Research Article

 

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Rice Distiller Dried Grain on Growth Performance and Digestibility of Growing Pigs

 

Yin Yin Kyawt, Bo Bo Hein, Kaung Si Thu Hein, Nay Thu Hein, Len Hung, Nang Ai Mon Mon Hwan, Aye Chan Oo, Aung Paing Soe Oo, Khant Zin Oo, Thant Zin Oo, Min Htut Oo, Khin Sandar Myint, Soe Min Thein, Min Aung*, Khin San Mu

Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar

 

Received | June 25, 2019; Accepted | August 19, 2019; Published | October 25, 2019

*Correspondence | Min Aung, Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Kyawt YY, Hein BB, Hein KST, Hein NT, Hung L, Hwan NAMM, Oo AC, Oo APS, Oo KZ, Oo TZ, Oo MH, Myint KS, Thein SM, Aung M, Mu KS (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation with rice distiller dried grain on growth performance and digestibility of growing pigs. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 7(11): 986-993.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.11.986.993

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2019 Aung et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The demand for animal protein for human nutrition in the developing countries is still rising, especially for pork and poultry products (OECD, 2010). One key of reducing poverty and developing rural areas is investment in the livestock sector through raising smallholder incomes via improved livestock productivity. In recent years, there has been significant increase in numbers of pigs raised under both small private and large commercial scales in Myanmar.

 

In swine production system, feed costs represented 65-75% of the production cost or even more nowadays. Thus, nutritionists have to look for alternative feeds to reduce the feed cost without detrimental effects on animal performance. Balanced pig diets contain two main components which are energy and protein, supplied mainly through corn and soybean meal.

 

As the price of cereal grains continues to increase, the demand for alternative feed ingredients such as dried grains (DDG) or DDG with soluble (DDGS) which provide energy and protein sources to livestock diets will also increase. The distiller dried grains (DDG and DDGS) are the cereal by-product which is fermented and distilled to obtained alcoholic beverage. The nutritive values of DDG and DDGS were 20-50% crude protein (CP), 96% organic matter (OM), 6% ether extract (EE), 15% crude fiber (CF) (El-Hack et al., 2019) and 2,490 to 3,190 kcal/kg DM (dry matter) in metabolizable energy (ME) (Batal and Dale, 2006). Moreover, Nyachoti et al. (2005) and Widyaratne and Zijlstra (2007) stated that DDGS contains large quantities of nutrients including energy, crude protein (CP) and non-phytate phosphorus; hence, it has the potential for being used as livestock feed, especially to mono-gastrics like pigs and poultry.

 

During recent years, several studies investigated the nutritive value of DDGS, which showed that DDGS level up to 10% (Whitney et al., 2006a), 20% (Stein and Kees, 2007) or 30% (Senne et al., 1996; Cook et al., 2005; DeDecker et al., 2005) could be fed to growing and finishing pigs without detrimental effect on their growth performance. However, Senne et al. (1996) and Widyaratne et al. (2004) reported that DDGS of 40% resulted in decreased average daily body weight gain (ADG) and feed intake. Moreover, Fu et al. (2004) and Widyaratne et al. (2004) deducted decreased performance at any level. This inconsistent results in growth performance of growing pigs, might be due to batch-to-batch variation in drying methods, levels of residual sugar, grain quality (Rausch and Belyea, 2006) and variation in palatability between sources (rice, wheat, corn) which could influence animal’s performance (Hastad et al., 2005).

 

In Myanmar, there were a lot of brewer factories which produced huge amount of distiller grains every day. Those distiller grains, both wet and dry were conventionally used as livestock feed since many years ago; however, there were no report on the efficient utilization of distiller grains as animal feed. Thus, require further investigation on the efficient utilization of distiller grains produced in Myanmar as animal feed. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of rice distiller dried grain (rDDG) on growth performance and digestibility of growing pigs.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Collection of Rice Distiller Dried Grain and Other Feed Ingredients

The main-feed ingredients which are maize, soybean meal, oil, oyster shell, di-calcium phosphate (DCP), lysine, methionine, NaCl, toxinil and feedmix were purchased from commercial feed shop. The rice distiller wet grain (rDWG), non-genetically modified byproduct was obtained from Grand Royal Group International Co, Ltd., Yangon. The rDWG were dried for 3-4 days under the sunshine before inclusion in swine feed.

