009). The MnSOD gene is highly conserved in human, bovine, rat and mouse sharing more than 90% homology in the coding sequence (Meyrick et al., 1994). It has been proved by various transgenic studies that MnSOD protects from cellular apoptosis and injuries induced by oxidative stress (Keller et al., 1988). The role of MnSOD in cancer development is complex and has been studied for several decades with controversial results. In fact, the exact role of SOD2 and redox state in cancer onset and progression remains poorly understood. While SOD2 downregulation was initially associated with tumor initiation and thus it was proposed as a tumor suppressor gene (Manna et al., 1988; Oberley, 2005) recent studies have reported that SOD2 might favour tumor progression and dissemination (Miar et al., 2015; Termini et al., 2015). Increased SOD2 expression in some cancers like gastric/esophageal (Izutani et al., 1998), lung (Ho et al., 2001; Svensk et al., 2004), colorectal (Toh et al., 2000), oral (Liu et al., 2010), brain (Haapasalo et al., 2003), cervical (Termini et al., 2011) and skin (Clair et al., 2005) carcinomas have been found to be associated with metastasis and poor disease outcomes. Thus it has been proposed that higher MnSOD levels correlate with the aggressiveness, increased metastatic potential (Malafa et al., 2000) and poor prognosis (Janssen et al., 2000). Therefore, recently it has been looked upon as a potential marker during progression from tumor growth to metastasis. Further autoantibody against MnSOD have also been reported in various human cancers like hepatocelluar carcinoma (Takashima et al., 2006), lung cancer (Yang et al., 2007), and breast cancer (Hamrita et al., 2008). Autoantibodies against MnSOD have also been reported in dogs with mammary tumours (Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi et al., 2014).

 

Though MnSOD has been studied extensively in human cancer studies, not much work has been done for studying effect of MnSOD on dog cancers. Only a single study has shown over-expression of MnSOD in dog mammary cancer (Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi et al., 2015). Further dog MnSOD gene has not been sequenced so far, although dog MnSOD gene sequence predicted using computational biology approaches is reported in the GenBank database. Therefore, this study was undertaken to analyze dog MnSOD gene sequence from a case of canine mammary cancer. Further in this study recombinant MnSOD protein was successfully expressed and purified from E.coli. The recombinant protein may prove useful in determining effect of MnSOD on dog cancer cells and also in development of assays for detecting MnSOD auto-antibodies in cases of dog cancers.

 

Canine mammary tumour (CMT) tissue used in the study was obtained after surgical removal of tumour from a clinical case of CMT referred for surgery to the “Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, India.

 

Escherichia coli (E.coli) DH5α cells (Promega, Madison) and E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells (Invitrogen, USA) were used in this study for gene cloning experiments and expression of heterologous protein in E. coli respectively.

 

Total RNA was isolated from tissue sample by RNeasyplus™ mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The RNA was quantified using Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit (Invitrogen, USA) and the integrity of RNA was confirmed by Experion RNA StdSens Analysis Kit (Biorad) using “Experion Automated Electrophoresis System” (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA. The cDNA was then prepared from total RNA using Revert Aid cDNA synthesis kit (Fermentas, USA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The cDNA from tumour sample was synthesized using Oligo (dT) 18 primers and 2 μg total RNA in a volume of 20 μL. The prepared cDNA was stored at -80°C for further use.

 

The primers were designed for amplification of full length MnSOD gene coding region using Premier 5.0 software (National Bioscience), analyzed using oligoanalyzer 3.1 and custom synthesized by Integrated DNA technologies (USA). Sites for restriction enzymes XbaI and ApaI sites were incorporated at the 5’ ends of forward and reverse primer, respectively. The cDNA from CMT tissue was used as a template for amplification of MnSOD gene. Cycling conditions for amplification of the gene included, initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 20 sec,annealing at 60°C for 15 sec and extension at 72°C for 15 sec with final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR was performed in a 50μL reaction mixture containing 25μL KAPA hi-fidelityPCR master mix (2X), 0.5 μL of 20 pM each of forward and reverse primer and 3 μL of template cDNA. As per manufacturer’s instructions, the amplified PCR product was purified using min-elute® PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). R.E. digestion of PCR product was done using XbaI and ApaI restriction endonucleases (NEB, England) at 37°C for 2 h. The pH6HTN His 6 HaloTag ® T7 Vector (Promega, Madison) was also subjected to RE digestion with XbaI and ApaI to generate complementary overhangs. PCR product and digested vector were then subjected to overnight ligation at 4°C using T4 DNA ligase (Promega, Madison, USA). Ligated product was subsequently transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells. The recombinant clones were screened by colony PCR. The recombinant plasmid was purified from the overnight grown culture using PureYield™ plasmid miniprep system (Promega) and subjected to RE digestion using XbaI and ApaI restriction endonucleases for further confirmation of the recombinant clone. Recombinant plasmid isolated from overnight grown culture was then sent for plasmid DNA sequencing at Eurofins Genomics India Pvt Ltd (Bangalore, India). Analysis of gene sequence was done using DNA-STAR sequence analysis software and basic local alignment search (BLAST) tool.

