Iram Liaqat1*, Najma Arshad2, Muhammad Arshad3, Safdar Ali Mirza4, Nazish Mazhar Ali1 and Ammara Shoukat1
...robial contamination and biofilm formation in food industries pose a threat to human health worldwide. With the increased use of antibiotics in food industry, the problem of bacterial resistance is emerging, hence leading to serious health issues. Among 24 strains isolated from Shaukat Banaspati Ghee industry (Grw) and Shezan foods (pvt) Ltd, Lahore, Pakistan food industry, 10 highly antibiotic resistant strains were subjected to morphological, physiological a...
Maryum Fakhar, Iqra Jabbar, Anjum Nasim Sabri*
...nment and to check their biofilm forming ability under nickel stress. Our previous results showed that these bacteria are capable of producing proline, glycine betaine, choline and other osmolytes under NaCl stress. On the basis of those results it is hypothesized that this osmolyte production ability may help them in nickel resistance under Ni salt stress. This study was centered on assessing the adherence, motility, hydrophobicity, aggregation and
Ayesha Munir, Hafiz Muhammad Umer, Anjum Nasim Sabri and Imran Sajid*
...nhibited and delayed the biofilm formation by S. mutans and a profound effect was observed in case of the extracts of Streptomyces strains HU-09 and HU-10, which delayed biofilm maturation and even decreased biofilm formation with the passage of time. The micro well cytotoxicity assay against Artemia salina showed the cytotoxicity of the extracts in the range of 10-35%...
Siddra Tayyab Akhtar, Anjum Nasim Sabri
Twitching, swimming, swarming in biofilm forming strains in response to chemical and physical factors
...lity of bacteria to form biofilms. There is a need to control
bacterial motility. Present study determined swimming, swarming, and twitching
motilities in response to different physiochemical factors. Twenty-two
morphologically different bacterial strains were collected from a drain of sewage
water located in the vicinity of Jinnah hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Six biofilm forming
bacterial st...
bacterial motility. Present study determined swimming, swarming, and twitching
motilities in response to different physiochemical factors. Twenty-two
morphologically different bacterial strains were collected from a drain of sewage
water located in the vicinity of Jinnah hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Six biofilm forming
bacterial st...
Hao Gu*, Zhi Yang, Weiqiang Yu, Kan Xu and Yuan-fei Fu*
...ms of acid producing and biofilm. The antibacterial activity of capsaicin was evaluated by the minimal bactericidal concentration, change of pH in the first 12 h and OD values of biofilms. Besides, fluorescent images of exopolysaccharides and living bacteria of Streptococcus mutans were measured with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In our study, capsaicin showed an outstanding performance in the inhibition ...
Iram Liaqat1,*, Nazish Mazhar Ali2, Najma Arshad3, Riffat Iqbal1 and Zain-ul-Abideen1
...ed significantly reduced biofilm formation (52%; p<0.05) by test tube method compared to liquid interface coverslip assay (35%) and congo red assay. D. vulgaris was treated with various concentrations (5, 40, 80 and 100µM) of salicylidene acylhydrazide and 5-15 µM of proteases (proteinase K, trypsin, and chymotrypsin). Concentration dependent decrease was observed after 72 hours in biofilm formation of ...
Uzma Rafi*, Asmat, Muqaddes Niaz, Syeda Shazia Bokhari and Aisha Waheed Qurashi*
...sent study aims to check biofilm formation and auto aggregation potential of the bacteria associated with cockroaches. For this purpose, cockroaches were captured from house sewerage and two bacterial strains CXA1 (Planomicrobium chinense) and IM2 (Alkaligenes faecalis) were isolated from external surface and rectum portion of cockroach, respectively. Bacterial autoaggregation started increasing after 1 h of culture incubation and reached maximum...
Murtala Muhammad, Ting Zhang, Siyu Gong, Jing Bai, Jiansong Ju, Baohua Zhao* and Dong Liu*
...o hydrogen peroxide, and biofilm assays. This study represents the first Report of S. iniae infection of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis).