 

Experimental Design and Animals’ Management

This experiment was carried out at the research farm of University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar and approved by the post graduate supervisory committee.

Fifteen pigs (DYL breeds), 30±1.3kg and 10 weeks old with equal sex ratio were randomly allocated into five groups with three replicates in each. All pigs were housed in individual pen and supplied with clean fresh water ad libitum, while feed twice daily. Before starting all pigs were administered ivermectin based on their body weight to prevent internal parasites. All excreta were cleaned out twice daily to prevent foul smelling. The experimental period was 10 weeks and the digestion trial was made at the last 5 days of the experimental period.

 

The five experimental diets were isocalorigenous and isonitrogenously formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of growing pigs according to NRC (1998). Experimental diets used in this experiment were:

 

Group 1 (rDDG-00): Diet containing 0% rDDG

Group 2 (rDDG-05): Diet containing 5% rDDG

Group 3 (rDDG-10): Diet containing 10% rDDG

Group 4 (rDDG-15): Diet containing 15% rDDG

Group 5 (rDDG-20): Diet containing 20% rDDG

 

The diet composition and nutritive values of experimental diets were shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

 

Growth Performance and Digestibility Measurements

During the experimental period, daily feed intake was recorded to calculate cumulative feed intake per week. Body weight measurement was carried out weekly and cumulative body weight gains were determined. Based on the cumulative feed intake and body gain, cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Feed cost per kg of body weight was also estimated.

 

During the digestion trial, feed offered were weighed before feeding and also feed refusals next morning were weighed to calculate feed intake. The feces voided from each pig were weighed and 100 g was collected for analysis. Fecal samples were added to 5 ml of 10% formalin. All samples were dried under the sun until constant weight is obtained for further analysis. The feed offered, feed refusal and feces samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM) to calculate the DM digestibility (DMD) of experimental pigs.

 

Chemical composition analysis of rice distiller dried grain

The chemical composition analysis was performed at the Laboratory of the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi

 

Table 1: Ingredient compositions of experimental diets

 

Ingredients	Experimental diets
	rDDG-00	rDDG-05	rDDG-10	rDDG-15	rDDG-20
Maize	71.30	72.62	73.58	74.95	74.46
Soybean meal	21.50	15.50	10.00	4.20	0.00
DDG	0.00	5.00	10.00	15.00	20.00
Oil	4.28	3.60	2.90	2.20	1.88
Oyster shell	1.30	1.41	1.35	1.42	1.42
DCP	1.00	1.00	1.20	1.21	1.21
Lysine	0.10	0.30	0.40	0.45	0.46
Methionine	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
NaCl	0.20	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Toxinil	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Feedmix	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

 

rDDG: rice distillers dried grain, DCP: dicalcium phosphate

 

Table 2: Nutritive values of experimental diets

 

Nutritive values	Experimental diets
	rDDG-00	rDDG-05	rDDG-10	rDDG-15	rDDG-20
ME, Kcal	3264	3266	3263	3264	3270
CP, %	16.27	16.28	16.36	16.28	16.71
Calcium, %	0.76	0.78	0.79	0.80	0.79
NPP, %	0.31	0.30	0.32	0.31	0.30
Sodium, %	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16
Cloride, %	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.22
Lysine, %	0.92	1.01	1.01	0.96	0.90
Methionine, %	0.37	0.44	0.43	0.42	0.37

 

NPP: non-phytate phosphorus

 

Table 3: Chemical compositions of rice distiller dried grain (rDDG)

 

Sample	Chemical compositions (%)
	DM	OM	Ash	CP	NDF	ADF	ADL	EE
rDDG	94.18	96.86	3.14	50.19	22.28	18.40	6.80	2.85

 

DM: dry matter, OM: organic matter, CP: crude protein, NDF: neutral detergent fibre, ADF: acid detergent fibre, ADL: acid detergent lignin, EE: ether extract. All chemical compositions except DM are dry matter basis.

