Jonathan Jong
... in supernatural agents, participation in rituals, formation of non-kin groups, obedience to moral codes, and so forth—that variously co-occur in packages we intuitively label as particular religions. Furthermore, these distinct phenomena are also present among ostensibly nonreligious (or secular) individuals and groups. Scholars of religion and nonreligion should therefore all but abandon the terms “religion” and “nonreligion”, a...
David F. Bradley*, Julie J. Exline, Alex Uzdavines
...past anger at gods, less participation in explicitly nonreligious activities, and greater desire for gods to exist. Basing a hypothetical god on a previous personal image of god was associated with imagining a more loving and less distant god, while using a culturally popular image of god was associated with a more cruel god. Our findings suggest nonbelievers, when prompted to imagine a hypothetical god, do not uniformly imagine cruel gods, but a diverse array...
Klara Fischer1*, Erika Chenais1,2, Emeli Torsson1, Jonas Johansson Wensman1
... efforts to achieve true participation and to incorporate lessons about participation and power from the social sciences may be required. This review shows that social science engagement in PE to date is virtually non-existent, but that increased efforts to draw lessons from the social sciences and to increase the degree of participation in PE could increase its potential as an important t...
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
...ncies of AEOs with their participation in training programs and their higher educational qualification. The differences were considered as training needs and the AEOs need in-service training to enhance their ability in agricultural mechanization. A significantly high competency level was found in describing the agriculture machines and equipments and use of hand tools and implements. Most of the respondents have high competency level having practical farming ...
Neelum Andaleeb, Munir Khan and Syed Attaullah Shah
... determine women’s participation in livestock farming and to investigate factors affecting their participation. A multistage sampling method was used to select a sample of 274 livestock farm households from 6 rural Union Councils, and a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from female respondents through face to face interviews. A composite index was constructed to measure the extent of women’s ...
P.P. Ghosh*, A. Chakraborty, S.K. Bhattacharya, C. Ghosh, B. Mahato and M.K. Bhattacharjya
...h damage with the active participation of village women responsible for the storage. Proven biological, chemical and botanical (vegetable oil) approaches of management were tested against traditional practice and replicated among 10 different household at 10 villages. Results showed that grain dressing with both neem and mustard oil under botanical approaches performed significantly superior over other approaches and traditional practice in terms reduction in ...
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan*, Shah Saud Ahmad and Asif Nawaz
...general body meeting and participation in elections by FSC members. FSC administration did not fulfill its obligation regarding provision of vegetable seed to its members resultantly they purchased seeds from the open market. Due to effective services of FSCs, farmers were inclined towards the cultivation of vegetables on larger areas and hence achieved significant yield of these selected vegetables in the study area. It is suggested that steps should be taken...
Muhammad Luqman1,3, Raheel Saqib2*, Xu Shiwei3 and Yu Wen3
...s which limit the active participation of both the genders (men and women) in agricultural operations and also towards gender disparity in agricultural extension. Agriculture comprises of a number of farming activities, where both men and women are involved in multiple diverse nature of field operations. Inspite of their high contribution in farm and non-farm activities, there exist gender disparity with reference to agricultural extension, education and other...
Aneela Afzal, Tanvir Ali, Munir Ahmad, Humera Amin and Samina Saki*
...tify rural women’s participation in different agricultural activities especially crop related involvement in the district Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. A multistage random sampling technique was used to collect the data from 480 respondents from three tehsils of the district. The results show that a vast majority of women were illiterate, having annual family income less than one lac, living in joint family system and having small land farms. A large proporti...
Sher Muhammad , Ijaz Ashraf*, Amir Khatam**, and Naima
Nawaz***
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES OF MODEL FARM SERVICES CENTERS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
...ing may result in active participation by farmers in farm related activities. The present paper focuses on farmers' participation in various activities of MFSCs as influenced by their socio-economic characteristics. The target population of current study consisted of the member farmers of the MFSCs in four districts of KPK having different ecological mix cropping zones. Data were collected with the help of a validated and re...
Muhammad Zahid Latif1*, Rahila Nizami2, Intzar Hussain3
...y organizations that the participation on volunteer basis should be regular and ongoing (3). This is worth mentioning that in United States during the year of 2000, 15.5 billion hours were contributed by 83.9 million volunteers which is equal to an amount of USD 39.2 billion wages for the employees (4). During the year of 2006, there were 5.2 million volunteers in Australia contributing aro...
Shaista Naz1*, Noor Paio Khan1, Naveed Afsar2 and Ashfaq Ahmad Shah3
...However, their extent of participation (time allocation) and constraints in livestock management have not been properly explored yet. To fill in the gap, the present research study was carried out to determine women’s participation in the types of livestock rearing, their livestock possession, participation in livestock activities, and the major faced constraints in livestock managem...
