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A. K. Chaubey and Satyandra Kumar

Bio-management of root knot nematode and root rot disease by antagonistic fungi and rhizobacteria
...d high inhibition in egg hatching and caused high mortality of juveniles than the control (P< 0.05). The microorganisms which caused high nematicidal activity also showed antifungal activity in dual plate culture test in vitro. All the antagonists showed reduction in root knot and root rot disease and promote plants growth as the length and weight of root and shoot in pot trials on tomato plants. Keywords: Antagonistic fungi, root knot nematode, wilt fungus...
Habitat Ecology and Breeding Performance of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) in Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Abdullah1,*, Rashid A. khan2, Muhammad Rafay3, Tanveer Hussain3, Tahira Ruby4,Fariha Rehman5, Sangam Khalil3 and Sohail Akhtar6
... weight), incubation and hatching. The hatching of the chicks was observed to be an asynchronous one i.e., chicks did not hatch at the same time but at an interval of a day (20-25 h). Role of parents during weaning period i.e. feeding and parental care of nestlings was performed by both partners. It may be said that Cattle egret is an insectivorous bird and take food from the agricultural fields in surroundings of stu...
Breeding Ecology of a Reintroduced Population of Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in Henan Province, China
Jie Wu1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yingying Liu1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
...atched, with the average hatching success 78.48%; 4) twenty-three fledglings flew; the average fledging rate: 75.00%; 5) the average breeding success rate was 70.14%. The results will help guide the recovery and expansion of the Chinese crested ibis populations and for other reintroduction programs.
...
Breeding Ecology of a Reintroduced Population of Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in Henan Province, China
Jie Wu1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yingying Liu1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
...atched, with the average hatching success 78.48%; 4) twenty-three fledglings flew; the average fledging rate: 75.00%; 5) the average breeding success rate was 70.14%. The results will help guide the recovery and expansion of the Chinese crested ibis populations and for other reintroduction programs.
...
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of the Toxicity of Oxamyl against the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)
Saleh S. Alhewairini
... foliar application. Egg hatching was not affected with minimal activity in both applications compared with control. Moreover, no mortality of adults emerging from pupae was recorded and they only showed detectable reduction on their movement in both field treatments. Finally, this study would recommend the use of oxamyl in managing and controlling the infestation of RPW.
...
Nesting Use of Tree Species by Avifauna Inhabiting Pabbi Range Forest, Kharian, Punjab, Pakistan
Tariq Mahmood*1, Syed Wasif Ahmed Shah1, Muhammad Rais1, Hira Fatima1, Faraz Akrim1 and Muhammad Sajid Nadeem2
..., incubation period, and hatching success. Sixty-two active nests of various bird species were recorded; common myna Acredotheris tristis, house crow Corvus splendens, Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicatus and black drongo Dicrurus macrocerus preferred Kikar Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis for nesting purpose while black kite Milvus migrans utilized semal tree Bombax ceiba. The weaver bird P...
A Comparative Study for Egg Production in Layers by Decision Tree Analysis
Yakut Gevrekçi* and Çiğdem Takma
...P and it was followed by hatching period. Lower values for goodness of fit criteria were obtained by CHAID algorithm, indicating that this algorithm fits better. Regression tree analysis displayed visual information about the relations among predictor variables. As a result, decision tree analysis is necessary to provide preliminary information in breeding programs to be performed. 
...
Effect of Different Salinity Level on Breeding, Fertilization, Hatching and Survival of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Captivity
Abdul Malik1,2, Ghulam Abbas1,*, Abdul Ghaffar3, Sara Ferrando4, Lorenzo Gallus4 and Syed Sajjad A. Shah2,3
Evaluation of Grapefruit Juice (Citrus paradisi) as an Alternative Disinfectant for Hatching Eggs
Justyna Batkowska1,*, Lukasz Wlazlo2, Kamil Drabik1, Bozena Nowakowicz-Debek2, Karrar I.A. Al-Shammari3 and Magdalena Gryzinska1
...he study was to evaluate hatching results and quality of Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) after applying red grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi) for hatching eggs disinfection. 420 eggs were randomly divided into 3 groups (150 pcs each). 1st group was not disinfected (NC – negative control), the 2nd one was disinfected with formaldehyde and KMnO4 fumigatio...
Studies on Semen Morphology and Effects of Artificial Insemination on Hatchability in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
Irfan1,*, Arshad Javid7, Muhammad Ashraf2, Athar Mahmud3, Muhammad Altaf4, Syed Makhdoom Hussain5, Muhammad Shahbaz4 and Khalid Javed Iqbal6
...d and were incubated for hatching. Hatchability percentage in artificially inseminated hens was greater 88.30% than natural mating 80.51%.
...
Skeletal Ontogeny and Anomalies in Larval and Juvenile Crimson Snapper, Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790
Dachuan Cheng1,2, Md Mahbubul Hassan3, Zhenhua Ma1, 2, 3,*, Qibin Yang1 and Jian G. Qin3
...arvae and juveniles from hatching to 36 day-post hatching (DPH). Mandible, ceratobranchial, cleithrum and gill arches were the initial skeletal structures appeared at 3 DPH that supported the vital life functions such as feeding and respiration. Ossification of premaxilla and maxilla and dentary started at 3.21 ± 0.25 mm (9 DPH), and completed at 5.91 ± 0.34 mm (18 DPH). The head skeleton formation completed at...
Effectiveness of Huwa-San TR50 on Tomato Russet Mite Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyideae)
Mahmoud M. Al-Azzazy1,2 and Saleh S. Alhewairini1,*
...in the percentage of egg hatching. The percentages of larvae hatching from eggs of A. lycopersici were 73.42, 56.92, 25.41 and 17.97 under greenhouse conditions and 68, 53.14, 23.51 and 15.18 under laboratory conditions at 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000ppm of Huwa-San TR50 after one week of treatment compared with the control (well water), respectively. The application of Huwa-San TR50 showed a promising safety profile whe...
In vitro Effect of L-Tryptophan on the Quality and Fertilizing Capacity of Sperms of Endangered Species of Trouts
Filiz Kutluyer* 
... duration, fertility and hatching rate of eggs. The results from the present study indicated that addition of L-tryptophan increased the motility rate and duration in O. mykiss, S. rizeensis and S. coruhensis compared to control group. Highest sperm motility rate and its duration, and fertility and hatching rate of eggs of O. mykiss, S. rizeensis and S. coruhensis were 0.5 mM, 5 mM a...
Protection Against Cadmium-Induced Abnormalities and Hepatotoxicity in ovo by Allium sativum
Shagufta Andleeb*1, Shabana Shaukat1, Chaman Ara2
...% relative humidity till hatching. Natural hatching was obtained as 92.5, 32.5, 72.5, and 87.5% in control, dose, dose+antidote, and anitodote groups respectively with delayed hatching in some cases in dose and dose+antidote groups. Chicks and dead embryos were studied for morphological and morphometric analysis. Liver tissues were dissected out from each group for histological analysis. C...
Effects of Declawed Males on Laying Performances, Egg Quality Characteristics and Feather Cover of Layer Breeders in the Mating Cage
Yan Li1, Kai Zhan1,*, Junying Li1, Wei Liu1, Ruiyu Ma1, Shengnan Liu1, Haijun Cui1 and Xin Zhang2
Delineation of Vulnerable Zones for YSB Attacks under Variable Temperatures Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Syed Muhammad Hassan Raza1*, Syed Amer Mahmood1, Veraldo Liesenberg2 and Syed Shehzad Hassan1  

