Rodolfo Villagra-Blanco1*, Gaby Dolz1, Danilo Montero-Caballero2, Juan Jose Romero-Zuniga2
...tivity were found in low altitude regions close to the coast. Risk and protective factors determined in the present study were not in accordance with this insect borne disease. The results of this study indicate that BTV is endemic in sheep herds from Costa Rica, and animals seem not show clinical signs. We recommend carrying out further studies, to determine the presence of BTV in goats and wild ruminants, and to identify serotypes present in the country....
Aqsa Waqar1, Sahir Hameed Khattak2, Sania Begum2*, Tayyaba Rehman1, Rabia1, Armghan Shehzad2, Wajya Ajmal2, Syeda Shahdana Zia2, Iqra Siddiqi2 and Ghulam Muhammad Ali2*
...deg;C - 15°C), upper altitudes and northern latitudes, but current epidemics of the disease have confronted this supposition because fresh strains have greater adaptation to higher temperatures and countries closer to the equator. Crop damages can reach 50 - 100%, due to infected plants and shriveled grain. These problems can be overcome by knowledge about the disease, identifying resistance lines and subsequently develop resistant varieties with an aim to...
Zheng Quan Jiang1,2, Feng Shan Li3, Jiang Hong Ran1,*, Chen Hao Zhao1, Man Zhang1 and Hua Li4
...au and the adjacent high altitude areas of China, Bhutan, Pakistan, and India. Study on nest type and size is useful for understanding the life history, evolution and adaptation of birds. A survey was conducted on nest size and the underlying regulatory factors of Black-necked Cranes from 25 March to 31 July in 2013 and 2014 at Ruoergai Internationally Important Wetland and its surrounding area, covering 83 nests. Four types of nests were found in the area,
Liumeng Zheng1, Yanmei Wang1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yuanzhao Qin3, Yuming Guo3, Hongxing Niu1,* and Yanzhen Bu1,*
...a was mainly affected by altitude, followed by distance to forest, and distance to roads. Notably, our study confirmed that the crested ibis has adapted and regained the habit of living at low elevations in the Dongzhai Reserve. Although most suitable habitat was found inside the nature reserve, a large proportion of suitable habitat was also found outside of the reserve. In addition, we found evidence that crested ibises were fairly tolerant to human disturba...
Jia-kui Li1,2,*, Kun Li2, Zhao-qing Han2, Hui Zhang2, Xiao-qiang Wang2, Hou-qiang Luo2, Yan-fang Lan2 and Gang Qiu1,2
... a cold climate and high altitude area of China. Totally, 516 yak serum samples were randomly got during 2012 to 2014. BVDV was found highly prevalent among the adult yaks (51.1%; 95% CI: 46.5-55.6) and calves (60.5%; 95% CI: 43.4-76.0), respectively. The prevalence of BVDV infection in 2012 to 2014 was 45.3% (95% CI: 38.6%-52.1%); 56.0% (95% CI: 49.7-62.2) and 60.5% (95% CI: 43.4-76.0), respectively with a significant difference in the three years (P<0.05)...
Qaisar Jamal1, Muhammad Idrees1, Saif Ullah2, Muhammad Adnan1, Farrah Zaidi1, Qaiser Zaman1,3 and Syed Basit Rasheed1,*
... has been observed at an altitude range of 550-1000 meters which decreased gradually reaching to occurrence of only four species at 2500-2900 meters above sea level. District Dir lower, primarily sub-tropical, was found more diverse regarding squamate species than the mountainous, temperate Upper Dir.
...
Wang-Dui Basang1, Tian-Wu An2, Luo-Bu Danjiu3, Yan-Bin Zhu1, Shi-Cheng He3, Xiao-Lin Luo2, Wei-Wei Ni4, Xiao Wang4, Shu-Zhu Cheng4, Jian Wang4 and Guang-Xin E4,*
...ic animal living at high altitudes in the Tibetan plateau that is economically important for the Tibetan people. In this study, we investigated the diversity and phylogeography of four geographic ecotype populations of the Naqu yak (133 individuals) using an 811-bp mitochondrial DNA D-loop region sequence. In total, 57 polymorphic sites, including 54 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 3 single-nucleotide copy number variants, and 59 haplotypes were detected. ...