Neelum Andaleeb1*, Munir Khan1, Syed Attaullah Shah1 and Rahmat Ullah2
...ference to women’s participation in livestock farming. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect a sample of 274 livestock farm households from six union councils of district Mardan. Data were collected through face to face interviews from female members of the selected livestock farm households in 2015-16. Data were analyzed by ordered logit model to determine factors affecting households welfare, measured as daily per capita income level. Var...
Seth Ligo
...n Varaṇasi relies upon participation in social networks that extend to members beyond the contemporary and the mundane.
...
Rizwan Ahmad and Muhammad Zulfiqar*
...ngthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve wheat varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better. ...
Muhammad Israr1*, Helen Ross2, Shakeel Ahmad3, Nafess Ahmad4 and Urooba Pervaiz5
...ified are wealth status, participation/empowerment, environment, health, education, and standard of living. We apply the methodology to a study in northern Pakistan. The index of multidimensional poverty demonstrates that alongside the other dimensions there is severe poverty in terms of environment, empowerment/ participation, and wealth dimensions. The measure of intensity of the poverty shows that 55% of the population wa...
Asif Yaseen1, Muhammad Israr2*, Allah Bux Khan1, Ahsan Javed3, Nafees Ahmad4 and Zia Ullah5
...results indicated though participation in traditional marketing channels (with intermediaries) is still profitable, high value marketing channels appeared more attractive alternative, having been shown to offer increased net income to smallholder citrus growers. Findings showed the importance of production experience and know-how of quality issues are the significant determinants of farmers’ reliance on high value marketing channels. To this end, policy ...
Saba1, Shahnaz Akhtar1, Waqar Khalid2* and Saifullah Khan3
...tudy was to identify the participation of women in livestock management practices and to explore factors determining their engagement in district Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A multi-stage sampling approach was adopted to choose a random sample of 110 women farmers from the union council of village Shewa, and a well-structured questionnaire was designed to accumulate the primary dataset from rural women through face to face interviews. A women’s ...
Gulnaz Hameed1, Abdul Saboor1, Khuram Nawaz Sadozai2*, Ghaffar Ali2, Dawood Jan2 and Mansoor Rasheed3
...evealed empirically that participation of women in different economic activities plays an important role in poverty reduction so the policies which are gender friendly can be highly advantageous particularly in the distant regions. Local communities may be involved and private sector should also be invited by foundation of mutual social conscientiousness to improve education related infrastructure. ...
Shaista Naz1*, Noor P. Khan1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Azra2
Does Women’s Participation in Livestock Management Enhance their Empowerment? An Insight from the Tribal Belt of Pakistan
...rises that women’s participation in livestock management has some relation to their empowerment or it is not a debatable issue. To address the issue, this research is carried out in the tribal areas of Pakistan for which data were collected from 323 randomly selected female respondents from 323 randomly selected households in Mohmand Agency. The collected data were analyzed using percent participation, descriptive stat...
Muhammad Yaseen1*, Xu Shiwei2, Yu Wen2, Ejaz Ashraf1, Muhammad Luqman1, Muhammad Ameen3 and Sadia Hassan4
Farmers Behavior to Participate in Public Sector Agricultural Extension Services: Comparative Analysis of Pakistan and China
...vestigate farmer’s participation behavior concerning public sector agricultural extension services, by comparing the situations of two countries, Pakistan and China. The logistic regression model was used to study the influence of age, education, labor, farm area and villages on the household head’s participation in agricultural extension services/ activities organized by public sector department. For this purpos...
Syed Muhammad1*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui2, Farhat Ullah Khan1 and Nawab Khan3
Self-perceived Constraints of Extension Field Staff Affecting their Working Efficiency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...e jurisdiction area, non-participation in policy decisions, unsatisfactory pay structure, unavailability of medical facilities, low opportunity of proper in-service trainings, poor linkages of agricultural extension with research wing and low social status. The Department of Agricultural Extension, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is advised to adopt appropriate measures to address these constraints of EFS in order to enable them to efficiently deliver their services....
Chala Hailu Hussen and Fikiru Temesgen Geleta
...allholder farmers’ participation decision in cluster crop production. By employing two-stage sampling techniques, data was collected from 160 farm households of selected Western Shewa zone districts, namely Ejersa-Lafo, and Bako-Tibe. Data was emanated from primary sources, which administrated by semi-structured questionnaire using personnel interview. On top of this, the focus group discussion was carried out on particular topics to supplement primary d...