...m2 area was found in egg hatching phase, on May 21, 1514 km2 area was found in larva evolution phase and on June 22, 1725 km2 area was found in pupa evolution phase. The results proved that satellite technology is an efficient and cost-effective tool to demarcate the vulnerable zones to YSB attacks and to take remedial measures accordingly 

...
Laboratory Evaluation of the Toxicity of Oxamyl against the Date Palm Mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari:Tetranychidae)
Saleh S. Alhewairini
...he percentages of larvae hatching from eggs of O. afrasiaticus were 97.20, 94.62 and 85.53%; 94.70, 93.32 and 84.86%; 54.01, 57.93 and 46.21% after one week of exposure to QRD, HRD and RD of oxamyl only and with Injo200 or 1000ppm of Huwa-SanTR50, respectively. Adding 1000ppm of Huwa-SanTR50 to QRD, HRD and RD of oxamyl was found to significantly increase the toxicity of oxamyl to all developmental stages of O. afrasiaticus, whereas, the RD of In...
Breeding Ecology of Chukor Partridge (Alectoris chukar) in Lower Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Tariq Mahmood1,*, Ijaz Ahmad1, Faraz Akrim1, Abdul Hamid1, Muhammad Waseem1, Abid Hussain1 and Muhammad Sajid Nadeem2
... nesting, egg laying and hatching.
...
Audit of Captive Breeding in a University Zoo Facility in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects

John Ogunsola1*, Richard E. Antia2, Benjamin O. Emikpe2 and Olajumoke A. Morenikeji3 