*Muhammad Waseem1, Dost Mohammad Baloch1, Ghulam Khaliq1,
M. Rashid1, Qurban Ali2 and Mustajab A. Khan3
INTENSIFICATION IN BAMBOO (Bambusa bambos L.) TRAITS IN RESPONSE TO ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL NITROGEN ALONG THE COAST OF ARABIAN SEA
... the Arabian Sea with an altitude of 2m. The bamboo (Bambusa bambos L.) plants were grown with four fertilizer sources i.e. S = Control (0) kg N ha-1, S = urea (120 kg N ha-1), S = Farm Yard Manure (FYM 1% N), S = 0 1 2 3 Combination {50% N from urea (the recommended dose) + 50% N from Farm Yard Manure (FYM)}. A recommended dose of nitrogen was used as chemical source and applied at the rate of 120 kg N ha-1. Significant differences were reported for studied t...
Emre Barlas1 and Elif Yamaç2,*
...h were situated at lower altitude, far from paved road and close to water source. Bats were mostly found in longer caves. Caves with entrance oriented to northwest and southeast were preferred by bats. Undertaking effective conservation measures to maintain especially eight threatened bat species which were found in the region should be a priority for conservation management plans.
...
Yue Ren1, Peng-Fei Liu2, Wan-Long Zhu1,*,Hao Zhang1 and Jin-Hong Cai1
...t examining the roles of altitude and temperature on body mass regulation in Eothenomys miletus from different areas of Hengduan mountain region in different seasons. Body mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), food intake, serum leptin levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti aelated peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) expressions were measured. The ...
Romaan Hayat Khattak1,3, Hussain Ali1, Ejaz Ur Rehman1 and
Muhammad Ali Nawaz1, 2*
... is restricted to higher altitude areas of Northern Areas including Khunjerab and Shimshal. The present study was conducted from 25 September 2014 to 23 October 2014, to estimate the population size of blue sheep in Shimshal and Socterabad Community Controlled Hunting Areas, by employing recently developed double observer-based Capture Mark Recapture method (CMR). A population of 834 ±356 were estimated in Shimshal and Socterabad CCHAs, with an estimate...
Kui Li1, Lijun Li1, Jialun Fu2, Yi He2, Zhaohui Song2, Shuiping Zhou2, Luobu Gesang1* and Rui Liu2*
...number of 58 healthy low-altitude inhabitants residing in Beijing were randomized to two treatment sequences, receiving either 270mg CDDPs or placebo during an 11-day trip in Tibet, China, at an altitude of more than 3000 m. The Lake Louise Scoring System (LLSS) was also utilized to access AMS incidence and severity, twice a day, during the research period. AMS was further diagnosed when headaches and LLSS≥ 3 were present...
Honghai Zhang1,*, Yao Chen1, Xiaoyang Wu1, Shuai Shang2, Jun Chen2, Jiakuo Yan1, Qinguo Wei1, Xibao Wang1, Yongqiang Lu3 and Huanxin Zhang2
...le into Group A (the low altitude area) and Group B (the high altitude area). we studied the basic structure of the gut microbiota by sequencing high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable regions. The differences of gut microbiota in the Tibetan wild ass at different altitudes were compared. We obtained 1474595 16S rRNA gene sequences. The study observed 163genera ...
Duo Jing Qiu1,2,3, Xin Yu1,2,3, Mao Jun Zhong1,2,3 and Long Jin1,2,3*
...s distributed in two altitudes (120 m and 1673 m above sea level) in Hunan and Yunnan Province, southwest China. We found that D. melanostictus displayed significant differences in body mass and relative testis mass between low- and high-altitude populations. Body mass and relative testis mass from the high-altitude population were larger than that of the low-
Hongqun Li1*, Xiaoli Liu2*, Zongxian Han1, Shabin Wu1 and Changlei Cao1
...rds also featured higher altitude, steeper slope, bigger tree heights and diameter, smaller shrub cover and lower herb height, and higher sheltering class. The overall classification model developed from these seven variables helped distinguish foraging sites from random ones at probability of 90.2%; while day-roosting sites tended to be found in the areas of higher altitude, smaller tree cover, lower shrub cover and height,...
