Etiology and Treatment of the Nutritional Fatty Liver in Fish: A Review
Etiology and Treatment of the Nutritional Fatty Liver in Fish: A Review
Xiaoyu Zhao, Weijun Chen, Kuo Chang, Ping Sun and Shiyang Gao*
ABSTRACT
Nutritional fatty liver disease in cultured fish has seriously restricted the sustainable development of aquaculture due to its adverse effects on fish growth, immune function, and the safety of fish products. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of fish fatty liver disease by summarizing the recent progress in the etiology and treatments of nutritional fatty liver in fish. High-energy diets (high lipid and high carbohydrate) and the nutritional deficiency (carnitine, choline, and vitamins) are the main causes of nutritional fatty liver disease. Dietary solutions to fish fatty liver disease includes carnitine, choline, unsaturated fatty acids, plant extracts (alkaloids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, etc.), short-chain organic acid salts (calcium pyruvate and sodium butyrate), and selenium element (nano selenium and organic selenium).
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