...or failed parturition or hatching of various species of captive animals were obtained. The animals included reptiles, amphibians, aves and mammals, with both sexes placed in the same enclosure with some degree of access to one another. Among mammals, survival rates of neonates ranged from 0% in Dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas; n=2) to 100% in Green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus; n=2) and Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas; n=3), and crocodiles (Crocodylus niloti...
Morphology of Immature Stages of Schistocerca gregaria with Special References to its Size Variations
Ahmed Ali Samejo* and Riffat Sultana*
...trips after two hours of hatching, when they were placed in crowded condition. However, they remained green, when they were in solitary condition. Solitarious hoppers were passed through five nymphal stages during development into adult in field as well as in laboratory condition. Comparative morphometry revealed that in relation to previous stages 2nd and 3rd nymphal stages gained much more length and weight as compared to 4th...
Retraction Note
Response of Liver-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-FABP) Gene in Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) to Temperature and Nutrient Manipulations
Shengjie Zhou1,2, Pengfei Wang1,2, Chao Zhao1,2, Mingjun Fu3, Jian G. Qin4, Lihua Qiu1, Zhenhua Ma1, 4,* and Maoshang Lin1
...FABP gene was low at hatching, and quickly increased with the increase of fish age from 0 DPH to 4 DPH, and reached the highest level on 12 DPH. The highest expression of L-FABP gene was observed in fish cultured at 29°C on both 12 DPH and 18 DPH (P< 0.05). Nutrition enhancement significantly affected the expression of L-FABP gene, the highest expression was observed in the Algamac 3080 treatment, and lowest expression was obser...
Distinct Larva and Adult Food Preferences Drive the Spatial Distribution of Agriotes fuscicollis Miwa (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Crop Land, Northeast, China
Lichao Feng1,2, Shaoqing Zhang4, Dianyuan Chen2, Sina Adl3 and Donghui Wu1,4*
... sources provided a high hatching rate, but particularly the pollen, nectar and potato. Maize seedlings were a better food for larvae than were grass roots, and larvae also consumed more maize in the field. Wild flowers were the most important factor which determined the abundance of A. fuscicollis. Maize, grasses and the wild flowers could explain the alternating distribution of A. fuscicollis between the maize field and the field margins in the...
In Vitro Effectiveness of Silver Nanoparticles against Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
Khansa Nazir1,*, Tariq Mukhtar1 and Humayun Javed2
.... Similarly, the maximum hatching inhibition of M. incognita eggs was recorded at a concentration of 100 mg/ml of nanoparticles followed by 75 mg/ml of AgNP. The minimum inhibition was recorded with 25 mg/ml of AgNP. It was found that with the an increase in concentration, there was a corresponding increase in hatching inhibition showing direct relationship between hatching i...
Evaluation of Reproductive Capacity in Pond-Reared Penaeus monodon after Unilateral Eyestalk Ablation
Weigeng Wen1,2,3, Xu Chen1,2,3, Wang Zhao1,2,3, Qibin Yang1,2,3, Jian G. Qin4 and Zhenhua Ma1,2,3,*
...950,000 nauplii. The egg hatching rate at each spawning varied from 27.4% to 86.3% without particular patterns of correlation with female body weight. The fecundity of pond-reared female P. monodon varied from 2 100 to 9 400 eggs per gram of bodyweight, and females with medium size of 85-120 g showed greater fecundity (around 9000 eggs/g) in comparison with smaller and larger counterparts. This study indicates that reproductive capacity of pond-reared f...
Integrated Management of Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfield Parasitizing on Wheat
Sumaira Akram1, Sajid Aleem Khan1*, Nazir Javed1 and Saeed Ahmad2
... threat. In vitro hatching percentage of MG was evaluated that was varied significantly at different concentration of chemicals, bio control agents and plant extracts. Among chemicals, cartap was most effective with lowest egg hatching and among biocontrol agents Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (PL) produced highest egg hatching while, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai ...
Comparative Study of Egg-pod Morphology in Two Genera of Oxyinae (Acrididae: Orthoptera)
Riffat Sultana1, Nuzhat Soomro1,*, Santosh Kumar2, Ahmed Ali Samejo1 and Samiullah Soomro1
...wards the top. The major hatching occur within few weeks i.e., 57.43 to 100% in Oxya velox from June to August but mostly in the month of June, 76.85% to 100% in O. hyla hyla from July to September but mostly in August, and 69.09% in O. fuscovitatta from July to August, mostly in mid-July then hatching stopped. Present study might be useful to forecast the exact hatching
Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel1, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel2, Ejaz Ashraf3*, Asad Ali4 and Arooba Rubab5
Effect of Insecticides on the Longevity of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
...rther studies. After egg hatching larval duration was recorded until pupal duration starts. The honey bees were caged after pupal duration starts and marked with permanent marker for adult data recording. The data was recorded daily for 30 days. The effects of different chemical insecticides (nitenpyram @75ml/acre- new chemistry, cyhalothrin; nok-out @200ml/ acre, tycon; emamectin benzoate @ 200ml/acre) on egg presence, egg hatching
Steinernema kraussei and Moringa oleifera Extracts Can Suppress Meloidogyne incognita Infection on Tomato
Abida Parveen1, Sajid Aleem Khan1, Nazir Javed1, Anam Moosa1*, Khushboo Javaid1, Hina Safdar1 and Asma Safdar2
...ct + SKproduced 100% egg hatching inhibition at standard ‘S’ concentration. Plant growth was significantly enhanced in plants treated with MO extracts, SK and their combinations compared to MI treated control plants. The total number of infective juveniles/g root and soil, galls, egg masses, females were highest in MI treated plants while lowest in plants treated with a combination of MI + SK + aqueous MO + ethanolic MO after 60 days of inoculation...
Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum and Azadirachta indica in the Management of Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato
Wajahat Azeem1,*, Tariq Mukhtar1 and Tooba Hamid2
...plant caused significant hatching inhibition and larval mortality of M. incognita. The hatching inhibition and mortality was the maximum at 100% concentrations of both the agents while the minimum inhibition and mortality was obtained at 25% concentration. No statistical difference was observed between T. harzianum and A. indica in causing hatching inhibition and larva...
Nematicidal Activity of Different Plants Extracts against Root Knot Nematodes
Javeria Afzal, Muhammad Abid, Faisal Hussain* and Alia Abbas
...nt species inhibited egg hatching and caused larval mortality. Maximum reduction (24.3%) in egg hatching was recorded in C. album stem extract at 2% concentration. The minimum reduction (0.33%) was observed in the leaf extract of A. viridis at 10% concentration after 48 hours of exposure time. In larval mortality test, maximum larval mortality (33%) was recorded in C. album leaf extract at 10% concentrat...
Observation of Embryonic and Larval Developmental Stages in Endangered Nona Tengra (Mystus gulio) Induced with S-GnRHa
Md. Alal Hossen1, Mohammad Amzad Hossain1*, A.K.M. Munzurul Hasan1,2, Bipresh Das1, Sohel Mian1, Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal1
 
...verage fertilization and hatching rates varied from 74.33% to 83.89% and from 72.33% to 85.11% respectively among different treatments and control females did not ovulate. The eggs of M. gulio was firmly adhesive and immediately after spawning the average diameter of fertilized eggs were 0.48±0.01 mm. After fertilization, the first cleavage stage of M. gulio occurred within 40 min. The distinctiveness of blastomeres was progressively dropped and morula,...
Management of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica through Homeopathic Medicines

Asma Hanif* and Shahnaz Dawar

...loidogyne javanica using hatching and mortality test at different time intervals. Notable results were noticed by Kent-20 and Santonine-43 at all tested concentrations by reducing the hatching and complete mortality of M. javanica after 96 hours, while Cina (Q) showed greater reduction in hatching and mortality at 100% concentration followed by minimum hatching
Comparative Methods for Controlling Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica under Laboratory and Greenhouse Condition

Mohammed Abdel-Mageed Abdel-Aziz Abdel-Mageed1, Eman Alsayed Hammad2*, Nashaat Abdel-Aziz Mahmoud1 and Anas Farag El-Mesalamy1

...ty and inhibition of egg hatching compared to the acetonic and methanolic extracts. Whereas, aqueous extracts of deadly nightshade, winter cherry and chili pepper at concentration 500 ppm applied to the plants as foliar sprays alone, foliar sprays with chelates and soil drenches were tested against root-knot nematode M. javanica infecting tomato plants cv. Strain-B under greenhouse conditions. Almost tested materials have significantly reduced nematode paramet...
Nematicidal Properties of Some Yeast Culture Filtrates against Meloidogyne javanica Infecting Squash Plants (In Vitro and In Vivo)