 

Taw, Myanmar. The rDDG was analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) according to AOAC (1990). While, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analyzed according to Goerging and Van Soest (1970). The metabolizable energy (ME) content of rDDG was calculated with the equation mentioned by Ginger-Reverdin et al. (1994) as follows: ME (MJ/kg DM) = [13.38 + (0.0118EE) - (0.00547NDF) + (0.0065ADF) – (0.0378ADL) + (0.00291 CP)].

 

Statistical Analysis

The data of feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, digestibility and feed cost were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS Software for windows version 16.0 (Chicago, SPSS Inc.) and the significance differences between means were determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Differences were considered significant at p<0.05 and data were expressed as mean.

 

Table 4: Energy content of rDDG

 

Sample	Metabolizable Energy (ME)
	MJ/kg DM	Kcal/kg DM
rDDG	12.58	3005.05

 

rDDG: rice distiller dried grain

 

Table 5: Cumulative Feed intake (kg/head) of growing pig

 

Experimental period	Experimental diets (mean)					SEM	P values
	rDDG- 00	rDDG- 05	rDDG- 10	rDDG- 15	rDDG- 20
Week-1	11.57	11.18	11.67	10.63	11.24	0.28	0.844
Week-2	23.15	22.35	23.34	21.26	22.48	0.56	0.844
Week-3	35.88	33.61	36.25	33.91	34.34	0.82	0.840
Week-4	50.05	47.75	50.37	48.54	49.00	0.95	0.932
Week-5	64.97	62.00	64.71	64.45	64.20	1.14	0.951
Week-6	80.47	77.30	78.92	79.73	79.71	1.47	0.979
Week-7	96.42	92.13	93.95	95.16	94.86	1.73	0.969
Week-8	111.87	106.92	108.47	110.70	110.14	2.01	0.963
Week-9	126.42	121.11	122.70	125.98	125.07	2.20	0.953
Week-10	139.87	133.81	136.21	139.61	138.33	2.42	0.949

 

SEM: standard error mean

 

Table 6: Cumulative body weight gain (kg/head) of growing pigs

 

Experimental period	Experimental diets (mean)					SEM	P values
	rDDG- 00	rDDG- 05	rDDG- 10	rDDG- 15	rDDG- 20
Week-1	5.38	5.25	5.73	5.53	5.56	0.09	0.611
Week-2	9.28	8.50	9.33	8.79	8.79	0.25	0.849
Week-3	13.95	12.50	13.08	11.36	11.73	0.36	0.139
Week-4	18.83	17.88	18.58	16.56	16.56	0.44	0.336
Week-5	23.70	23.25	24.08	21.76	21.39	0.56	0.505
Week-6	28.58	28.63	29.58	26.96	26.22	0.69	0.599
Week-7	33.45	34.00	35.08	32.16	31.06	0.83	0.647
Week-8	40.00	41.78	41.64	37.61	36.32	0.97	0.296
Week-9	46.55	49.57	48.20	43.05	41.59	1.17	0.132
Week-10	53.10ab	57.35a	56.43a	48.16b	46.86b	1.46	0.040

 

SEM: standard error mean

a, b Different superscripts in the same column are significantly different at P value 0.05.

 

RESULTS

 

The chemical composition and energy content of rDDG were showed in Table 3 and 4 respectively. The cumulative feed intake of pigs were described in Table 5, in which non-significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between groups throughout the experimental period, however, the cumulative feed intake at week-10 of pigs fed on rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 were lower than those of other groups.