Fangqing Liu1, Jared Atlas2, Chaohao Du1, Anoop Das3 and Longying Wen1*
...em into two groups: high altitude (>1500m) and low altitude (<1500m). The results that all morphological size measures of males were significantly higher than those of females (P<0.05). Most measures of size at low altitude significantly greater than those at high altitudes, including body weight, body length, and wing length for males (<...
Arjun Bastola1*, Sachet Subedi2 and Malatee Bastola3
...ving similar climate and altitude for higher grain production....
Ayu Suci Wulandari1, Siwi Indarti1,2*, Muhannad Illayan Massadeh3 and Nguyen Van Minh4
... and organic matter. The altitudes are measured using the Geograpichal Positioning System (GPS). The results showed that there were five parasitic nematodes genera in garlic, that are Ditylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Rotylenchulus sp., and Pratylenchus sp. Abiotic factors as temperature has a positive influence on the abundance of Helicotylenchus sp., pH has a negative influence on the abundance o...
Gong Xue-na1, Jia Ting2, Zhang Di2 and Zhu Wanlong1*
...lated to food resources, altitude and temperature of Hengduan mountain regions.
...
Misbah Sarwar1*, Abdul Hamid2 and Iftikhar Hussain2
...traight behind, reaching altitudes of 16,000–26,000 feet (4,900–7,900 metres). Along their arduous journey they have to cross the Himalayan Mountains to get to their over-wintering grounds in India. Many die from fatigue, hunger and predation from golden eagles. Simpler, lower routes are possible, such as crossing the range via the Khyber Pass. However, their presently preferred route has been hard-wired by countless cycles of migration. At their w...
Hongqun Li1,*, Liganag Xing1, Xiaoli Liu2, Yonglan Pu3, Yuqing Yang3 and Yongyao Fu1
...ture of hottest quarter, altitude, annual mean temperature and minimum temperature of coldest month, with the thresholds 30.5~31.8°C, 27.5~28.7°C, ≤ 400 m, ≥ 17.5°C, and ≥ 2.3°C, respectively. Under the current conditions for the years 1950-2000, 9.22% of total areas, located in the central district of Chongqing, were identified as the suitable areas including increased three districts of Jiangbei, Dadukou and Jiulongpo for the nematod...
Tarık Bugra Saruhan and Alptug Sarı*
...imit of the forest at an altitude up to 1514 meters. It is also the highest altitude at which the jackal has been recorded in Europe. It is seen that the jackal is distributed in areas close to agricultural and residential areas at low altitudes whereas, it is generally distributed in forest areas at higher elevations. In forest areas, it has been observed that it can easily use forests wi...
Saied Belal1, Ashraf Albrakati1*, Khalaf Alsharif2, Saad Al-Shehri2, Mohamed Alblihed3, Malik Almuqati4, Anfal Alsharif5, Alaa Albarakati6 and Anas Al-sharif7
...ince, Saudi Arabia (high altitude area) to provide guidelines for neonatal assessment in high lands. A cross-sectional study included 1534 newborns in Taif city (2000 to 2400 meters above sea level), Western Province of Saudi Arabia, collected during a period of 6 months (from November 2014 through April 2015). The newborns and their mothers were subjected to various measurements of body dimensions and body weight. The data were developed in comparison with th...
Rabia Goher, Inamullah and Mohammad Akmal*
..., with highest in higher altitudes and lowest in the plains area. Genotypes differed in crop developmental stages with mild to marked effects on tiller height, spike length, spike weight and unit grain weight, which has resulted in significant changes (p<0.05) for biomass and grain yield. Harvest indices did differ for AE among genotypes. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that a genotype may not necessarily perform similar in production wit...
Yuxia Zhang and Kong Yang*
...gatively correlated with altitude at a high value (p = 0.010). Altitude regulates the distribution and abundance of plateau pika by influencing food resources and their fertility, which in turn affects the transmission of alveolar echinococcosis....