Atef El-Sagheer1*, Anas El-Mesalamy1, Abdel-Monem Anany2 and Nashaat Mahmoud1

..., 106 and 1012 cells, on hatching of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne javanica were estimated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results revealed that all the tested culture filtrates caused significant reduction in number of J2 in all treatments, compared to the non-inoculated control, where the hatching inhibition and mortality percentages increased with an increase in exposure time. At 24 hours, increased ...
Does the Tundra Bean Goose (Anser serrirostris) Follow the Green Wave Throughout its Entire Spring Migration?
Hongbin Li1,2, Lei Fang1, 3 and Lei Cao1,2*
...t to coincide subsequent hatching of goslings with optimal food availability.
...
Effect of Vitamin D and Phytase on Growth, Blood Mineral Level and Slaughter Parameters of Broilers

Ali Raza1, Muhammad Sharif1*, Fawwad Ahmad1, Asghar Ali Kamboh2, Muhammad Saeed3, Muhammad Ashraf1 and Asad Ullah Hayder1

... broiler birds from post hatching to day 35. Feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) in birds offered diet B and D, while the weight gain and feed conversion ratio were better (P < 0.05) in those birds offered diet F. Serum calcium contents were more (P < 0.05) in groups D and G, while higher (P < 0.05) phosphorous contents were found in those birds fed diet C and G. The highest (P < 0.05) dressing percentage was observed in group F, and highest (P &l...
Cytotoxic Potential of Fertility Booster Medicinal Plants as Evident through Brine Shrimp Toxicity Assay
Afsheen Noman Saddar1, Anila Naz Soomro2*, Sadaf Tabasum Qureshi1, Syeda Saleha Hassaney1 and Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar2
...assay. Brine shrimp eggs hatching was optimized by applying three temperature levels (25°C, 27°C and 29°C), three salinities (10 ppt, 30 ppt and 35 ppt), two food demands (0.8 g and 1.6 g) and two levels of shrimp egg (1 g/l and 1.5 g/l). Five concentrations (1200, 2500, 5000, 10000 and 15000 µg/ml) of aqueous extracts of five fertility enhancing plants were tested for 24 h incubation to check mortality of brine shrimp nauplii. Mean compariso...
Population Structure of Kokok Balenggek Chicken in In-situ Area as Indigenous Chicken of Indonesia

Husmaini1*, Riza Andesca Putra1, Indri Juliyarsi1, Tevina Edwin1, Linda Suhartati1, Aditya Alqamal Alianta1, Harmaini2 

...g, own seed sources, and hatching methods in maintenance management. There were cuts in KBC 59.65% with 277 chickens and sales of KBC 64.91% with 397 chickens, It concluded that the increase in the KBC population in in-situ areas is still slow, so it is necessary to improve maintenance management strategies in order to maintain indigenous chicken Indonesian especially in West Sumatera.

Keywords | Kokok Balenggek Chicken, Population Structure, Managemen...

Impact of Temperature Variations on Breeding Behavior of Cirrhinus mrigala during Induced Spawning
Saeed Akram Khan1, Shahid Sherzada1*, Muhammad Ashraf1, Durr-e-Shehwar1, Sonia Iqbal1, Usman Atique1,3, Farzana Abbas1, Sohail Ahmad2 and Muhammad Sultan Haider4
... eggs, fertilization and hatching rates at 29 ºC. The maximum number of eggs were observed in 26oC whereas the lowest were obtained in 34oC. 85020.48). However, the temperature exceeding 30ºC not only increased the cell growth but significantly decreased the hatching time. On the contrary, temperature exceeding 32ºC caused denaturation of all eggs and larvae that resulted in reduced ha...
The Effects of In-Ovo Dipping of Sugarcane Vinegar on Hatching Weight, Hemato-Biochemical Profile and Subsequent Performance of Newly-Hatched Ducklings during Initial Rearing Phase

El-Kholy KH1*, Tag El-Din H1, Seham NE Seleem1, Eman Hussein2 AM El-Shhat2 

Breeding Biology of Reticulitermes aculabialis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Haroon1, Chen-Xu Ye1, Yu-Xin Li1, Hong-Xin Zhang1, Qing Liu1, Xiao-Hong Su1,2,3 and Lian-Xi Xing1,2,3,*

...g during 30-40 days. The hatching ratio increased gradually during the time. The femal+male (FM) worker reproductive (ergatoids) colonies were reported significantly (p<0.005) in egg-laying and chambers making than primary reproductives (imagoes). The morphological measurement shows that the swarmer alates were significantly (p<0.005) extended along with wings, mean live weight of the queen was significantly heavier (p<0.005) than workers but not stat...
Diversity and Morphometric of Oothecae of Mantids in District Mirpurkhas, Sindh

Jawaid A. Khokhar*, T. J. Ursani, Fareeda Memon, Samina Malik, Asif Soomro and Fareeda Shah

...healthy were allowed for hatching at the advanced research laboratory of Arachnology and Entomology. The collected samples were kept at an Average temperature and humidity between 28.2 ± 0.47 to 38.78 ± 0.47 0c, 57.6 ± 0.55 to 72.6%, respectively.

