Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Non- Typhoidal Salmonella from Raw Bovine Milk and Assessments of Hygienic Practices in Gursum District, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia
Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Non- Typhoidal Salmonella from Raw Bovine Milk and Assessments of Hygienic Practices in Gursum District, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia
Abnet Shewafera Mekonnen* and Bayan Ahmed Mumed
ABSTRACT
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a significant human and animal pathogen around the world. The majority of human non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are foodborne, however infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact each year. Salmonella epidemiological data is required to establish effective control measures. A cross-sectional study was carried out between July 2022 and January 2023. The current study aimed to isolate non-typhoidal Salmonella from raw bovine milk and examine associated sanitary practices in Gursum District, Eastern Hararghe zone, Ethiopia. A total of 480 samples were obtained from bucket swabs, milk handlers’ hands and milk. After pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water, the samples were moved to selenite cysteine broth and rappaport-vassilidis broth. Isolation was accomplished through plating on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Antimicrobial and biochemical susceptibility tests were performed. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were recovered from bucket milk and hand swabs, including 22(13.7%), 20(12.5%), 22(13.7%) and 14(8.8%). Salmonella isolation from buckets was highest in Abadir and Funyan Bira kebeles, with an equivalent result of 8(20%). There is no statistically significant variation in the isolation of non-typhoidal Salmonella cases across all kebeles. The bulk of respondents (95% were female) and 83% of milk handlers in the research area were illiterate. According to knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community, some of them were milking the caw while sick 20% of the time, virtually all of them were washing the udder before milking 14% of the time and the bulk of them were cleaning their hands 85% of the time and milking equipment 90% of the time. All isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics, including tetracycline, ampicillin and penicillin, at rates of 91.07%, 82.14 and 73.21 percent, respectively. Almost all isolates were chloramphenicol (100%), nalidixic acid (91.07%) and ciprofloxacin (91.07%) sensitive. The highest isolation was from milk and milk-contact surfaces at the market as a result of unsanitary handling from primary production to the market. The majority of Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics examined. Salmonellosis treatment may be challenging; thus antibiotic use must be limited.
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