 

The cumulative body weight gains were not significantly different (p>0.05) from week-1 to week-9 between groups, however there was a significant difference (p<0.05) observed at week-10, as the highest (p<0.05) cumulative body weight gain were observed in pigs fed on rDDG-05 and rDDG-10, followed by rDDG-00, rDDG-15 and rDDG-20 as shown in Table 6.

 

The FCR were shown in Table 7. The FCR of all treatments were not significantly different (p<0.05) from week-1 to week-7 of experimental period. At week-8, 9 and 10, FCR of growing pig were significantly different (p<0.05), where pigs fed on rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 groups had the lowest FCR (p<0.05), followed by rDDG-00, rDDG-15 and rDDG-20 groups. The FCR of growing pigs in rDDG-00 group was not significantly different (p>0.05) from rDDG-15 and rDDG-20.

 

The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (ATTD-DM) showed non- significant difference (p>0.05), however the highest digestibility value was found in rDDG-05 (83.25%), followed by rDDG-10 (82.95%), rDDG-00 (82.67%), rDDG-15 (82.63%) and rDDG-20 (82.44%) as found in Table 8.

 

The feed cost per kg of diet was shown in Table 9. Every

 

Table 7: Cumulative feed conversion ratios (FCR) of growing pigs

 

Experimental period	Experimental diets (mean)					SEM	p values
	rDDG- 00	rDDG- 05	rDDG- 10	rDDG- 15	rDDG- 20
Week-1	2.15	2.13	2.04	1.94	2.02	0.05	0.783
Week-2	2.50	2.63	2.50	2.42	2.58	0.04	0.636
Week-3	2.58	2.69	2.77	2.99	2.93	0.06	0.113
Week-4	2.67	2.67	2.71	2.94	2.96	0.05	0.067
Week-5	2.76	2.67	2.69	2.97	3.00	0.05	0.057
Week-6	2.85	2.70	2.67	2.96	3.04	0.05	0.084
Week-7	2.92	2.71	2.68	2.97	3.06	0.06	0.138
Week-8	2.82	2.56	2.60	2.94	3.03	0.06	0.013
Week-9	2.74ab	2.44c	2.55bc	2.92a	3.00a	0.07	0.003
Week-10	2.66ab	2.33c	2.42bc	2.90a	2.95a	0.07	0.002

 

SEM: standard error mean

a, b, c Different superscripts in the same column are significantly different at P value 0.05.

 

Table 8: Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (ATTD-DM) of growing pigs

 

Description	Experimental diets (mean)
	rDDG- 00	rDDG- 05	rDDG- 10	rDDG- 15	rDDG- 20	SEM	P value
ATTD-DM	82.67	83.25	82.95	82.63	82.44	0.28	0.930

 

SEM: standard error mean

 

Table 9: Feed cost per kg of diets and body weight (BW)

 

Feed cost (MMK)	Experimental diets (mean)					SEM	P value
	rDDG- 00	rDDG- 05	rDDG- 10	rDDG- 15	rDDG- 20
Cost/kg feed	583	554	526	493	473	-	-
Cost/kg BW	1400a	1158b	1161b	1240ab	1310ab	29.5	0.020

 

MMK: Myanmar kyat

SEM: standard error mean

a, b Different superscripts in the same column are significantly different at P value 0.05.

 

5% increase in the inclusion rate of rDDG in diet; the feed cost was reduced by about 30 MMK/kg of feed. Moreover, the feed costs per kg body weight presented in Table 9 showed significant variation (p<0.05), as the lowest feed cost per kg BW were observed in rDDG-05 (1158 MMK/kg BW) and rDDG-10 (1161 MMK/kg BW), followed by rDDG-15 (1240 MMK/kg BW), rDDG-20 (1310 MMK/kg BW) and rDDG-00 (1400 MMK/kg BW).

