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Faecal Antibiotic Resistome of Nigerian Chimpanzees from a Wildlife Sanctuary in Cross-River State, Nigeria

Faecal Antibiotic Resistome of Nigerian Chimpanzees from a Wildlife Sanctuary in Cross-River State, Nigeria

Uwem E. George1, Oluwadamilola A. Arowolo2, Oluseyi A. Olayinka3, Ijeoma M. Ifeorah4, Temitope O.C. Faleye3,5, Bolaji Oluremi6, Arthur O. Oragwa7, Ewean C. Omoruyi8, Emmanuel E. Udoh9, Oluwadamilola G. Osasona1,10, Emmanuel Donbraye11, Olufunke P. Adeniji12, Olubusuyi M. Adewumi3,13* and Johnson A. Adeniji3,13,14

 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria; 2Viral Vaccines Production Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; 3Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; 4Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; 5Department of Microbiology, Center for Human Virology and Genomics, Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria; 6Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; 7Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; 8Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; 9Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; 10Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; 11Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; 12Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Transport and Tourism, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria; 13Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; 14WHO National Polio Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

 Out of prescription, indiscriminate use, misuse and abuse of antibiotic administration and/or usage in both humans and farm animals have led to a consistent interference and contamination of biomes and ecobiomes. These resultantly give platforms for positive selection of resistant pathogens and high levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). We examined Nigerian Chimpanzees in Boki Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross-River State, Nigeria, to detect ARGs. Faecal samples from 15 Chimpanzees in pristine enclosures of Non-Human Primates in the Wildlife Sanctuary were analyzed. All faecal samples were pooled, then resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, nucleic acid was extracted from the suspension and Illumina sequencing performed. ARGs in the raw reads were determined and assembled using the KmerResistance tool v2.2. From the 2,763,954 reads generated, 14 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Precisely, 90.5% (12/14) of the ARGs detected target drugs that inhibit translation, of which 66.6% (8/12) were tetracycline resistance (TC-r) genes, while remaining 9.5% (2/14) inhibit cell wall synthesis (cfxA3_1 and cfxA6_1). Eight (aph(3’)-III_1, cfxA3_1, cfxA6_1, erm(B)_10, tet(Q)_1, tet(Q)_2, tet(Q)_4, tet(W)_5) of the ARGs detected were predicted to be plasmid-borne. We report using a cultivation-independent approach the presence of ARGs in Nigerian Chimpanzees. Findings suggest Nigerian Chimpanzees may constitute a hitherto overlooked source of antibiotic resistance in the environment. These ARGs may have been exchanged with handlers and rural dwellers around the Sanctuary. Surveillance of sympatric human faecal and environmental microbiota and their resistomes at the Wildlife Sanctuary are merited to inform public health interventions and decrease ARGs dissemination.

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Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews

June

Vol.10, Iss.1, Pages 1-39

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