...
Muhammad Aamir Naseer1, Amjad Islam Aqib2*, Ambreen Ashar3, Muhammad Ijaz Saleem1, Muhammad Shoaib4, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar1, Khurram Ashfaq1, Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta1 and Shagufta Nighat5
...ilk is overwhelming with biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus (bpSA), whereas response to commonly used antibiotics is not only becoming worrisome in bpSA but also in non-biofilm producing S. aureus (nbpSA). Current study was planned to detect bpSA from dairy milk, confirmation of presumed risk factors, and comparative analysis of antibiogram of bpSA and nbpSA at various cadre. Milk samples (n=250) from catt...
Iram Liaqat1*, Tahir Hussain1,2, Aisha Waheed Qurashi3, Gulbeena Saleem2, Asia Bibi4, Muhammad Fiaz Qamar5,ShaukatAli1 and Ikram-ul-Haq6
...a sticky matrix known as biofilm. Various antimicrobial approaches used to treat gastrointestinal infections are usually ineffective due to biofilm formation. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare biofilm formation of three S. Gallinarum strains isolated from commercial broiler chicken by three different methods i.e., congo red, test tube and air liquid interface cover...
Iqra Muzammil1, Muhammad Ijaz Saleem1, Amjad Islam Aqib2,*, Ambreen Ashar3, Syed Ashar Mahfooz1, Sajjad ur Rahman4, Muhammad Shoaib4, Muhammad Aamir Naseer1, Imran Khan Sohrani1, Javeed Ahmad1, Razaullah Saqi1, Fizzah Laeeq Lodhi1 and
Qaisar Tanveer5
...o antibiogram of non-biofilm producing S. aureus (nbpSA) and biofilm positive S. aureus (bpSA)from mastitic goats. The purposive sampling technique was applied to collect n=200 milk samples from different regions of goat populated areas of district Faisalabad-Pakistan. Using surf field mastitis test, collected milk samples were screened for subclinical mastitis at the spot for subsequent identification of p...
Iram Liaqat1,*, Safdar Ali Mirza2, Sumera Sajjad3, Shaukat Ali1,*, Muhammad Faiz Qamar4 and Ikram Ul Haq5
...egative bacteria exhibit biofilm formation mediated by flagellum-mediated motility. Type III protein secretion systems of several gram-negative bacterial pathogens use flagella to invade foreign surfaces, host tissues and substrates. Flagellar biosynthesis and function in Salmonella typhimurium isregulated by >50 genes. Bioinformatics analysis of flagellar assembly in S. typhimurium identified several conserved structural elements. In this stu...
Hafiz Muhammad Tahir*, Iram Liaqat*, Junaid Nadeem, Hammad Aamir and Shaukat Ali
...hogenic bacteria forming biofilms as well as aid in wound healing....
Yang Yang1,2, Ji Shao1,2, Mingxu Zhou3,4, Qiangde Duan1,2, Xinyi Zhang1,2 and Guoqiang Zhu1,2*
... growth characteristics, biofilm formation ability, and adhesion ability to piglets intestinal epithelial cells IPEC-J2 were observed under the influence of the AHLs described above. Real-time PCR was used to detect the transcription levels of genes encoding major subunits of pathogenic factors such as fimbriae, flagella, enterotoxin, adhesin and hemolysin under the influence of the AHLs. The results showed that under the influence of quorum sensing AHLs, the ...
Hams M.A. Mohamed1, Mona A. El-Zamkan2*
...hese isolates to produce biofilm and protease enzyme. All the isolates displayed resistance to penicillin and oxacillin, while, two isolates were resistant to vancomycin and erythromycin, and three isolates were resistant to linezolid. None of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol or clindamycin. B-lactams drug resistance encoded by pbp1A gene could be detected in all the isolates, while one isolate harbored vanA and optrA gene, and no i...