 

DISCUSSION

The crude protein (CP) of rDDG was 50.19 %, which is slightly lower than that reported by Taranu et al. (2018) which was 70.40%. This could be due to difference in the raw material used and ethanol extraction method for alcohol production of distilleries. Although, this high protein content of rDDG could indicate that the fermentation as well as alcohol processing period increased the protein content of raw rice. However, the rDDG contained more protein content than corn DDG which ranged from 12-32 % (Spiehs et al., 2002; Belyea et al, 2010; Liu, 2011; Taranu et al., 2018). Moreover, increasing the inclusion level of wheat DDG in diet reduced dietary protein and energy digestibility (Wang et al., 2016). Le Gall et al. (2009) stated that increasing wheat DDG lead to high dietary NDF content that is negatively correlated with coefficient ATTD of gross energy (GE).

 

The Metabolizable energy (ME) of rDDG (3005.05 kcal/kg DM) was lower than that of that reported by Taranu et al. (2018) that was 4952 kcal/kg DM and of corn DDGS (3897 kcal/kg DM) (Stein and Shurson, 2009). This could be explained by Ortin and Yu (2009) who reported that the final product features are mainly influenced by the initial ingredient (variety, quality and type of grain, as well as environmental conditions), and the processing conditions (temperature, cooking time, distillation, dehydration and pelleting, etc.).

 

The cumulative feed intake was not significantly different, this might be attributed to no change in feed palatability, which influenced the feed intake of animals, and this means that the increased inclusion of rDDG in diets did not affect the palatability. Moreover, the source of distiller dried grain (DDG) is one of the factors that influence the feed intake of animals. Some distiller dried grains are from the grain with husk (eg. wheat), while other without husk (eg. rice), in which the husk is comprised of insoluble fiber. Thus increasing the inclusion level of DDG from grain with husk (eg. Wheat) increased the insoluble fiber content in diet, which lead to low feed intake in mono-gastric animal as stated by Hastad et al. (2005) that reduced feed intake may have been related to the specific source of DDG used.

 

On the other hand, Gowans et al. (2007) and Kerr et al. (2015) stated that the inclusion of corn DDG by 30% and 40% had no influence on average daily feed intake (ADFI) of growing pigs. Moreover, Senne et al. (1996) reported that addition of sorghum DDG to grower-finisher diet at level up to 30%, showed no effect on ADFI. However, the higher inclusion rates reduced ADFI (Senne et al., 1996; Feoli et al., 2007). Thacker (2006) found that inclusion of wheat DDG at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% in growing pig’s diets, lead to a linear reduction of ADFI.

 

Higher cumulative body weight gains were observed in rDDG-05 and rDDG-10, while, reduced in rDDG-15 and rDDG-20, that was similar to Whitney et al. (2006b) and Linneen et al. (2008) who showed a linear decrease in average daily gain (ADG) by feeding diets containing 0, 10, 20, or 30% DDGS, with the most decrement in those fed diets containing greater than 10% DDGS. Moreover, Cromwell et al. (1993) stated that inclusion of corn DDG up to 30% in growing pig’s diet reduced the ADG. On contrary, no changes in ADG by corn DDG were observed by Kerr et al. (2015). Moreover, feeding sorghum DDG up to 30% in grower-finisher diets showed no influence on ADG (Senne et al., 1996). Widyaratne and Zijlstra (2007) reported that inclusion of wheat DDG did not affect ADG. However, the higher inclusion rate of sorghum DDG reduces ADG (Senne et al., 1998; Feoli et al., 2007). Thacker (2006) showed linear reduction in ADG by feeding up to 25% wheat DDG in growing pig’s diet. These inconsistent responses of usage of DDGS in growing pig might be due to the differences in palatability of DDGS and feeding stage of pig used in those experiments.

