Search for Coronavirus

Avian coronavirus Main Replicase Enzymes at a Glance

Giselle R.R. Ayres* and Brandão P.E

...CoV) belongs to the Gammacoronavirus genus from the Coronaviridae family and Nidovirales order. Coronaviruses have a single-stranded positive RNA genome, corresponding to the largest known RNA genome, with about 27kb for AvCoV. The first 5’ two thirds of this genome, correspondent to a wide ORF1 (also called replicase gene), code for non-structural proteins (nsps) that are enrolled in viral transcription, replication a...

RNA-Seq Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes of Pig Vaccinated with Modified Live Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Sung Kwon Park^1a, Jin Young Jeong^2a, Eun Seok Cho³, Yong Dae Jeong³ and Chang Seok Park⁴*

... triggered by pathogenic coronavirus causing watery diarrhea and high mortality in piglets. This post-viral syndrome results in severe economic losses in the pig industry. However, limited information on the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-infected pigs is available. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify transcriptomes with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in peripheral blood mononucleated cell (PBMC) of piglets, Large White x Landrace crossbreds, infected...

Co-circulation of Astrovirus, Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Brazilian Avian Farms

Carolina Torres Alejo^1,2, Laila Andreia Rodrigues Beserra^1,2, Paulo Eduardo Brandão^1,2, Luis Ramiro Luna Espinoza^1,2 and Fabio Gregori^1,2*

...VA, RVD, and RVF), avian coronavirus (ACoV), and avian astrovirus (AAstV), using PCR reactions followed by nucleotide sequencing and analysis. Twenty-nine pools (29/59; 49%) appeared positive for AAstV, 6 pools (6/59; 10%) were positive for RVD, forty-three pools (43/59; 72.8%) were positive for ACoV, and twenty-four pools (24/59; 40.67%) presented concomitant viral infections of two or three investigated agents. The relative high frequency of occurrence of th...

Innate Immune Responses Against Avian Respiratory Viruses

Mohsan Ullah Goraya^1,2, Liaqat Ali^1,2 and Iqra Younis³

...cluding influenza virus, coronaviruses and herpes viruses are important pathogens that cause significant losses in the poultry industry. However, successful establishment of infection in the respiratory tract switch on the pathogen recognition by innate immune receptors and establish first line of defense against viral infections. When specific cellular receptors recognize a virus they trigger the translation of inflammatory cytokine and chemokines leading to ...

Canine Coronavirus (CCoV), a Neglected Pathogen: Molecular Diversity of S, M, N and 3b Genes

Iracema Nunes de Barros^1,2, Luciane Dubina Pinto³, Rosely Bianca dos Santos Kuroda¹, Sheila Oliveira de Souza Silva¹, Leonardo José Richtzenhain^1,2, Cláudio Wageck Canal³ and Paulo Eduardo Brandão^1,2*

...caused chiefly by canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine parvovirus (CPV). While, CPV is considered the most important cause of diarrhea, studies have shown an increasing prevalence and importance of CCoV around the world. Fatal CCoV infections have been described, however, there is limited information on the molecular diversity of CCoV in many parts of the world. In this study, canine fecal samples from diverse States of Brazil were screened by PCRs for CCoV an...

Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta^1,2*, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar³*, Muhammad Shoaib⁴, Wangyuan Yao³, Muhammad Asif⁵, Shah Nawaz⁶, Moazam Ali⁷ and Ayesha Kanwal⁸

Exploratory Study on the Psychological Impact of COVD-19 on Students

...e strike of severe novel coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on domestic students who were at high risk of exposure. A cross sectional study was conducted through a semi structured questionnaire. Recruitment of participants was done from different universities of Pakistan. The results showed that the students are more concerned about their family members (p=0.00). Under this influence they have increased the frequency of handwashing and use masks when they have to...

Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh^1,²*, Mohammad Tufazzal Hussan³, Md. Abul Hashem^2,4, Mohammad Eliyas⁵ and A.K.M. Mostafa Anower¹

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Infection: An Emerging Threat to Cattle Health in Bangladesh

Md. Sahidur Rahman

Origin and Spillover of Coronaviruses: Prospects of One Health Action

...t as a reservoir of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus whereas, gamacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus originate in avian species. Domestic animals also play a critical role in disease transmission as they are found seropositive against different coronaviruses. At least seven coronavirus...