...
Oriental Skylark (Alauda gulgula) Nestling Morphometry and Feeding Habits in Bajaur Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Rahmat Ullah Khan1*, Asif Sadam2, Karim Gabol1, Waheed Ali Panhwar3, Sajid Mahmood4, Mustafa Kamal5, Hamid Ullah6, Syed Abidullah7, Muhammad Tufail8, Bashir Ahmad4, Gul Bacha Khan4 and Habib Ul Hassan1

...da gulgula nestling from hatching to 8th day very carefully during the breeding season (April, May, June, and July) 2019, in district Bajaur. A total of 70 nestlings of 22 nests were studied systematically. The eggs were hatched out both from the middle point and blunt end. All the eggs were hatched asynchronously with closed eyes and a naked body. They opened their eyes on average after 3.27±0.4 days of hatching. The...
Documenting Nesting and Breeding Ecology with Time Activity Budget of White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) in Swat, Pakistan
Ejaz Ur Rehman1, Shakeel Ahmad2, Fathul Bari3*, Tanveer Khan2, Naveed Ullah Khan2, Abdullah Khan4 and Romaan Hayat Khattak2
...observed in pre and post hatching activity patterns may be attributed to time needed for incubation and responsibility of providing food to the young ones. White-throated kingfisher makes need based time allocation for various activities to increase reproductive success. The current study documents important ecological and behavioral aspects of white-throated kingfisher. Nevertheless, it is limited to a single breeding season in a small area therefore making b...
An Evaluation of Some Disinfectants Effectiveness in Reducing Nest Bedding Contamination in Broiler Breeder Farms

Mohamed Saleh*, S.E. Laban, G.Z. Mostafa, S.T. Moubarak 

...ation of broiler breeder hatching eggs. In a closed broiler breeder farm where birds were housed on built-up litter, the two disinfectants were used for the disinfection of nest bedding (sawdust). Paraformaldehyde powder was mixed manually with nest bedding (5 grams per nest), while potassium peroxy- monosulfate 0.5% based disinfectant was sprayed in each nest. Random samples were collected before and after treatment by 24-, 72- and 120-hours intervals and wer...
Toxicity of essential oils extracted from Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves against Meloidogyne incognita under laboratory conditions
A.M. El-Baha1, A. A. El-Sherbiny2†, M. Z. M. Salem1, N. Shaarawy3 and N. H. Mohamed3
...nhibited egg
hatching (31.24–66.35%) and mortality of second stage juvenile. Inhibition of egg hatching (%) and mortality (%) of
J2 were increased linearly with increasing concentration of EOs. Corymbia citriodora EO was more effective than
E. camaldulensis in inhibiting egg hatchability and suppressing J2 viability. Probit analysis results showed median
inhibitory concen...
Antagonistic effects of some indigenous isolates of Trichoderma spp. against Meloidogyne javanica

M. T. Javeed†, A. S. Al-Hazmi and Y. Y. Molan

...e mortality of J2 and un-hatching of eggs increased as the
concentrations of the culture filtrates increased. In general, T. harzianum (isolate No.27), T. hamatum (isolate
No.5) and T. viride (isolate No.8) were the most effective among all tested isolates. Therefore, these three isolates
were further evaluated in the greenhouse test on tomato against M. javanica. The three tested isolates inhibited
the reproduct...
Comparison of development of Globodera rostochiensis in four potato cultivars

S. Fatemy†1 and H. Ghasemi2

...ss-house conditions. The hatching response of the nematodes to root diffusates of these cvs was also investigated. Disinfected cysts of G. rostochiensis were placed in root diffusates and the numbers of hatched second stage juveniles (J2) were counted weekly over a 6-week period. Pots were planted with a single sprout of each cv. and the soil was inoculated with a suspension of 400 freshly hatched J2. There was a significant difference in the numbers of J2 tha...
Nematicidal performance of certain organic and inorganic compounds against Meloidogyne incognita infecting okra plants

A. S. A. Saad1, M. B. Al-Kadi1, A. A. A. Deeabes2 and A. M. El-Kholy2†

...ard nematicide for their hatching inhibitory and juvenile mortality potential and to ascertain their role as organic amendments for the management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) affecting okra plants in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. Five concentrations of all chemicals were prepared. Data of in vitro studies showed a marked nematicidal and nematode hatching inhibitory activity against root-knot nematode...
In vitro nematicidal activity of some Aloe species extracts on eggs and second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita
A.A. Tanimola and B. Fawole1
...x Aloe vera (ASV) on egg-hatching and mortality of
second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita was investigated in vitro. Extracts were tested at
concentrations of 50,000 mg/kg and 25,000 mg/kg in an experiment laid out in completely randomized design in the
laboratory. Data were collected on inhibition of egg-hatching, mortality of juveniles and analy...
Nematicidal activity of seaweeds against Meloidogyne javanica

S.A. Khan†, M. Abid and F. Hussain1

...avanica (egg
hatching and larval mortality tests) in vitro. Results revealed that seaweed biochemical potential in two different
solvents viz., water and methanol @ ratios 2.5, 5 and 10%. It is observed that Sargasssum tenerrimum, Padina
tetrastromatica and Melanothamnus afaqhusainii showed maximum egg hatching (96%) and larval mortality (99%)
and (100%), respectively in water ...
Natural Incubation and Broody Hen Management Practices in Barishal District, Bangladesh

Farhana Binte Zalal, Prodip Kumar Sarkar*, Mahbuba Sultana, M H Kawsar, Swapon Kumar Fouzder 

...incubation purposes. The hatching egg weight was 37.3 g with egg hatchability of 87.9%. We found a significantly low body weight of broody hens after egg incubation. A high percentage of farmers (42%) preferred the spring season compared to the summer and rainy seasons to incubate eggs. For the selection of broody hens, 66.7% of farmers preferred hens aged 1-2 years. We did not find noticeable significant differences in parameters among the three Upazilas. Alt...
Efficacy of garlic clove and oil aqueous extracts against Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplant

W.M.A. El-Nagdi†, M.M.A. Youssef and M.G. Dawood*

...nematicidal and nematode-hatching inhibitory activity reduced nematode criteria including
number of galls, egg-masses and hatched juveniles on roots of eggplant and number of juveniles in soil at harvest
stage compared to untreated plants significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Lower concentration of the tested materials caused
higher percentages reduction the mentioned nematode criteria. Vice versa, increase in length of shoots, dry a...
Performance and Antibody-Mediated Response to Post-Hatch Feed and Water Deprivation of Chicken Broilers

Soshe Ahmed1*, Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni1, Maksuda Begum2, Md. Jafar Eqbal3, Md. Shahidul Islam4, Mst. Samira Tanjim1, Mst. Rokeya Sultana1 

... to feed and water after hatching is recommended to achieve better production performance of broilers.

