Research Article

New High Yielding Mungbean [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Variety “Inqalab Mung” for the Agro-Climatic Conditions of KPK

Muhammad Mansoor1, Amanullah1, Zafar Islam2*, Sher Muhammad3, Muhammad Umair4, Mehmood Ayaz5, Asghar Ali Khan6, Muhammad Asif2 and Ya Sakina3

1Arid Zone Research Centre (PARC), Dera Ismail Khan, KPK; 2Climate Change, Alternate Energy and Water Resources Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad; 3National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad; 4PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi; 5Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan; 6Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.

Received | 20 December, 2016; Accepted | 09 April, 2017; Published | June 29, 2017

*Correspondence | Zafar Islam, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan; Email: agriengineer139@gmail.com

Citation | Mansoor, M. Amanullah, Z. Islam, S. Muhammad, M. Umair, M. Ayaz, A.A. Khan, M. Asif and Y. Sakina 2017. New high yielding mungbean [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] variety “Inqalab Mung” for the agro-climatic conditions of KPK. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 30(2): 173-179.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2017/30.2.173.179

Keywords |Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, Inqalab Mung variety, Grain yield, Bold seeded

Introduction

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], is an indigenous vegetable legume and one of the most important pulse crops in Southeast Asia. Being rich in digestible protein (24%), mungbean is utilized in the cereal-based diets (Khattak et al., 2003). It contains vitamin A (94 mg), iron (7.3 mg), zinc (3 mg), calcium (124 mg) and folate (549 mg) per 100 g dry seed. Usually it is used in split form (Dhal) and in other different food products (Rasul et al., 2012). Fallow period of 70-90 days (April to June) in rice wheat cropping system is suitable to raise a catch crop of mungbean. Being low input requiring, short duration, high value crop and restorative crop, mungbean, find its place in rice-wheat and other crop rotations (Achakzai et al., 2012). Mungbean, being leguminous crop fixes nitrogen thereby improving soil fertility and requires comparatively lesser irrigation than various field crops (Khan et al., 2008). Inclusion of mung

Table 3: Meteorological Data.

bean in cereal cropping system can increase farm income, improve soil productivity, save irrigation water and can boost sustainability of agriculture (Hussain et al., 2012). Mungbean cultivars being cultivated inPakistan have comparatively longer growth duration (90-110 days), indeterminate growth habit (Jahan and Golam, 2012), low yielding (400 kg ha-1), small seed, susceptible to YMV and insects (sucking and chewing types) (Khattak et al., 2006; Rehman et al., 2009). It is therefore research priority to develop cultivars having short growth duration (55 to 65 days), high yield potential (up to 2000 kg ha-1), synchronized maturity to facilitate single harvesting, resistance to MYMV, Cercospora leaf spot and having bold shiny seeds being preferred in the market (Aslam et al., 2010). Short duration mungbean varieties can be grown as intercrops with cotton, maize and vegetables. Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan released ‘Inqalab Mung’ a variety developed from cross between AVRDC line and NM-92, that gives better yield (up to 2.5 t ha-1), which is early maturing, with bold seeds and possessing resistant against MYMV disease. The variety has been recommended for cultivation in both spring and summer seasons. It is the first ever variety approved for general cultivation in both seasons. Moreover, it has got full adaptability to recent climate changes prevailing in the area.

We are giving here the detailed developmental and evolution process of this new high yielding bold seeded mungbean variety.

Materials and Methods

Agro-ecological conditions

Dera Ismail Khan is situated in the extreme south of Khyber Paktoon Khawa (KPK) of Pakistan and lies in between 31º 49/ N latitude and 70º 55/ East longitude. The soils of the area are calcareous in nature, deficient in organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and adequate to marginal in potassium. The climate is arid to semi-arid. It is hot and dry in summer with moderate spells during monsoon season. The elevation ranges from 400 to 4000 feet above sea level. The mean maximum temperature in summer and mean minimum temperature in winter are 45 oC and 8 oC, respectively. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 150-250 mm and relative humidity varies from 51% in June to 78% in October. The materological data, including maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity and rain fall, is given in Table 3.