Facts and Figures On Covid-19 Pandemic Outbreak

Muhammad Akram Muneer¹, Khalid Munir¹, Ghulam Abbas^1’*, Isra Munir¹, Mumtaz Ahmad Khan¹, Asif Iqbal¹, Munsoor ud Din Ahmad¹, Muhammad Arshad Javid², Zareen Fatima¹ and Maria Arshad¹

...e EastRespiratorySyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV)emerged as very importantissuesduringlastthree decadesas these infectionscaused quitelargenumberofhumandeathsworldwide.Coronavirusesaresingle-strandedpositive sense RNA viruses which mainly in past were considered responsible for high percentage of (around 30%) of common cold/flu cases. Viruses causing SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are members of family Coronavirdae. World Healt...

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Coronavirus from Calves with Acute Gastroenteritis in Egypt

Saad A. Moussa¹, Ahmed F. Afify¹*, Suzan Salah² and Ayman Hamed³

... characterization of betacoronavirus 1 (bovine coronavirus) BCoV in newborn gastroenteritis calves in the Delta Region, Menofia Province, Egypt, also for isolation and identification of the local circulating BCoV strain for further diagnosis or vaccination. In cattle, Betacoronavirus 1 bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is primarily involved in enteric infections...

A Review on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS COV-2)

Arsalan Rasheed¹, Tahir Usman^2,*, Sadaf Niaz¹, Irfan Khattak², Saira Gul², Nawab Ali¹,Naimat Ullah Khan², Hazrat Ali², and Mian Saeed Sarwar²

...r and spring. Genomes of coronaviruses have large enveloped +RNA. First human corona viruses, causing respiratory diseases, were identified in 1960s, but they were not considered highly pathogenic to humans until severe respiratory syndrome broke out in China during 2003. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and novel Corona Virus Disease (nCOVID-19) or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 have increased the interest in this vira...

Co-circulation of different Infectious Bronchitis Virus serotypes In Egypt During 2012

Fawzy Rania1, AboElkhair M.1, Bazid A.M.1, Sultan H.2, Hussien A.H.3

...ed during replication of coronaviruses including IBV which called quasispecies. Serotypic and or genotypic classification of IBV is mainly based on the S1 subunit of Spike (S) gene. In the present study, thirty tracheal samples of broiler flocks suspected to be infected with IBV were collected from different Egyptian governorates during 2012. Isolation and genetic characterizations were carried out for only ten samples which were positive for IBVs. Multiple nu...

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) with Special Reference to Pakistan: A Review on its Different Aspects

Sahar Mubashar*, Tariq Mukhtar and Nasir Ahmad Khan

...-size: small;">The novel coronavirus took the whole world by storm and in no time spread across the globe and claimed many lives. The most affected countries of the world are USA, Brazil, India, Italy, Iran, Spain, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom and Peru. In Pakistan, the pilgrims from Iran became the major source of spread of the virus in the country, as the Government did not impose quarantine measures to restrict their movement. In Pakistan, the most ...

Further studies on MERS-Coronavirus in imported and local breeds of camels in Egypt

Othman N. O. Mansour 1, Naglaa Hagag 2, Momtaz A. Shahein 1, Sayed S. Hassan 1 Ahmed

A. EL-Sanousi 3 and Mohamed A. Shalaby3

...Phylogenetic analysis of coronavirus ORF1a partial sequences in some positive

nasal swab samples of imported breeds (with accession number on gen bank; MH184776, MH184776

and MH184777) confirmed presence of different branch of MERS-CoV from which isolated in Middle

East.

Conclusion: MERS-CoV is amphixnoses in which both human and camels are source of infection and

cause mild to severe respiratory dise...

Descriptive Analysis of Pakistan’s COVID Data

Mian Ibad Ali Shah*, Yasir Saleem Afridi and Laiq Hasan

... to understand the novel coronavirus using a global call. In response to but not limited to the call and extending the work to similar global pandemics, this work has been conducted on a dataset acquired from Pakistan’s COVID data. Analysis of the statistics and trends has been carried out and recommendations regarding the precautionary measures and implementation of controlling techniques for new cases using controllable factors have been provided. The ...

Insilico Screening of Bioactive Phytochemicals against Spike Protein of COVID-19

Muhammad Hamza Tariq¹, Mahjabeen Akram² and Yasir Sharif³*

...s caused by a novel beta coronavirus strain known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Once SARS-CoV-2 manages to enter the body, it identifies and binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors through the binding receptor of Spike Protein (S-protein). The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of the binding domain of S protein so that the bi...