Samah Samir, Amal Awad*, Gamal Younis
...ility of E.tarda to form biofilm was tested by tube test. E.tarda was detected in 15 fish (6%) and a total of 40 isolates were recovered from organ tissue samples and confirmed based on phenotypic and molecular characterization. The frequency of edw1, cds1, qseC and pvsA genes were 75%, 70%, 42.5% and 2.5% respectively. E. tarda isolates displayed high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, cefuroxime, penicillin, and amikacin, while, it is more s...
Mariam Arain1, Asghar Ali Kamboh1* and Muhammad Javed Arshed2
...s produced weak positive biofilm formation (p<0.05) in Se supplemented goats as compared to control group. The hematological indicators revealed that the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes count were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the Se treated group compared to control. It was concluded that Se supp...
Mona M. Osman1, Kamelia M. Osman2, Manal Abu Elmakarem Mohamed1, Mahmoud E. Hashad2, Jeeser Alves Almeida3, Alaa Saad4, Octavio Luiz Franco5,6, Heba N. Deif 2*
... their possible roles in biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and hemolytic activity of M. ovipneumoniae. The recovered sheep isolates of M. arginini and M. ovipneumoniae were examined bacteriologically and by PCR using Mycoplasma species-specific primers. MIC testing of the axenic isolates showed that 19 of them were 100% susceptible to tulathromycin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline and tylosin and highly resistant to danofloxacin, lincomycin and florfenico...
Yang Yang1,2, Hong Zhou3, Ji Shao1,2, Xinyi Zhang1,2, Pengpeng Xia1,2, Mingxu Zhou4,5, Qiangde Duan1,2 and Guoqiang Zhu1,2*
...aspects of growth curve, biofilm formation, adherence, invasion, cytotoxicity, and so on. The results showed that hcp1 of the T6SS did not influence bacterial growth and biofilm formation. In F18ab△hcp1, bacterial motility, adherence and invasion towards the intestinal porcine enterocyte cells (IPEC-J2) were reduced significantly, and the cytotoxicity decreased. The results of RT-PCR showed that in F18ab△hcp1, the flagel...
Xinjun Zhang1,2, Pengyong Wang1,2, Huimin Ju1,2, Yanhong Wang1,2, Yang Yang1,2* and Guoqiang Zhu1,2*
...ated, and the ability of biofilm formation was examined. In addition, UPEC in invading T24 cells, cytotoxicity, immune response and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines were discussed. The results showed that fimH was 100% detected, followed by iut, iroN, and focA, with the detection rates of 71.4, 57.1 and 57.1% respectively; while papG allele I, papG allele I’, papG allele II, papG allele III, cdtI, sat, sfaS, iha and sat were not detected. Most of t...
Ali Wahdan1*, Mahmoud Ezzat1, Fatma Youssef2, Manal Munier2, Elsayyad M. Ahmed3, Marwa Abo Hashem1
... strains have ability to biofilm formation leading to zoonotic risk and nosocomial infections. So, this study focused on tracking the ica locus in different hosts and other virulence factors with genetic analysis of recovered isolates. A total of 350 random samples were collected from animals and hospital acquired infected patients. The recovered isolates were identified biochemically by vitek2 compact, confirmed by PCR and tested for sensitivity against var...
Hams M.A. Mohamed1*, Katreen K.G.2, M.W. Abd Al-Azeem1, Faysal A. Wasel2, Ahmed M. Abd-Eldayem3
...’ capacity to form biofilms, antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence determinants, the purpose of this study is to discuss the presence of Listeria species in raw milk. In total, 150 samples of raw milk from vendors and nearby dairy farms in Sohag, Egypt, were collected. The samples underwent a bacteriological investigation. The results showed that 22 out of 150 samples had Listeria spp. contamination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the Lis...