Breeding Material and Process

AVRDC genotype VC 1482C having high yield potential but un-acclimatized to the agro-climatic conditions of Pakistan (highly susceptible to MYMV) was crossed with NM-92 (local mungbean cv.) having high resistant to MYMV, during kharif 1998. F1 generation of the cross was planted during summer (May-July) 1999 and the recombinants were harvested individually. F2-F5 generations were raised as plant to row progenies for selecting high yielding recombinants having resistance to MYMV during kharif 1999 to 2003. Kabuli Mung, a highly susceptible MYMV line was used as spreader and planted after each five rows to intensify MYMV disease. MYMV disease rating (0-9) was done as per method used by Sadiq et al. (2006). After getting enough seed of line was tested in Preliminary Yield Trial (PYT) (Figure 1a, 1b and 1c) at institute to check the performance of promising line with improved check varieties. Replicated yield trials (Major Varietal Trial (MVT) and

Advance Yield Trial (AYT)) were conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with plant-to-plant (10 cm), row-to-row spacing (30 cm), number of rows (6) and row length (4 m) (Ahmad et al., 2004). The trials data were analyzed according to Steel and Torrie (1980).

Results and Discussions

Inqalab Mung (DM-3) was tested in Major Yield Trial (MYT) (Figure 2a, 2b and 2c), Advanced Yield Trial (AYT) (Figure 3a, 3b and 3c) and National Uniform Yield Trials (NUYTs) (Figure 4) during 2007 and 2008 (Figure 5). Twenty one lines were evaluated in PYT

during 2005. Inqalab Mung (DM-3) gave better yield (1130 kg ha-1) against check variety NM-92 (1038 kg ha-1) as shown in Figure 1c. In MYT, Inqalab Mung (DM-3) out yielded all other lines including check with grain yield 1273 kg ha-1 as shown from Figure 2c. In AYT (Figure 3c), Inqalab Mung (DM-3) again gave highest yield (1056 kg ha-1) in the trial. In mung NUYT conducted during 2007, candidate variety Inqalab Mung (DM-3) was tested at fifteen locations all over the country and gave best yield as compared to both check varieties NM-06 and NM-92. Similarly in NYUT-2008, candidate variety (DM-3) was tested at thirteen locations and it performed better than check variety NM-06 (Figure 6). The candidate variety Inqalab Mung (DM-3) was tested at CDRI, NARC, Islamabad for disease reaction (Table 1), it was found resistant to most common diseases in Pakistan i.e. charcoal rot, bacterial leaf spot and leaf crinkle virus while moderately resistant yellow mosaic virus (Idahosa et al., 2010). Four experiments were designed to investigate the integration of some management techniques for increased productivity of Inqalab Mung. A comparative study was designed to investigate the efficacy of various weed management strategies for mungbean crop. Water extracts of sorghum, eucalyptus and Acacia nilotica were used as a natural weed control approaches in comparison with hand weeding and Stomp 330 EC (Pre-emergence herbicide). The extract of Acacia nilotica pods outclassed the other treatments in weeds control and increasing grain yield followed by Hand weeding twice + Stomp 330 EC treatment. The allelo-chemicals existed in the water extract of Acacia nilotica’s pods were found to be dual acting agents i.e. controlling obnoxious weeds as well as enhancing mungbean yield. It was observed that extract was instrumental in damaging weeds flora and was also capable of leaching down in lower quantities to the root zone of mungbean thereby promoting growth of the crop (Mansoor et al., 2004). The results advocated the need for the use of allelo-chemicals for control of weeds, which was economical and environmental friendly (Singh et al., 2006). The second experiment was conducted for exploring optimal time of planting for ensuring maximum yield.” It is concluded that mungbean sown during spring on 1st March and Kharif on 1st May were more appropriate from agronomic and ecological perspectives. This was due to the fact that it has increased net return compared to other planting dates, by boosting grain yield and its associated components (maximum number of pods plant-1, 1000-grain weight and number of grain pod-1). The next significant planting date was 15th of May (Sadiq et al., 2006). Mungbean growers can get maximum return if cv. Inqalab Mung is sown during spring and planting is completed in the month of march, moreover, the farmers may also be able to plant second crop on the same field in early June which may not only enhance income of resource poor farmers but will also increase soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation capability. Rehman et al. (2009) also concluded same results for M-1 (Mungbean cv.) for Peshawar valley but with different dates of planting, this alteration may be due to different varieties used in their experiment.