Origin, Symptoms, Transmission and Preclusions of COVID-19

Roheela Yasmeen¹* and Samia Chaudhry²

...align: justify;">A novel coronavirus commonly known as COVID-19 has resulted in an ongoing outbreak of viral pneumonia. This pandemic started from Wuhan City, China and has spread throughout most parts of the world (210 countries). COVID-19 is a large sized, enveloped, positive stranded RNA virus. Out of the four known genera, alpha and beta corona viruses are the most commonly recognized viruses infecting human beings. COVID-19 is a new virus that is highly c...

Wildlife as a Source of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution- A Review

Muhammad Altaf¹* Arshad Mahmood Abbasi², Muhammad Shoaib Amjad³, Sadia Naseer¹ and Muhammad Umair⁴

...fied into 4 genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. Betacoronavirus most probably originated from bats and the virus may have jumped to avian species and evolved as Deltacoronavirus group. The avian coronavirus...

Epitopes Determination for OMICRON: The COVID-19 New Variant

Saba Rehman¹, Faisal Salih Hayat¹, Sadia Norin², Abdul Aziz¹, Siddiq Ur Rahman¹* and Noor ul Haq¹*

...ute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly evolved in the last couple of years. This has created major havoc and concern because it has affected millions of people around the world. The new variants of covid-19 are classified into two types, VOI (variant of interest) and VOC (variant of concern). The major variants of concern (VOCs) have shared mutations in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2...

Avian Coronaviruses in Wild Birds along Brazilian Segment of Atlantic Flyway

Barbosa Carla¹*, Gregori Fabio², Thomazelli Luciano¹, Oliveira Amanda¹, Araújo Jansen¹, Ometto Tatiana¹, Marcatti Roberta³, Nardi Marcelo³, Paludo Danielle⁴, Utecht Nathalia¹ and Edison Durigon¹

...spersed by birds are the coronaviruses (CoVs). Despite its relevance and complexity, studies on the detection and genetic characterization of these viruses are scarce, especially in South American wild birds. Thus, this paper aims to detect and discuss the diversity of these agents in birds at migratory stopping and wintering sites, along Brazilian Segment of the Atlantic Flyway. Therefore, 738 avian samples from different regions of Brazil were subjected to a...

Program Development Skills Towards Work Performance of Extension Agent During Movement Control Order (MCO) in Peninsular Malaysia

Jihan Abd Wahab, Nur Bahiah Mohamed Haris* and Jasmin Arif Shah

Coronavirus Disease Pandemic and Insects: A Historical Overview

Somia Eissa Sharawi

...y by driving the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to mild or severe illnesses, including death. The existing literature shows the roles of insect vectors in aiding the transmission of viral pathogens and the possible roles of some insects in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. In this stud...

COVID-19 Cytokine Storm, Co-Infections, and Secondary Infections: Recent Information and Clinical Implications

Ahmad Shahzaib¹*, Tabish Raza² and Aisha Areej²

...ute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel respiratory infection that has caused the most recent epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although COVID-19 has a wide range of clinical manifestations, affecting many vital organs, the virus enters via the respiratory system, and the lungs are the leading site of the infection. The virus spreads primarily by respiratory droplets generated by coughin...

Establishment of Multiplex PCR for Detection of Calf Diarrhea Associated Virus and Analysis of its Clinical Infection Status

Liyun Chang*, Yazi Li, Yumei Cai and Chenghui Li

...avirus (BRV), and bovine coronavirus (BCV) have increased calves morbidity and mortality in Hebei Province. To detect these three pathogens simultaneously, we designed specific primers based on the conserved gene sequences of the three pathogens available in GenBank. After optimization of the reaction conditions and system, we successfully established a novel multiplex PCR method for detection of the aforementioned three pathogens. The results show that the am...

Baculovirus Expression of the Bovine Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein in Spodopetra Frugiperda Insect Cells

Amer, H.M.; Hussein, H. A.; El-Sabagh, I. M.; El-Sanousi, A. A. Saber,M.S. and Shalaby, M. A.

...expression of the bovine coronavirus (BCV) nucleocapsid protein was carried out in a baculovirus expression system. The specific RT-PCR product of N gene was cut and extracted from gel using DNA gel extraction kit (Millipore). Eluted DNA was successfully cloned in pBlueBac4.5N5-His TOPO TA baculovirus transfer vector and transformed in chemically competent E. coli. A modified colony PCR assay was utilized to identify the positive bacterial colonies that harbor...

