Sero-Epidemiology and Evaluation of First Self-Prepared Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccine in Cattle of Punjab, Pakistan
Sero-Epidemiology and Evaluation of First Self-Prepared Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccine in Cattle of Punjab, Pakistan
Qurat-ul-Ain1*, A. Ahmad2, Farhat Nazir Awan3, M. Rabbani1 and M. Hassan Mushtaq4
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to determine the sero-epidemiology and the efficacy of the first self-prepared BVDV vaccine in cattle. In a cross sectional survey (2020–2021) conducted in 5 agro-climatic zones of Punjab, a total of 1000 serum samples from 100 dairy herds were collected and the sero-prevalence was estimated using an Ab capture ELISA assay. Inactivated BVDV vaccine was also prepared using local isolate (MK084980) and tested for induction of humoral immune response in comparison with commercial vaccine in experimental cattle calves. Calves of group A (n=5) and B (n=5) were vaccinated with self-prepared and commercial vaccines respectively followed by boosting 30 days post primary vaccination, while group C was kept as non-vaccinated control group. Blood samples were taken from each group after every 2 months up to one year post vaccination and tested through Ab capture ELISA. Overall, 23.7% sero-positivity of BVDV was observed in 5 agro-climatic zones with highest in the low-intensity zone (34%) followed by rice wheat (27%), cotton-wheat (21%), mixed-crop (19%) and lowest in the rain-fed zone (17.5%). Quarantine practices, housing management, abortion and parity were found the potential risk factors significantly associated (p<0.05) with BVDV prevalence while breeding system exhibited non-significant association with BVDV (p>0.05). In vaccine trial, self-prepared vaccine proved to be equally effective as commercial vaccine although higher (p>0.05) antibody titer (s/p values) were noted in group B as compared to group A. Throughout the experiment, antibody titer of vaccinated groups remained significantly higher (p<0.05) than group C. Both the vaccinated groups showed protective ELISA antibody titers (S/P value) at 4 months post vaccination that persisted up-to 10th months followed by decline indicated the need of revaccination on annual basis. This study first time confirmed the circulation of BVDV in all the 5 agro-climatic zones of Punjab and may be vaccinated preferably with self-prepared vaccine due to cost effectiveness and usage of local vaccinal virus.
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