Table 1: Disease reaction of DM-3 in National Uniform Yield Trials 2007 and 2008. s

Table 2: Production technology for Inqalab Mung.

The third experiment was aimed at “exploring suitable strain of Rhizobium for effective nodulation and phosphatic fertilizer dose for getting maximum yield of mungbean”. Among rhizobium strains, it is concluded that Vm M1 was more effective in producing more number of effective nodules (Ahmed et al., 2006). Vice versa results were true in the plots which were un-inoculated. While among phosphatic fertilizer doses the dose of 20:50 N:P2O5 kg ha-1 was more economical than 20:70 N:P2O5 kg ha-1 in terms of net return. The fourth experiment was carried out “To determine proper seed rate for standardizing plant population per unit area”. It is concluded from the experimental findings that seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 with row spacing of 30 cm, followed by seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 with row spacing of 20 cm has resulted in better plant stand establishment and productivity of Cv. Inqalab mung (Ahmad et al., 2004). Production technology package evolved through conduct of different trials on planting time, planting density and inoculums + fertilizer is given in Table 2.

Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad has evolved NM-92, NM-98, NM-6 and NM-12, high yielding and disease resistant varieties of mungbean through hybridization and mutational breeding for Punjab province (Ali et al., 1997). Although these are good varieties yet cannot acclimatize well in KPK owing to different agro climatic conditions in KPK than Punjab (Khattak et al., 2003b). This newly evolved variety “Inqalab Mung” performed very well throughout Pakistan as depicted in National Uniform Yield Trials 2007 and 2008. Having bold seed size, decreased plant height, stiff stem and short duration as compared to improved varieties prevailing in the country i.e. NM 98, NM-06 and Dera Mung. Besides general preference of farmers, seed size is the main contributing factor towards grain yield (Khattak et al., 2003a; b) in mungbean because it fetches higher price compared to small grained varieties (Ali et al., 1997). High harvest index % of “Inqalab Mung” proves to its superior physiological efficiency in partitioning the photosynthates for grain formation leading thereby to distinct increase in the grain yield. Breeding mungbean genotypes, having improved determinate growth habit that can only be achieved through conversion of more photosynthates to flowers, pods and ultimately to grain formation at the start of reproductive growth (Khattak et al., 2001). Due to short stature and stiff stem of Inqalab Mung is lodging resistant. Despite resistant to MYMV, these two distinct characters of Inqalab Mung are giving edge to the variety for preference over earlier released varieties.

Conclusion

Inqalab Mung variety is suitable for edible purpose and contains 20% proteins, 306 Kcal energy, vitamin-A 5%, iron 6.6%, Zinc 3.4% and amino acids 11%. Inqalab Mung is a high yielding, bold seeded, disease resistant and dual nature variety fit for spring and Khrif seasons. Its grain yield recorded during spring was 1130 kg ha-1 and in kharif season it yielded 1273 kg ha-1. The variety is erect with main stem length 45 cm having indeterminate plant type with non-shattering habit. Seed is bold, oval shaped and dark green in color. Inqalab Mung variety is resistant to common diseases found in Pakistan.

Authors Contribution

MM conceived the idea, conducted trials and wrote the manuscript. AU, ZI, SM, MU and M Asif helped in writing the manuscript. ZI did the overall management of the manuscript and SM provided the technical guideline. AAK, YS and m Ayaz helped in data collection and analysis. MU and M Asif prepared bar charts.