Salman Hussain1, Basit Zeshan2*, Rabiya Arshad1, Saba Kabir1 and Naveed Ahmed3
... MRSA and to investigate biofilm formation among the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates. A total of 208 different samples were collected and processed for phenotypic and genotypic identification of MRSA. All MRSA isolates were subjected to antibiotics sensitivity, cefoxitin disk diffusion test, and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) E-test. The MRSA isolates were detected for the presence of mecA, mecC, and nuc ...
Meng Wang, Dongliang Zhou, Huixia Li, Chunqin Wu,Yan Zhao and Houqiang Luo*
...g in bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and contributing to the ability of nutrition acquisition a nd environme ntal adaptability. T5SS is a vital factor in the gradual reduction of antibiotic effectiveness, so the system has been the target of alternative antimicrobial strategies based on small molecules and antibodies. This review mainly introduces the discovery history of the bacterial secretion system, structure, and function of T5SS, and summarizes it...
Saddam Hussein Mahmoud* and Shaimaa Nabhan Yassein
...holipase activities, and biofilm formation were among the virulence tested factors. Hemolysis and phospholipase activities were detected in 76.2% and 83.33% of C. albicans isolates, respectively, while biofilm formation was detected in 100% of C. albicans isolates. The diagnosis was confirmed using 25 of the most virulent C. albicans isolates, by polymers chains reaction (PCR) to detect the KER1 gene revealed that all 25 sam...
MALIK ASIF HUSSAIN
...v>importance and role of biofilms in various clinical conditions. This form of
growth enables them to grow in form of microbial communities, which
help them to grow and survive better. Resistance to antibiotics is usually
linked and described as a reason for better survival of microbes in
biofilms. In fact, it is not resistance to antibiotics in majority of cases;
r...
Helal F. Al-Harthi1*, Essam H. Eldrehmy1,2, Afaf Eladl3, Marwa I Abd El-Hamid2*
...ce genes profiles of MDR biofilm-producing MRSA isolates. A total of 150 samples were obtained from bovine meat (n= 30) and meat products (n= 120) samples in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Conventional identification techniques detected 50 (33.3%) staphylococcal isolates (32.8%); 28 (18.7%) were classified as S. aureus and 22 (14.7%) were identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). All the examined S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin and cef...
Maysoon S. Abbas, Shaimaa N. Yassein
...e hemolytic activity and biofilm formation were positive in all V. cholerae isolates, with a 100% rate. For the first time in Iraq, isolation of Vibrio spp. has been reported in birds and owners. This study concludes that the high percentage of Vibrio spp. in birds is linked to the significance of zoonotic transmission. Further investigation is required to assess the risks of Vibrio spp. colonization in other animals and humans in close contact. &nb...
Salma Ali Munshed*, Fadwa Abdul Razaq Jameel
...cies can actually create biofilms has gained attention in recent times. Our work aimed to isolation and identification of Aspergillus flavus from dogs with study and evaluate some of virulence factors of this fungus like proteinase, hemolytic activity and biofilm formation in Laboratory. Fifty clinical isolates of respiratory infections in dogs were collected from several locations in Baghdad from Al Rusafa district (Zayouna...
H.A. Abdul-Ratha1*, Sahar Mahdi Hayyawi2, Essam F. AL-Jumaily3
...cus aureus that produced biofilm is the most important pathogenic agent of different diseases and it is difficult to be treated due to the product of the biofilms that caused resistances against antibiotics. The biofilm acts as a barrier to create a stable internal environment for bacterial cell activity and protects bacterial cells from adverse conditions including extreme temperature and...
Sebnem Bukavaz
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2019), 3(1): 185-189
...respect to virulence and biofilm- related proteins. The proteins were obtained through extracellular and cytoplasmic proteomic analysis using non-rhamnolipid produced P. aeruginosa ΔrhlA strains (constructed for this study by deleting the rhlA gene from wild type PAO1, Nottingham Collection strain using the method of alleic exchange), and mono and di-rhamnolipid produced strain PAO1 wild type (Nottingham Collection strain), grown in the populously rhl-pr...