Keywords | Feed and water deprivation; Broiler, Production, Performance; Immune response 

...
Breeding Ecology of Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) in Northeastern Himalayan, Pakistan

Muhammad Furqan1*, Zulfiqar Ali1, Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad2, Rida Ahmad1, Haqnawaz Yousaf3 and Imad Ul Din Zangi4

...in June, July and mostly hatching occurred in end of June and July. Nests were made up of grasses and leaves of cheer pine. The clutch size of seven eggs was recorded from two nests. The eggs shell was buffy white or creamy, oval shaped, elongated and pointed towards one end. Camera trap recorded the hatching activities on 15th July 2020. It was observed that incubation period varied from 22-25 days.
Effect of Egg Weight and Egg Shape Index on Hatching Performance and Eggshell Quality of White-Nest Swiftlets

Nurul Isnaini*, Karl Wenas, Muhammad Firdaus Solihin, Hanief Eko Sulistyo, Dedes Amertaningtyas, Faizal Andri 

...t and egg shape index on hatching performance and eggshell quality of white-nest swiftlets. A total of 200 white-nest swiftlet eggs were included in this study. The egg weight was classified into three groups, namely Group EW1: 1.61 - 1.80 g, Group EW2: 1.81 - 2.00 g, and Group EW3: 2.01 - 2.20 g. The egg shape index was classified into three groups, namely Group ESI1: 60.01 - 65.00%, Group ESI2: 65.01 - 70.00%, and Group ESI3: 70.01 - 75.00%. The results show...
Suppressive Effect of Certain Bacterial Isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens Suspensions on Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

Ahmed E.A. Mahgoob1, Wafaa M.A. El-Nagdi2, Mahmoud M.A. Youssef2*, Entesar H. Taha1, Mona M.S. Zayed3, Hassan Abd- El-Khair4 and Nora R.A. Saleh2

...ibited M. incognita- egg hatching at each exposure period (24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs) compared to untreated control. As for the percentages of the second stage juveniles mortality increased with increasing the concentrations and exposure periods. Generally, the highest egg hatching inhibition and juvenile mortality occurred after 96 and 72hrs exposure to the suspensions of the tested isolates of P. fluorescens depending upon the...
Nematoxic Effect of (Polar and Non-Polar) Chemical Constituents of Cumin (Cyminum Spp.) Against Meloidogyne javanica

Saima Mehar1, Amtul Sami2 and Erum Iqbal3*

...tanol, and hexane on egg hatching and mortality of the juveniles of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. After 72 hours, C. cyminum (MeOH) demonstrated the maximum nematicidal activity in egg hatching (15%±2.10) of M. javanica, followed by N. sativa (Ether), 22.33±6.86%, at the lowest administered dose of 0.25 % concentration. After 72 hours of treatment, C. cyminum (MeOH) and N. sativa (BeOH) had a non-sig...
Breeding Biology of White Cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) in Margalla Hills National Park, Pakistan

Bushra Allah Rakha1*, Farah Qayyum1, Muhammad Sajjad Ansari2, Ali Akhter1, Komal Shakeel1, Javeria Batool1, Faryal Akhtar1 and Sehrish Hina1

... and 3 eggs. The overall hatching success in active nests was 61.7% and fledging success was 67.6%. During month of May, maximum number of eggs and nestlings were recorded while no breeding activity was recorded during month of February. It is concluded that (MHNP) is a favorable site for breeding activity of white-cheeked bulbul.

...
Effects of Chick Quality and Pre-Starter Feed on Fattening Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers

Murat Durmus* and Hasan Rüstü Kutlu

...s characteristics. After hatching, experimental chicks were divided into sex by employing 2 by 2 factorial design chick quality (low and high) and two feeding regimes as the main effects in each sex. Thus, four treatment groups (low quality on starter feed, low quality on pre-starter+starter feed, high quality on starter feed, high quality on pre-starter+starter feed) were arranged in the study. Total of 800 chicks was used in four treatment groups including f...
Adaptability and Comparative analysis of Economic and Biological Traits of various Silkworm Races (Bombyx mori L.)

Muhammad Farooq Bhatti1, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir1*, Aamir Ali1, Hooria Ashraf Khan1, Rabia Fajar Ali2, Ayesha Muzamil1, Fariha Munir3, Fatima Ijaz1, Rizwan Khurshid3

... to find out the optimum hatching and rearing conditions of three silkworm races (Chinese, Bulgarian and Pakistani) and to compare their biological and economic traits at optimum conditions. The silkworm eggs were hatched at a range of temperatures (21-30°C) and humidity levels of 75-80-% and 80-85% respectively. The silkworms hatched at optimal conditions were provided variable meals and the leaves consumption rate was calculated. In a separate experiment...
In vitro Acaricidal and Repellent Effects of Amomum subulatum Essential Oil Against Hyalomma Ticks

Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan1, Rao Zahid Abbas1*, Zia ud Din Sindhu1, Muhammad Shahid Mahmood2

...er, egg mass, and larval hatching were also reduced significantly (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. As a result, reproductive index (RI), reproductive efficiency index (REI), and nutrient index (NI) were also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, A. subulatum essential oil showed dose-dependent response against repellency of Hyalomma spp. The LC50 and LC90, RC50 and RC90 values for A. subulatum essential oil were also...
Domestication of Snakeskin Gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis Regan, 1910) in Indonesia: Characterization, Bioreproduction and Early Development

Rudhy Gustiano1*, Iskandariah Iskandariah2, M.H. Fariduddin Ath-Thar1, Gleni H. Huwoyon4 and Deni Radona3

... and West Jawa. Even the hatching phase was the most critical phase in the early development of snakeskin gourami but the early development performance of fertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae showed no differences between observed populations. The survival rate of larvae for East Java, West Kalimantan and Lampung were 92%, 86% and 82%, respectively.