References

Achakzai, A.K.K., Habibullah, Shah, B.H. and Wahid. M.A. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) grown in Quetta. Pak. J. Bot. 44: 981-987.

Achakzai, A.K.K. 2012. Effect of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer on some vegetative growth attributes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars. Pak. J. Botany. 44: 655-659.

Ali, M., I.A. Malik, H.M. Sabir and B. Ahmad. 1997. The Mungbean Green Revolution in Pakistan. Technical Bulletin, No. 24. AVRDC. Shanhua, Taiwan, ROC.

Ahmed, Z.I., Anjum, M.S. and Rauf C.A. 2006. Effect of rhizobium inoculation on growth and nodule formation of green gram. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 8:235-237.

Ahmad, R., Mahmood, I. Kamal, J. and Bukhari, S.A.H. 2004. Growth and yield response of three mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars to varying seeding rates. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 6: 538-540.

Aslam, M., Hussain, N. Zubair, M. Hussain. S.B. and Baloch, M.S. 2010. Integration of organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus for increased productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata L). Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 47: 111-114.

Hussain, A., Ali, A. and Noorka, I. R. 2012. Effect of phosphorus with and without rhizobium inoculation on nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and uptake by mungbean (vigna radiata L.). J. Agric. Res. 50:49-52.

Idahosa, D.O. Alika, J.E. and Omoregie, A.U. 2010. Genetic variability, heritability and expected genetic advance as indices for yield and yield components selection in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp. J. of Academia Arena. 2: 22-26

Jahan, N. and Golam Adam, A.M.M. 2012. Growth and yield performance of BARI mung-5 under different time of sowing. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 36: 227-231. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v36i2.12966

Khan, F.S., Ahmed, Z.I. Ansar, M. and Shah, H. 2008. Response of mung bean genotypes to rhizobium inoculum and varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 21: 33-44.

Khattak, G.S.S., M.A. Haq, M. Ashraf, G.R. Tahir and E.U.K. Marwat. 2001. Detection of epistasis, and estimation of additive and dominance components of genetic variation for synchrony in pod maturity in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Field Crops Res. 72: 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00178-2

Khattak, G.S.S., Ashraf, M. Saeed, I. and Alam, B. 2006. A new high yielding mung bean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) variety “Ramzan” for the agro climatic conditions of NWFP. Pak. J. Botany. 38: 301-310.

Khattak, G.S.S, M. Ashraf, T. Elahi and G. Abbas. 2003a. Selection for large seed size at the seedling stage in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Breed. Sci. 53: 141-143. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.53.141

Khattak, G.S.S., R. Zamir, T. Muhammad and S.A. Shah. 2003b. Breeding mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes for the agro climatic conditions of NWFP. Pak. J. Bot. 35: 763-770.

Mansoor, M., K. Ahmad, Himayatullah and M. Yaqoob. 2004. Development of effective and economical weed management strategy for mungbean. Pak. J. Weed Sci. 10 (3-4), 151-154.

Rasul, F., Cheema, M.A., Sattar, A. Saleem, M.F. and Wahid, M.A. 2012. Evaluating the performance of three mungbean varieties grown under varying inter-row spacing. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 22:1030-1035.

Rehman, A., Khalil, S.K. Nigar, S. Rehman, S. Haq, I. Akhtar, A.R., S. Khan, A.Z. and Shah, S.R. 2009. Phenology, plant height and yield of mungbean varieties in response to planting date. Sarhad J. Agric. 25: 147-152.

Sadiq, M.S., Saleem, M. Haider, S. and Abbas, G. 2006. NIAB Mung: A high yielding and disease resistant mung bean variety. J. Agric. Res. 44: 99-103

Singh, J., Mathur, N. Bohra, S. Bohra, A and Vyas, A. 2006. Comparative performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties under rainfed condition in Indian Thar desrert. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 1: 48-50.

Steel R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. A Biometrical approach, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.