Shaimaa A. Elbadri1*; Marwa S. Fathi1; Amira E. Abdel Hamid1; Hanaa A. ElGendy2
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2019), 3(4): 428-439
... of antibiotic-resistant biofilm producing microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa has pushed efforts to find safe alternatives to antibiotics; such as probiotics. Lactobacilli are one of these promising probiotics, with reported antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against many different pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to study the potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm...
Zakaria Ahmed1
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2019), 3(6): 485-492
...ericidal potency against biofilm-grown methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-sensitive Staph. aureus (MSSA) strains. Moreover, tea has inhibitory efficacy against the carcinogenic bacteria....
Anugrah Masih; Aditi Singh*
...
are often caused by biofilms have been demonstrated to be very challenging to cure because of
their complicated molecular structure and resistance to antibiotics. Biofilms of bacteria that
form on the medical equipment pose a risk to patients and facilitate the transmission of
infection. Progress has been made in eliminating bacterial biofilms by co...
Debasmita Dubey1; Gopal Krishna Purohit2; Shakti Rath3*; Sushree Swagatika Subhadarshini4; Rajashree
Panigrahi5
...The formation of Candida biofilms and the complex structures, which are
composed of fungal cells encased in an extracellular matrix, has emerged as an essential aspect
of VVC pathogenesis. Biofilms confer Candida spp. enhanced resistance to the antifungal
agents, leading to treatment challenges and recurrent infections. Advancements in the various
diagnostic techniques have als...
Naam Fadhil Abbas Al-Helli*; Jehan Abdul Sattar Salman
...rategies against E. coli biofilms is crucial for
improving the patient outcomes and reducing the burden on the healthcare systems. This study
aimed to extract, purify, and characterize mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then its
antibiofilm activity was evaluated against the multi-drug resistant E. coli (MDR-E. coli)
isolates obtained from various clinical sources (i.e., uri...
Nishat Zafar1*; Ashiq Ali2; Muhammad Yasir Afzal3; Qaisar Tanveer4; Sidra Bibi2; Irha Basit5; Huma Nasir1;
Shanzay Imtiaz3; Usman Nazir3
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(3): 766-778
...d teeth, and serves as a biofilm. Microbial biofilm provides certain attachment sites for growth and colonization of other bacteria, and also causes resistance to the antimicrobial agents. These Streptococci can be transmitted to the infants through parents or caretakers' kiss. This mode of transmission is the key role for the contribution of S. mutans in dental caries. In Pakistan, a national survey was conducted in 1992 on...
Yasmine Abdallah; Ranya M. El-Ashmony; Abdelrazek S. Abdelrhim*
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(4): 939-954
...by 80 % and affected the biofilm formation. Also, the cell membrane of Xoo lost its permeability after treating it with culture filtrate of P. polymyxa at its MIC (40 %). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations showed an influence of the culture filtrate of P. polymyxa on the cell morphology of Xoo. Applying P. polymyxa decreased the severity of bacterial leaf blight on rice seedlings to 4.9 %, compared to 42.5 % of the control. Moreover, this str...
Zeinab, S. Hashem1*; Rehab, M. Abd El-Baky1,2
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(1): 1091-1105
...he antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Lactobacilli isolated from fecal microbiota of healthy infants; to identify these isolates and determine their probiotic characteristics. E. coli isolates were recovered from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections. On the other hand, Lactobacillus isolates were recovered from feces of breast-fed infants. Five strong biofilm forming E. coli isolates with multidru...
Zeinab S. Hashem1*; Ahmed S. Hashem2
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(2): 1176-1193
...t the antifungal and antibiofilm potentials of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum supernatants on Candida spp. About 60 % and 80 % of Candida isolates were recovered from saliva samples of 20 patients with fixed orthodontic appliances, and 20 children having dental caries, respectively. The antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. was investigated using disk diffusion assay. C. albicans strains showed low resistance to fluconazole (15 %) an...