...
Growth Curve and Heterosis Effect of Egg Weight, Doc Weight, Fertility and Hatchability from Crossing of Sentul Debu and Kulawu Chicken at Poultry Breeding Jatiwangi

Heni Indrijani*, Asep Anang, Muhammad Farhan Fadilah, Nena Hilmia, Maya Fitriani

...cken aged 14 months. The hatching eggs produced from breeding one line and crossbreeding were hatched for 21 days, resulting in fertility, and hatchability was calculated as a value of the heterosis effect. Each DOC was identified by wing tagging as identification in body weight at 1-12 weeks. These data are needed to calculate the heterosis effect and measure the growth curve to estimate body weight using the Logistic model. The study showed that the Sentul K...
Effect of Inducement, Dilution Ratio and Freezing Rate on the Quality of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) Spermatozoa

Kenyum Lollen1, Judith Betsy C1*, Cheryl Antony2 and Stephen Sampath Kumar J3

...(77.3±1.63 %) and hatching rate (61.6±2.44 %) was recorded when freezing protocol I was followed and the values were statistically significant. Hence the results revealed that for successful cryopreservation of C. carpio milt, use of non-induced milt at 1:10 dilution ratio using slow freezing rate will give the best results in terms of motility, fertilization and hatching rate.

...
Phytochemical Composition and In vitro Anthelmintic activity of Combretum micranthum G. Don Leaf Extracts on Haemonchus contortus of Small Ruminants

Tianhoun Denté Fidèle1,2*, Meda Nãg-Tiéro Roland2, Zabré Geneviève3, Koama Benjamin2, Kaboré Adama1, Tamboura H. Hamidou1, Bélem Adrien Marie Gaston4 

...pared and tested for egg hatching and larval development in the presence of positive (Albendazole) and negative (PBS) controls. Aqueous and hydroacetonic extracts of C. micranthum significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) parasite life stages comparatively to negative control (PBS). Similarly, concentrations of both plant extracts inhibited egg hatching and larval development of the parasite in a dose-dependent manner. The inhi...
Induced Breeding, Embryonic and Larval Development of Koi Carp in Recirculatory Aquaculture System
Kalaiselvi Natarajan1, Karal Marx Karuppiah1, Sheena K Baby1, Sakthivel Mohammed2, Shanmugam Seerappalli Aran1 and Suresh Eswaran1*
... eggs, fertilization and hatching rate than ovaprim and ovatide. For dose optimization, the matured brooders were administered with synthetic hormone WOVA -FH at three different doses viz., 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 and 1.0 ml per kg of body weight at triplicate basis. The highest number of ovulated eggs (3380.5 ±202.75), fertilization rate (90± 0.8) and hatching rate (88±0.88) were observed in the brooders that ...
Effect of in Ova Injection of Lysophospholipid in Hatching Traits, Chick’s Quality, and Chicks Physical Traits of Broiler (Ross 308)

Majeed Ajafar1, Hashim Hadi Al-Jebory1*, Mohammed Khalil Ibrahim Al-Saeedi2

...lipid (LPL) injection on hatching eggs on the quality of hatched chicks. A total of nine hundred eggs were used in this study. All the eggs were set in an automatic incubator at the same time. On the 12th day of embryonic age, half of the eggs (450 eggs) were divided into 6 groups (75 eggs per group). The first egg group was kept in the incubator without treatment and was a negative control (NC). The second egg group was injected with 0.3 ml of NACL solution a...
Trees and livelihood of Gabral valley, Swat Kohistan, Pakistan
Asad Ullah, Abdur Rashid and Sher Aman
...yielding fruits, 8(40%) Thatching/sheltering, 8(40%) Fencing, 3(15%) Condiment/spice, 8 (40%) Furniture, 7(35%) Ornamental, 6(30%) honey bee flora, 3(15%) Beverage, 1(5%) Bark used for writing, 1(5%) Bark used for huts/rooms, 1(5%) wool dye. Being a far flung area, the locals totally depend upon the Plant Natural Resources (PNR) for their livelihood. Biotic pressure and unsustainable utilization have caused tremendous loss to the biodiversity of the area. Ther...
Observations on outbreak and biology of Oak defoliator, Gazalina chrysolopha Koil
Wali-ur-Rehman and M. Ismail Chaudhry
Artificial Hatching of Silkworm Eggs after chilling
Mian Muhammad Muslim
...es for their artificial hatching in autumn. Treatment with 20% HCL solution was found to be most suitable for obtaining maximum useful hatchability of 92.3% under local conditions....
Biology and natural enimies of Pine bagworm, Cryptothelea crameri Westwood (Psychidae: Lepidoptera)
M. Ismail Chaudhry and Wali-ur-Rehman
...per female. Larvae after hatching disperse and construct their bags by uniting small bits of bark of twigs and pass through 5 larval instars during 10.5 to 11 months including 5 moths of hibernation. The larvae pupate in May - June for a period of 7-30 days. The life cycle is annual. Brachycorphus nursei Cam. (Ichneumonidae) Sturmia inconspicuella and Podomyia sp. (Tachinidae) were recorded parasitizing bagworms in the defoliated ...
Artificial hatching of silkworm eggs
Mian Mohammad Muslim
... conditions. ...
Biological studies on leaf stitcher of Poplars, Gypsonoma hapalosarca Meyr in Pakistan
M. Ismail Chaudhry and Iqbal Ahmad
... days. Larvae just after hatching start stitching leaves and feed inside. The larval during duration lasts for 9 to 24 days during which they pass through 5-6 larval instars. Pupation takes place within the stitched leaves, in cracks and crevices on the bark and under leaves attached to the stem and branches of the trees. The insect remains under pupation for 6 to 14 days. A life cycle is completed in 21 to 52 days. The pest hibernates in pupal stage...
Nidification and Breeding Success of Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis) in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Tariq Ahmad1*, Anum Razzaq2, Hira Shahzadi2, Faiz Ur Rehman4, Li Bo1, 
Saif Ullah2, Omama Saqib1, Muhammad Tayyab Khan5, Muhammad Suliman1 and Ayesha Zulfiqar3
...active nests with 70.96% hatching success and a low percentage of nestlings fledged i.e. (29.03%). The percentage of fledgling success was lower than the hatching success. One was at the North pole, the other was at the South pole, one was at the west pole thus the other was at east. It’s interesting to note that the spotted dove’s new young ones lie at 180° angle as the clutch size is two. Some of the major ...
Impact of Ova Injection with Zinc Methionine on Some Blood Parameters and Glycogen Level of Broiler Chickens’ Exposed to Feed Fasting