Monis Hussain Shah1*, Rizwan Rafique2,6, Munawar Almas1, Muhammad Usman3, Sadia Yasin4 and Sajida Bibi5
...conditions and different altitude level support production of excellent quality fruits in coastline, tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Pakistan is one of the top fruits producing country globally. Pakistan ranks 4th in Mango (1.880M Tones), 6th in Guava (2.4 M Tones), Dates (0.72 M Tones) and Citrus (2.1 M Tones) production around the globe. Since the year of 1969 Pakistan builds the infrastructure for agricultural development due to that; significa...
Yanjie Liu
... hypoxia group, and high-altitude group. Each group was given the same exercise intensity. Venous blood was collected before and after each test to determine changes in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), IL-2, WBC, natural killer (NK) cell activity, C3, C4, CH50 and body weight. We found that the levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the three groups decreased; while IL-2 levels increased, and the order can be ranked as control gr...
Peng Xu1, Yankuo Li2*, Shusong Zhang1 and Bin Liu3
...ampling sites varying in altitude for evaluating their diversity. Consequently, 16 rodent species belonging to eight families were recorded. Out of 376 individuals of rodent species trapped (capture rate = 4.7%), Apodemus agrarius, Eothenomys melanogaster, Niviventer fulvescens and N. confucicianus were identified as dominant species with relative abundances over 10%, in which N. fulvescens and N. confucicianus were trapped in eight and seven habitat types, re...
... summer season where the altitude ranged from -351 to 1320 m. A novel method called maximum entropy distribution modeling was used for predicting potential suitable habitat for gummy bark disease in Egypt using occurrence records. The Maxent model's internal jackknife test Of variable importance showed that altitude and mean temperature of driest quarter are the most important predictors of citrus gummy bark disease-habitat ...
Yongke Zhu1,2, Yun Fang1, Songhua Tang1, Yuan Gu3, Jinming Zhao4, Wolfgang Scherzinger5 and Yue-Hua Sun1*
...ests at high mountainous altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is still limited. We spent 10 years studying the breeding biology of A. f. beickianus in Lian Hua Shan Nature Reserve (Gansu Province), where we could first confirm the occurrence of this small forest dwelling owl in 1995. During breeding seasons (2003-2009, 2017-2019), we checked nest boxes and recorded the basic breeding data. Thereby a total of 51 broods were found with an average of 5.1 ±...
Inayat ul Islam1, Rooh Ullah1, Ahmed Zia2, Abdul Rauf Bhatti2*, Maryum Ilyas2, Sohail Hayat1 and Khabab Hayat1
...gitude 72.0468°E and altitude of 1840.57m within the Himalayan foothills in the northwestern Pakistan. Present study brought forward first data for the Odonata fauna inhabiting Dir Upper since inception of Pakistan. The areas represent one of the many ecologies that remain ignored and neglected for insect faunal surveys due to multiple factors like lack of education, awareness, social barriers and uncertain ground conditions being representing Pak-Afghan b...
Xin Niu1, Xuelan Fang2, Sang Ba3, Yihao Fang1,4, Davide Fornacca1,7, Kun Tan1,4, Yanpeng Li1,4,5*, Zhipang Huang1,4,5* and Wen Xiao1,4,5,6,7
...the same camera traps at altitudes between 2,900 m - 3,500 m. M. mulatta was also observed at elevations below 2,500 m, near the farmland and villages. The two monkey species were mostly recorded at an altitudinal spectrum within 3,100 m - 3,500 m, but with significant differences in seasonal frequencies in the same elevational gradients. The two species avoided encountering each other to limit direct competition and conflicts. Moreover, differences in foragin...
Hilarius Yosef Sikone1*, Gomera Bouk2, Edelnia Kristina Bere2, Yohana Kamlasi2, Elisabeth Yulia Nugraha1
Khan Bahadar Marwat , Bakhtiar Gul, Muhammad Saeed , Zahid Hussain
YOUNAS KHAN BAROZAI,RASOOL BAKSH TAREEN,ARMAGHAN SHEHZAD,SHAZIA SAEED,Alia Ahmed,GHULAM MUHAMMAD ALI,SANIA BEGUM
Khan Bahadar Marwat , Muhammad Saeed , Bakhtiar Gul , Zahid Hussain , Nayyar Iqbal Khan
Khan Bahadar Marwat , Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Saeed, Bakhtiar Gul , Sahib Noor
Zahid Hussain, Khan Bahadar Marwat, Muhammad Saeed, Bakhtiar Gul , Muhammad Riaz Khalil
Muhammad Ilyas1 *, Sanam Zarif Satti2 , Bashir Ullah3 and Salim Saif Ullah4
...o factors such as higher altitude and more annual rainfall in Mansehra, which increase the organic matter content, resulting in reduced soil pH and bulk density as well as increased moisture-holding capacity of the soil.