G.I. Ogu1*; J.C. Okolo2; J.C. Igborgbor3; F.I. Akinnibosun4
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(2): 1214-1226
... multidrug-resistant and biofilm-producing Salmonella spp. from chicken meat is still scanty in Nigeria. Consequently, this study aimed to characterize the probable multidrug- resistant and biofilm producing Salmonella spp. prevalent in chicken meat vended in southern Nigerian markets. About 240 randomly sampled chilled raw chicken meats were collected from open markets in Delta, Edo, Ekiti and Ondo States, and then were ana...
Bijay Kumar Shrestha1*; Manita Tumbahangphe1; Jenish Shakya1; Sujata Chauhan1
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2022), 6(4): 1614-1634
...le, lipopolysaccharides, biofilm, fimbriae adhesions and iron acquisition systems. In spite of several host protection mechanisms; however, UPEC may persist inside the urinary tract and serve as a reservoir of recurrent infections and complications. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of UTI with broad spectrum antibiotics are essential before this infection causes other medical complications. Generally, in clinical settings, diagnosis of UTIs involves bacter...
Sara A. Alshaikh*; Tarek El-Banna; Fatma Sonbol; Mahmoud H. Farghali
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2024), 8(1): 2285-2302
...es in the planktonic and biofilm states. Important virulence factors were also evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined and recorded as 0.5-64 μg/ ml for amikacin, 0.5-64 μg/ ml for cefotaxime, 0.25-64 μg/ ml for cefepime, 0.25- 16 μg/ ml for meropenem, and 0.125-32 μg/ ml for ciprofloxacin. Biofilm-specific resistance was assessed using the minimum biofi...
Mohammed Ajdig1,2; Bahia Rached2,3; Ahlam Mbarki1,2; Taha Chouati2,4; Chouhra Talbi1; Elmostafa El Fahime2,4; Marouane Melloul1,2*
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2024), 8(3): 2414-2434
...biotic stress tolerance, biofilm formation under stress conditions, and enzyme activities (i.e., lipases, cellulases, and proteases). In addition, several PGP traits such as phosphate solubilization and the production of siderophores and indol-3 acetic acid were also observed. Molecular identification through 16S rRNA sequencing initially identified all the isolates as Bacillus spp. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, using six housekeeping genes (a...
Zine El Abidine Bzazou El Ouazzani1; Laila Reklaoui1; Houda Benaicha1,2; Said Barrijal1*
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2024), 8(4): 2491-2509
...'s antibacterial and antibiofilm activities (FICI ≤ 0.5). The investigation focused on eight colistin-resistant (CS_R) bacterial isolates, with a particular focus on two strains carrying the mobile colistin resistance mcr-1 gene. The CS@OM combination resulted in a 2- to 16-fold improvement of colistin efficacy, resulting in a biofilm eradication rate ranging from ∼ 52 % to 82 %. Furthermore, it evinced a complete era...
Asmae Benabderrahmane1*; Majid Atmani1; Kaoutar Hamriri1; Zoubida Laghrari2; Saadia Belmalha3
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2024), 8(6): 2790-2808
...n, local immune support, biofilm formation, nutrient metabolism, and microbial balance preservation. Dental biofilms influence oral health by maintaining balance or contributing to conditions such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Advancements in studying the oral microbiota have evolved from culture-dependent to culture-independent methods. Next-generation sequencing technologies such as Illumina platforms, have re...
Featuring
-
Bioactivity of the Endophytic Bacteria Inhabiting the Egyptian Medicinal Plant Hyoscyamus muticus
Noura Sh. A. Hagaggi, Marwa E.A. Khalaf and Eman A. El Rady
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, Vol. 9, Iss. 2, pp. 51-62
Subscribe Today
Receive free updates on new articles, opportunities and benefits
Interact with ResearchersLinks
Guidelines and Support
ResearchersLinks Initiatives
Information and Help
Follow Us
 |
 |
 |
 |
© 2025 ResearchersLinks. All rights Reserved. ResearchersLinks is a member of CrossRef, CrossMark, iThenticate.