 

The recombinant plasmid was transformed in BL-21 E.coli competent cells for expression of MnSOD gene. Colonies produced on plates were revived overnight and inoculated in 100 ml culture containing 100ug/ml ampicillin for large-scale expression and purification of recombinant protein. The conditions like IPTG concentration, induction temperature and time etc. were optimized for expression of recombinant protein. Optimum expression of MnSOD protein was observed when the inoculum was induced for 6hrs with isopropy-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at a final concentration of 1mM when the OD600nM reached 0.4-0.8. After induction, the culture pellet was solubilized with 8 M urea and induced, as well as un-induced, lysates were analyzed using 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) along with protein molecular weight marker. Once the expression was confirmed, recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography using AKTA pure 25M Fast Performance Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) (GE healthcare, Sweden). The culture pellet was solubilized with 8 M urea and lysate was loaded on HisTrap FF affinity column. The impurities were then washed in buffer with 100mM NaH2PO4, 10mM tris-Cl and 8M urea (pH 6.3) and finally eluted in elution buffer containing 100mM NaH2PO4, 10mM tris-Cl and 8M urea (pH 4.5). The concentration of purified protein was determined by Qubit™ protein assay kit (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The purity of the recombinant protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The recombinant protein was dialyzed against PBS and then stored at -80ºC till further use.

 

The recombinant MnSOD protein was confirmed by western blotting using commercial rabbit polyclonal antibodies against human SOD2 protein (Santa Cruz). Purified MnSOD protein, was run on 12% SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and blocked overnight by immersing in 5% skimmed milk in PBS. After washing once in PBS, the membrane was incubated in 1:100 dilution of rabbit anti-SOD2 antibody (Santa Cruz) as primary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. The membrane was washed thrice with PBS-T and then incubated with 1:4000 dilution of anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to Horse-radish peroxidase (Sigma Aldrich). After washing thrice with PBST, the antigen-antibody complexes were developed using diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Sigma-Aldrich).

 

 

A) Lane L: 100BP DNA ladder, Lane 1: Amplified MnSOD gene PCR product; B) Lane L: 1Kb DNA ladder, Lane 1: 713bp insert corresponding to MnSOD gene released upon RE digestion of recombinant plasmid with Xba I and Apa I

 

The tumour tissue from which coding region of sod2 gene was amplified was classified as mixed mammary capillary cystic adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination of H&E stained tissue section (Figure 1). The PCR amplification of the MnSOD gene was performed as described earlier. The amplified product showed expected band size of 713 bp on agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 2A). Upon cloning of amplified product in pH6HTNHis6 HaloTag ® T7 Vector (Promega), the colonies showed amplicon size corresponding to MnSOD gene by colony PCR.

 

 

When the plasmid isolated from recombinant colony was subjected to RE digestion using XbaI and ApaI restriction endonucleases, insert of size corresponding to MnSOD gene (713 bp) was released from the vector. Figure 2B shows RE analysis of the recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was further confirmed by plasmid DNA sequencing. Upon sequence analysis, it was observed that the sequence of MnSOD gene from a case of mixed mammary capillary cystic adenocarcinoma was 100% similar to the predicted MnSOD gene sequence already present in the Genbank database, predicted by computational biology approaches. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences from dog protein with human MnSOD revealed 92% similarity between the two (Figure 3). Four putative manganese binding sites, conserved among all eukaryotes, were also found to be present in recombinant dog MnSOD (highlighted by red circles in Figure 3).