Keywords: Soil Charateristics, Peshawar, Mansehra....
Keywords: Soil Charateristics, Peshawar, Mansehra....
Pervez Manan1, Farhat Jabeen1 and Ahmad Zamir2
...estern India, growing at altitudes ranging between 1800 and 3300 m. It is often associated with the Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) and Deodar (Cedrus deodara). In Pakistan these forests are mainly located in the dry temperate zone of the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya region i.e. Sherani Area (Suleiman range) on the border between Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), South Waziristan, Chitral, Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Jamu & Kashmir (Sherani an...
Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel
...ken covering slopes, and altitudes, through transact walk with in the study area at approximately 200m (400 steps) distance. Soil samples were collected from the study area and thus investigated for climatic parameters. The results show that the climate of Utror valley is quite suitable and is fit for growth of Morels....
Kiramat Khan1, Tahir Sajjad2, Nasrullah Jan Malik2, Hassan Sher3, Farrukh Hussain4 and Muhammad Iqbal1
...ey during 2000-2001. The altitude of these locations ranged from 1200 to 1900 m.a.s.I. Suitability of ex-situ cultivation of these medicinal plant species and their economic feasibility was also worked out. The highest mean survival percentage of 80.7 across location -was observed for V. serpense followed by 58.7 % for C. sativa. All the remaining four species exhibited very poor survival percentage. Except for V. serpense which revealed a...
Kh. Rizwan Shehzad, Z. H. Malik and Rizwana Aleem Qureshi
...nents decreased from low altitude to high altitude, but in Oxalis-Pinus-Olea community it was high. Soils were generally loamy, sandy loamy to clayey loamy type with pH varying from 7.0 to 7.6 organic matter 0.8 to 1.6%, Potassium 70.4 ppm to a 99.1 ppm and Phosphorous 5.46 ppm to 14.97 ppm. The communities reflect highly deteriorated condition....
K. M. Siddiqui and M. Khan
...nous regions upto 2000 m altitude (Anon,
1986). One of its species (P. tomentosa) was accidentally introduced into United States
about 150 years ago and now appears throughout the southern and central hardwood
regions as naturalized wild plantation tree (Beckjord et al., 1984; Hardie et al., 1989). It
also grows in Japan, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Presently, the interest in the
Paulownia species is increasing due to its...
Moinuddin Ahmad
.... Rainfall,
temperature altitude, plant cover and vegetation
composition show wide variation in the different sectors
of the study area....
J.O. Adegbehin, S. Nokoe, J. A. Okojie and G. O. Otegbeye
...thin the low
and medium altitude areas (600 - 1200m) of that part of
the country. Growth data from permanent sample plots
from the Northern parts of the country showed that, on
average site, P. caribaea var. hondurensis attained a
top height of 23.4m at a reference age of 20 year and
that a maximum mean annual increment (M. A. I) of
24.2m3/ha/yr could be obtained at age 30 with an
overbark total volume production of about 726m3
G. M. Baloch, M. I. Arif and M. Irshad
...aria
tuberosa (high altitude forest weeds) were investigated
through out Pakistan. As a result of this 20 species of
insects and a disease of Lonicera spp., 12 species of
insects on Ribes spp. and 8 species of insects on P.
tuberose were recorded. Among these, 6 insects (Alucita
spilodesma Meyr., Psychromnes stra phaeothicta Meyr.,
Phyllonorycter montanella Bradley, Caloptilia
delosticata Meyr., Paraphyt...