Salman K.A.A1, Mohammed Khalil Ibrahim Al-Saeedi2, Hashim Hadi Al-Jebory3*

...tments were used for the hatching egg treatments. They were as follows: T1: a 0.3 ml injection of NaCl, the T2, T3, and T4 treatments egg was treated with a 60, 80, and 100 ppm zinc-methionine solution, respectively. After that, 15 chicks from each treatment were selected and given a 48-hour fast. The results were: At six hours, the cholesterol levels dropped dramatically (P≤0.05) in T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2. Triglyceride concentrations for T3 were s...
Brood Stock Development, Reproductive Performance and Breeding of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Pakistan

Muhammad Ramzan Ali1*, Hasina Basharat2, Aziz Ahmed1, Mubeen Fakhar1 and Shamim Akhter2

...f fertilization rate (%) hatching rate (%) and a handsome number of hatchlings was obtained by the artificial breeding. 

...
Plant Phenology and Leaf Maturity Influences on the Nematicidal Activity of Castor Leaf Extracts Against Okra Root-Knot Nematodes

Kouakou Yadom Yao François-Regis*, Kra Kouamé Daniel and Atta Diallo Hortense

... days, respectively. Egg-hatching inhibition and juvenile mortality were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of extracts. Castor leaf extracts were applied to okra soils infested with M. incognita. The gall index, gall reduction, and nematode reproduction were determined. The unhatched egg rate ranged from 49.50 to 81.60%, and the juvenile mortality varied from 73.10 to 100% depending on extracts. The immature leaf extract from flowering plants was the most...
Ethnobotanical Study of Munda Khazana, District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Rehan Ullah1, Fazli Rahim1, Muhammad Sajid1, Shakir Ullah2*, Shahab Ali2, Lubna Shakir3, Mohammad Sohail4 and Ghani Subhan5

...furniture-making, 4 for thatching, 2 as hedges, 2 for fruit, and 6 species were valued for ornamental purposes. The dominant plant families in the study area included Rosaceae with 10 species, followed by Fabaceae and Poaceae, each represented by 9 species. The families Lamiaceae and Solanaceae each included 8 species. Additionally, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Moraceae, Papilionaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rutaceae were represented by 5 species each, while Eupho...
Comparative Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Biopesticides, and Plant Extracts Against Agricultural Pest Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)

Bashir Ahmed and Salma Javed* 

...extract, and EPNs on egg hatching were evaluated, revealing that neem oil exhibited the highest efficacy with 98% inhibition at 72 hours; however, no statistically significant differences were noted among treatments over time. Additionally, a nursery trial assessed the impact of these treatments on plant growth parameters. EPNs demonstrated superior performance in promoting plant height and root growth compared to other treatments, indicating their dual role i...
Ingestion and Utilization of Microalgae with Different Characteristics by Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata Larvae

Zhenghua Deng1,2,3, Wang Zhao1,2,3, Mingqiang Chen1,2,3, Gang Yu 1,2,3 and Yu Wang1,2,3*

...rvae at 2 dph (days post hatching) (shell length: 79.01 ± 2.00 μm), 8 dph (90.81± 4.61 μm), 14 dph (108.81 ± 6.58 μm), and 20 dph (146.83 ± 8.92 μm). Larvae were stocked in flasks and fed 105 cells/mL of each species of microalgae individually. Larvae were fed for one hour and then observed under the microscope to detect ingestion. Larvae were then sieved and placed in flasks containing filtered seawater to measure the a...
Slope Direction, Elevation and Clutch Size Influences Breeding Success of White-Crested Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) in Margalla Hills National Park, Pakistan

Ali Akhter1, Bushra Allah Rakha1*, Muhammad Sajjad Ansari2, Shamim Akhter1 and Sakhawat Ali3

Study of Effect Ultra-Violet Rays on Egg Hatching of the Sunn Pest Eurygaster testudinaria

Ahmed Shamkhi Jabbar

...pact of radiation on egg hatching. The results indicated that different UVC-irradiation exposure times could affect egg hatchability, culminating in a gradual decrease in egg hatching percentages of 30.95, 16.66, and 2.38% respectively. Thus, UVC-irradiation was found to be an effective method for controlling the sunn pest E. testudinaria eggs. 

...
Effects of Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation on Melatonin and Oocyte Maturation in African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus

Epro Barades1,4*, Iskandar2, Ibnu Dwi Buwono2, Yuli Andriani2, Ayi Yustiati2, Roffi Grandiosa2, Ratu Siti Aliah3

...eter, yolk diameter, and hatching rate. However, tryptophan content has a non-linear effect especially on egg and yolk diameter, the result showed at X treatment 1.52 ± 0.05 and 1.27 ± 0.04 mm, and Z treatment 1.53 ± 0.02 and 1.27 ± 0.02 mm, showed a significant difference (p<0.05) compared to the Y treatment 1.35 ± 0.01 mm and 1.11 ± 0.01 mm Therefore, this study concluded that tryptophan supplementation of 0.49% i...

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

1

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., Vol. 13, Iss. 1, pp. 1-216

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