Actors and Actor Relations in Laying Hens Business in Blitar Regency

Makmun¹, Imam Mujahidin Fahmid², Muhammad Saleh S. Ali²*, Muhammad Yamin Saud², Rahmadanih³

Exploring the Protective Efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus Against Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) Expression in Mice Induced with Canine Coronavirus Vaccine

Rondius Solfaine¹, Faisal Fikri², Salipudin Tasil Maslamama³, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama⁴, Iwan Sahrial Hamid⁵*

...mice induced with canine coronavirus (CCoV) vaccine. The research utilized male mice (Mus musculus) aged two to three months, divided into three groups: a control group administered with normal saline (D0), a CCoV-induced group (D1), and a group induced with CCoV along with 1 mL/kg body weight of Lactobacillus acidophilus for seven days (D2). The CCoV vaccine was administered subcutaneously at 0.5 mL/kg body weight, while the Lactobacillus acidophilus isolate ...

Haemato-biochemical Changes and Various Risk Factors Associated with Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Cattle Calves

Safdar Abbas¹, Jawaria Ali Khan¹*, Syed Saleem Ahmed¹ and Aftab Ahmed Anjum²

...-align: justify;">Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a major viral pathogen linked to respiratory and enteric problems in newborn calves. The goal of this study is to look into the molecular occurrence, haemato-biochemical changes, and risk factors associated with the occurrence of BCoV infection in cattle calves at different dairy farms and small households in the district of Jhelum, Pakistan. From July 2020 to June 2021, 200 faecal samples were collected from newb...

Agribusiness Prospects and Challenges in Developing Countries: Contribution to Overcoming World Food Crisis in the Post-pandemic Period

Md. Maniruzzaman¹, Md. Kamrul Haque^1,3, Md Rokonuzzaman², Md. Mahmudul Hasan³, Rumana Biswas⁴, Md. Mustafizur Rahman⁵, Tahmina Akter Rimi⁶, Md. Rahat Uz Zaman⁷*, Md. Alauddin⁸, Md. Abdul Baki⁹ and Md. Yeamin Hossain¹⁰

One Health and Emerging Infectious and Viral Diseases: Insights from Host-Pathogen Research

Muhammad Usman¹, Hussain Abbas¹, Riffat Maqsood¹, Muhammad Awais Nadeem¹, Abdul Hanan Shazal¹, Ali Usman¹, Amna Hameed², Haram Shahid³, Zulqarnain Haider³, Muhammad Zain¹, Muhammad Suleman¹ and Muhammad Wasif Gulzar¹*

... risk due to the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is producing unprecedented financial, social, and political disturbances. Using a comprehensive One Health (OH) approach to implement interventions at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment is one option to stop such a pandemic. To assess the development of the OH strategy, including the identification of critical OH activities implemented for prevention, response, and ...

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Different COVID-19 Vaccinations on COVID-19 Infected Patients in Shanghai

Chonglin Yang¹, Cuiping Yang²*, Jingwen Jiang³, Haifang Lai⁴ and Wenqiang Xia⁵

... the incidence of severe coronavirus infection and death. Different vaccinations have different impacts on patients who suffered COVID-19. However, the correlation between the dose and times of vaccination and the natural course of disease after infection has not been determined. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between the type, dose, times of vaccination and the time of negative turning, clinical symptoms and the natural course of d...

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Ram Bahadur Khadka1,2*; Ravin Bhandari2; Rabin Gyawali3; Balram Neupane1; Dhakaraj Pant4

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(2): 675-687

Proposed therapies and vaccine developing for COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2)

Gamal, Abdelaziz1*; Heba, A. Mostafa2

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(3): 736-745

...ute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the third spillover of animal coronavirus to humans, resulting in a major respiratory epidemic in less than two decades. In March, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) called this respiratory infectious disease as a “Pandemic Outbreaks”, unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). About 3.5 million confirmed ca...

An overview of SARS-COV-2: Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment

Ramesh Bhandari*; Fenyong Sun; Qiuhui Pan

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(3): 746-765

...oaches of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Moreover, we discuss the current approaches, progress in vaccine development, and the antiviral therapies to cope with COVID-19 infection. Thus, the information and data gathered on coronavirus will be helpful in understanding all the aspects on SARS-CoV-2 virus, impact.
...

COVID-19 detection: Comparison and accuracy of several diagnostic tests

Mati Ullah*; Muhammad Ibrar; Salah Uddin Khan; Habib Ullah; Nasir Ali Khan

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(4): 868-883

...p> The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has created a global alarming situation. Initially, diagnosis of the virus was conducted by a combination of different assays including; electron microscopy (EM), computed tomography (CT) scan and whole-genome sequencing. However, such time-consuming diagnosis has critically highlight...