A.I. Mohyuddin, M. R. Attique, M. I. Arif and R. A. Mazhar
Raja Mohammad Ashfaque and Anjum Amin
...ank of river Neelum. The altitude is 1200 meters with an average rainfall of about 600 mm. Soil is mainly formed of shale and sandstone with a moderate amount of organic matter suitable for plant growth. Pinus roxburghii forms the major overhead storey with shrubs Myrsine africana, Berberis lycium, Indigofera spp. as understorey. The ground flora is occupied by grasses like Digitaria spp., Agrostis gigantea, Agropyron dentatum, Cymbopo...
Relph R. Stewart
... Dangarpur c. 2031 m. of altitude. I had never collected plant fossils and was glad to be able to go with him. Most of the fossils were the leaves of forest trees which had blown on to the surface of the lake or had floated down from higher levels. They had sunk to the bottom and there were many layers of leaves in the clay along with Trapa fruits and a few seeds. Many of the leaves were of oaks, maples, birch and willows which seemed to be similar to modem sp...
Mirza Hakim Khan Dr.
...ns and steep slopes. The altitude ranges from 1500 to 4900 m. Snow slides and landslides are common. A number of large water courses, Meran, Tangogh, Kasavir, Bakhtanshal, Bironshal, Gokshal, Chat and Duni drain into Chitral Gol, which later on joins the river Chitral near Chitral town. A thin layer of slate and phyllites (palaeozoic) overlies the crystalline or grey limestone of midcretaceous period. The soil formed by the disintegration of rocks is generall...
Mirza Hakim Khan Dr.
...ls, lying at 290-1350 m. altitudes. Limestones and sandstones constitute the main rocks. The climate is mainly sub-tropical with mean annual rainfall of about 500 mm mean maximum temperature of about 37°C for June and mean minimum temperature of 0°C got January, with definite but not severe frost period. Three plant communities' viz. Rhazya stricta, Salvadora oleoides, Acaia modesta, Olea cuspidata, Dodonaea viscosa and Cymbopogon jwarancusa, C...
A. R. Beg
...ur and Jammu upto an altitude of 800 m (Stewart, 1972). During a recent visit to Buner, the present author spotted a few clumps growing in nature also at Ambela, Maskipur and Bagra in Buner at about 800 m. The first two spots lie on raised stream banks with some damp soil and the third on a field border. A few more clumps are also reported to occur in the lower Buner. These are the only known remnants of natural bamboo in the country. This new re...
Dr. K. M. Salim and Gul Shahid
... zone but because of its altitude and situation it is a mixture of Poor Monsoon Western type and Poor Mediterranean vegetation types. The annual precipitation is about 16 inches most of which is received during winter. The temperature range is around 28-90-92°F at Cherat. Snowfall at Cherat is upto a foot or two in colder winters but is variable from place to place. There is a steady wind blowing most of the time usually from the South-East to Nor...
Tugba Bozlar1* and Nur Diktas Bulut2
...onship between yield and altitude, temperature and precipitation. The potential contribution of chestnut honey and propolis production was US $ 51.10 million to the Eastern and Central Black Sea Region economy....
Aura Oktiefa Adyantono, Sugiharto Sugiharto, Daud Samsudewa*
...le based on the location altitude, feeding management, age and/or parity, needs to be conducted to determine the most optimal rearing conditions.
Keywords | Crossbred cattle, Meta-analysis, Reproductive parameters
...
Marriyam Batool1*, Ahmed Zia2, Shabir Ahmed1, Imran Bodlah3, Waheed Ali Panhwar4, Muhammad Ashfaque5, Falak Naz6 and Muhammad Muneer5
...plants grown at variable altitudes of the valley. A total of 398 individuals were collected from 26 host plants of which, 23 species and 13 genera are reported for the first time for this valley. Within the recorded fauna, Macrosiphum euphorbiae was found to be abundant with 103 individuals followed by Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora, respectively. Impact of altitudinal variations over the distribution of recorded fauna was also studied and discussed in de...
Sami ul Haq, Basheer Ahmad* and Bilal Ahmed Qazi
...density, crop variation, altitude, and slope. Tree species were identified and counted in each plot, while soil samples were collected from plots with notable species composition variations. Soil samples were analyzed for parameters like soil organic carbon, pH, and moisture content. Results show Pinus wallichiana dominates (53%), followed by Quercus dilatata (9%) and Quercus incana (8%). Other notable species include Picea smithiana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sal...