 

The FCR was lower in rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 which could be attributed to the higher body weight gain, although feed intakes were not different. Similarly, feeding sorghum and corn DDGS up to 30% showed no effect on FCR or feed efficiency (Senne et al., 1996, Kerr et al., 2015), however it was reduced with the higher inclusion rates (Senne et al., 1998; Feoli et al., 2008). Moreover, adding 25% wheat DDG to a growing-finishing diet, had no effects on feed efficiency (Thacker, 2006; Widyaratne and Zijlstra, 2007).

 

No difference in ATTD-DM was observed, similarly to the report of Kerr et al. (2015), who stated that the inclusion of corn DDG up to 30% in growing-finishing ration did not affect the ATTD-DM of experimental pigs. Moreover, the dry matter digestibility of animal is related to the feed intake, thus, increased feed intake caused the decrease of digestibility and vice versa. In this experiment, the feed intake was not different for all groups, which resulted in no influence on ATTD-DM. On the other hand, Knudsen and Canibe (2000) deducted that wheat DDG contains insoluble fiber, thus, its digestibility is expected to be low. However, the DDG used in this experiment is from the rice without husk, thus, although the inclusion level of rDDG is increased (in replace to corn) in diets, the insoluble fiber content of diet was not changed, which resulted in no significant change in ATTD-DM.

 

The feed cost was reduced about 30 MMK/kg feed for every 5% increase of rDDG inclusion in diets which might be due to the difference in the price between soybean meal and rDDG. The inclusion levels of soybean meal and rDDG for rDDG-00 were (21.50 and 0.00%), rDDG-05 (15.50 and 5.00%), rDDG-10 (10.00 and 10.00%), rDDG-15 (4.20 and 15.00%) and rDDG-20 (0.00 and 20.00%) respectively. Thus, with the increased inclusion of rDDG, the soybean meal decreased, resulting in decreased feed cost. Stein and Shurson (2009) explained that each 10% increase in DDGS in the ration reduced the feed price per 100 pounds by approximately $0.25 to 0.28.

 

The lowest feed cost per kg body weight observed in rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 are attributed to differences in feed cost per kg feed, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The feed cost per kg of rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 is cheaper than rDDG-00 (control), and more expensive than rDDG-15 and rDDG-20, however, the highest body weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in rDDG-05 and rDDG-10. Stein and Shurson (2009) stated that the feed cost per gain was reduced by $3 to $7/head by adding DDGS to the diet. Thus, depending on DDG price and nutrient content, as well as the cost of other feed ingredients, a reduction in feed cost per kg of feed and body weight gain could be varied.

 

CONCLUSIONS

 

It could be concluded that the pigs fed on rice distiller dried grain (rDDG) at the level of 5% and 10% showed the highest body weight gain and lowest feed conversion ratio. Moreover the feed cost per kg of body weight were also the lowest. Thus, dietary supplementation with rice distiller dried grain (rDDG) up to level of 10% in diet could improve the growth performance and decreased the feed cost per kg of body weight of growing pigs.

 

Acknowledgement

 

The authors would like to thanks the staff from the laboratory of Animal Nutrition, and Physiology and Biochemistry for their assistance in chemical analysis and animal care. We also would like to express our thanks to Grand Royal Group International Co, Ltd., Yangon for their finicial supports to conduct this experiment as well.

 

Conflict of interest

 

There is no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

 

YYK, BBH, KSTH, NTH, LH, NAMMH, ACO, APSO, KZO, TZO, MHO, KSDM, SMT, MA and KSM designed this experiment and, YYK, BBH, KSTH, NTH, LH, NAMMH, ACO, APSO, KZO, TZO, MHO and MA mainly carried out sample collection and analyzed the chemical compositions. YYK, KSM and MA performed data analysis and interpretation. YYK, BBH, KSTH, NTH, LH, NAMMH, ACO, APSO, KZO, TZO and MHO drafted the manuscript and KSDM, SMT, KSM and MA completed the critical revision of the article. All authors read and approved the final version of manuscript.

 

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