 

The recombinant plasmid pH6HTN-MnSOD was transformed in E.coli BL21 DE3 cells. Optimum expression of MnSOD was observed upon induction of recombinant plasmid transformed cells for 6hrs with 1mM IPTG, when the OD600nM reached 0.4-0.8. Upon SDS PAGE analysis of induced as well as uninduced lysates, 62kda band corresponding to the size of recombinant MnSOD protein was observed as shown in Figure 4A. The recombinant protein was purified by Histrap FF column (GE Healthcare) and eluted protein showed single band of 62kDa molecular weight on SDS-PAGE analysis (Figure 4B). The purity of the protein was reconfirmed by Experion automated protein electrophoresis system and the recombinant protein was found to be approximately 95% pure. The yield of the purified protein, as measured by Qubit™ protein assay kit (Invitrogen, USA), was approximately 2mg/100 ml of bacterial culture.

 

A) SDS PAGE analysis of induced and uninduced bacterial lysates, Lane IN: Lysate from recombinant cultures induced with 1mM IPTG, Lane U: Lysate from uninduced bacterial cultures; B) SDS PAGE analysis of purified MnSOD protein. Lane L: Unstained low range protein molecular weight marker, Lane 1: Purified recombinant MnSOD protein; C) Western blotanalysis of recombinant MnSOD protein, Lane M: Colour plus prestained protein molecular weight marker, Lane 1: recombinant MnSOD protein showing immunoreactivity with commercial polyclonal antibodies against human SOD2 protein

 

Purified dog recombinant MnSOD was run on 12% SDS-PAGE & transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Upon immunoblot analysis, band corresponding to the size of recombinant dog MnSOD was observed which shows immunoreactivity of the dog protein with commercial polyclonal antibody against human SOD2 protein. This confirms the cross-reactivity of human antibodies with dog protein owing to amino-acid similarity between human and dog MnSOD. Figure 4C shows western blot analysis of recombinant MnSOD protein.

Inspite of initial response to conventional chemotherapies, a number of patients die due to metastasis, suggesting that new modalities are required for treatment of cancers.Generation of ROS not only causes oxidative injuries, but also act by providing signaling molecules for regulating cell proliferation and downstream gene expression. Induction of MnSOD is attaining attention as an effective novel mechanism of cancer chemoprevention because overexpression of this enzyme suppresses tumor formation and has ability to modulate multiple pathways contributing towards carcinogenesis. Studies in human have shown that recombinant MnSOD (rMnSOD) may be exploited for the treatment of chronoaging, photoaging etc, apart from modulation of cancers. The rMnSOD has selective antitumor effect on cancer cells due to the low catalase activity present in most tumor cells than in normal cells. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) enzymatically produced inside the cell from free radicals and ROS by the rMnSOD may thus specifically damage tumor cells (Mancini et al., 2008). Further studies have also shown that rMnSOD has selective radio sensitizing effect on tumour cells (Borelli et al., 2009). Recently, MnSOD and anti-MnSOD autoantibodies are being explored as a potential marker during progression from tumor growth to metastasis.

This study allowed the characterization of full-length ORF of sod2 gene, a gene encoding MnSOD enzyme, from a case of canine mixed mammary capillary cystic adenocarcinoma. The complete nucleotide sequences of sod2 gene of dog have been previously characterized by in silico computational biology approaches, however this is the first report on characterization of MnSOD gene sequence from dog tissue. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence from Canis lupus familiaris and Homo sapiens revealed 92% similarity, confirming the conserved nature of the protein. Further the protein was expressed in E.coli and purified protein was isolated successfully. The recombinant MnSOD from dog offers interesting, new perspectives for studying effect of the anti-oxidant enzyme on cancer cells, wound healing and other disorders.

 

Acknowledgements

 

The authors are thankful to Director, IVRI, and Izatnagar for providing necessary infrastructure and facilities to carry out this research work. Authors are also thankful to Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India (Project grant No. BT/PR13900/ADV/57/44/2010) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) NAE programme on biosensors for supporting the study by research grants.

 

Conflict of Interest

 

Authors of this manuscript declare no conflict of interest.

 

Authors’ Contribution

 

R. Arora conducted the experiments. S. Saxena & S. Shrivastava designed the work, helped in conducting the experiments and drafted the manuscript. S. Hussain, R.K. Vasu helped in optimization of MnSOD protein expression. S. Srivastava & P. Sharma helped in data analysis. M.Sahoo helped in histopathological analysis. N. Kumar collected tumour tissues from surgically operated CMT cases.

 

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