An overview of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease pandemic

Sagorika Rai; Pallabi Banerjee; Anshuman Chandra; Imteyaz Qamar*

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(4): 901-906

...p>

A novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) overflow event, with its epicenter point in the Wuhan (China), has risen as the health of the public crisis is of global concern. This started as an episode in the December, (2019), and till the 28th of February, (2020), there have about 83,704 committed cases of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease at the global level, including 2,859 deaths. This showed overall cases including 3.41% of the fatality rate. At this...

Intuition on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19

Gehendra Adhikari

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(5): 955-967

...ute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and represents the causative agent of a potentially systemic disease that has drawn a global attention. Based on the study of large number of infected people who were exposed to the bat animal market in Wuhan city, China, they suggested that the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., COVID-19) is likely to be associat...

Corona virus disease (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Therapeutics under trial and Prevention

Bijay Kumar Shrestha*; Jenish Shakya; Manita Tumbahangphe; Bidhya Dhungana; Romika Shrestha; Jyoti Limbu

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2020), 4(6): 1015-1028

...eeable outbreak of novel coronavirus called Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from Wuhan city of China has become pandemic, associated with great mortality and morbidity across the globe. The virus is transmitted through air droplets from infected person to healthy person. Beta- coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that shares common relativeness with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Resp...

Breakthroughs in SARS-CoV-2-monoclonal antibodies development

Yusuf Muhammed; Mkpouto Pius; Bashiru Sani; Bulus Timothy; Jafar Usman; Musa Garba

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(1): 1063-1076

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 infection: A synopsis of the host immune responses and viral immune evasion strategies involved

Bala, N. Umar1*; Jibril, Adamu1; Muhammad, T. Ahmad2; Kabiru, H. Ahmad3; Ochuko, Orakpoghenor4; Bashir, S. Aliyu5; Nuhu, Mohammed6; Aliyu Sada1,7

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(2): 1162-1175

...

The novel coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which rendered the care of the global health powerless and plunged the world economy into a historic decline. This disease is characterized by different clinical pictures; ranging from asymptomatic mild phase to severe illness with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in addition to having no ...

Epidemiology of COVID-19 scenario in India

Prasanta Majumder1*; Shyamalendu Laskar2; Aesha Zafna3; Manisha Koul4; Anudarsh P. Kalakumari5; Pallavi A. Thomas6

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(4): 1294-1300

Recent updates on effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines

Sareer ud Din1; Umar Shahbaz2; Shahab ud din3; Sadaf Siraj4; Anbareen Gul5; Abdur Raziq6; Asad Ullah7; Muhammad Waseem Khan8; Hayat Ullah2,6*

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(4): 1301-1312

A perspective of precision medicine in the management of COVID-19

Shrikant Verma1; Mohammad Abbas1,2*; Sushma Verma1; Aliya Abbas Rizvi1; Almas Khan1; Syed Tasleem Raza3; Farzana Mahdi1

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(4): 1313-1324

Presepsin as a predictive indicator of severity in Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)

Sara M. Farag1; Rasha A. Nasr1; Nesma G. El Sheikh2; Mona A. Khattab1*

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(4): 1325-1337

Development of SARS-COV-2 vaccines and their mechanisms of action: An approach to change the Africans perspectives on COVID-19 vaccines

Sunday Zeal Bala1*; Abdullahi Nasiru1; Madinat Hassan2; Priscilla Kini3; Paul Isaac Ojodale4; Yusuf Muhammed5

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2021), 5(5): 1351-1370

...ute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in late 2019 has necessitated discussions on different facets of the disease. These include its transmission, pathogenesis and vaccine development. The aims of this study were to discuss the SARS-COV-2 vaccines development, mechanisms of action as well as the general acceptance of these vaccines by various countries/or people. Sequel to the outbreak, several vaccines models have been discovered with...

Evolution, pathophysiology and genetic modulation of novel Coronavirus

Ena Gupta1; Neha Mishra2; Pragya Mishra3; Priyanka Singh3*; Uroosa Noor1; Shashi Soni1

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal (2022), 6(4): 1670-1681

...ute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread in almost every country in the world. This infection has appeared as a subject of intensive debate and concern among most of the government’s public health systems, researchers, and policymakers. The severity of this zoonotic disease upshot a pandemic situation, which has a long-term impact on the personal, behavioral, social, and economic, as well as on the political and state affairs. Varia...

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