Khalid Mehmood1*, Abdul Rehman2 and Ammara Khan1
...s, awareness, and active participation in farmers training programs. Farmers’ conventional behavior, lack of awareness, lack of access to quality seed, and lack of promotion of improved crop varieties were found as the major challenges in adoption of improved groundnut varieties in Pakistan. It is suggested that concrete measures should be taken for availability of the reliable seed of improved crop varieties to the farmers. The extension department may ...
Muhammad Yaseen*, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Luqman, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed and Muhammad Umer Mehmood
...ement to encourage their participation in agriculture. Based on the facts regarding the population of rural youth, a sample of 450 respondents was selected using a multistage sampling technique. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to have descriptive statistics of data. The majority of youth respondents were taking part in agricultural activities like land preparation, sowing practices, irrigation, harvesting and storage obtaining a percent...
Yaregal Tilahun1*, Benyam Tadesse1, Getachew Mekonnen2 and Tilahun Bekele3
...ting time, training, and participation to off/non-farm income. So, improving the skill and knowledge of farmers through increasing extension service and training, on-time delivery of farm inputs, create market linkage, and improved tea nursery management were some of the suggestions made to alleviate the study areas’ tea production and marketing difficulties....
Furqan Awan1,2, Sadia Nawaz3, Muhammad Muddassir Ali3,*, Asia Iqbal4, Raheela Akhtar5, Sehrish Firyal3, Haleema Sadia6, Arshad Javid4, Muhammad Rashid7, Muhammad Sulman Ali Taseer8 and Zhenling Zeng1
...n the basis of voluntary participation. Forty practices were approached, and veterinarians from 24 practices agreed to participate. Data were provided on 96 original presentations, excluding revisits, of which 47.92% were intact males and 52.08% were intact females with the mean age of 3.98 years. Moreover, further 96 controls were selected from the same clinical practices with same parameters. Among the dogs meant for different purposes, guarding purpose dogs...
Laiba Ajmal1, Sidra Ajmal2, Maleeha Ajmal3, Gul Nawaz3, Rabail Hassan Toor4, Hooria Younas1, Tassaduq Hussain Sheikh5 and Raazia Tasadduq1*
Ibrarul-Haq* and Malik Muhammad Shafi
...ors of household’s participation in the study area were also identified. The relationship among the household’s income from of the NTFP’s collection and age of the household head, level of education, distance between the forest and home, household size, landholding size, capacity of livestock herd for individual holding (number of livestock held), number of adult males, female and female headed household has been calculated through various ec...
M.A. Salam1,*, Sarada Kanta Bhagabati1, Rajdeep Datta1, H. Ramananda Singh2 and Gunajit Oinam2
...em with the help of full participation of community....
Naheed Zahra1*, Saira Batool1, Mubbashira Nazir1, Ghulam Akbar Malik2 and Iffat Batool3
Shaista Naz1*, Muhammad Arif2 and Akhtar Ali3
...ment and their increased participation can lead towards not only their own empowerment but also towards the development of the sector. Review of the empirical research across the developing world in the said subject not only shed light on the lessons learnt but also can identify the gaps left out. For this, a systematic review has been conducted to highlight the immense role of women in livestock and its determinants in the developing countries. To achieve the...
Asim Zubair1*, Anam Farid Chishtti2, Zohaib Atta Mehdie3, Aamna Arshad3, Ghulam Akbar Malik4 and Iffat Batool5
...e level of women’s participation, a composite score was created, and factors influencing women’s participation in cattle farming were identified using statistical methods. The findings show that women dominated practically all farming operations in the chosen area....
Anwar Ali1*, Muhammad Ayaz Khan2 and Nowsherwan Zarif1
...ct with active community participation. It is also recommend to stop open grazing and illicit cutting for the rehabilitation of these valuable forests....
Karl Maramorosch
...elds of science and from participation in symposia and congresses....
Addisu Jimma1,2*, Aberra Melesse1, Aynalem Haile3, Tesfaye Getachew3
...%). Factors such as CBBP participation, gender of the household head, age, flock size, and farm land size influenced flock dynamics and off-take rates. The CBBP was attributed to performance improvements in traits such as growth, coat color, litter size, survival, and lambing interval. Moreover, the program had a positive influence on economic benefits, as CBBP members reported higher annual income from sheep-related activities. This income played a crucial ro...
Muhammad Farooq1*, Lal Badshah2 and Sanam Zarif1
...s would be possible with participation of local communities and NGOs to make the plant resources sustainable. There is a dire need to provide an alternate source of energy to overcome the burden on rangeland resources.
Key words: Spectrum, Rangeland, Life form, Leaf size, Ashkhel, Shekhmalkhel...
Key words: Spectrum, Rangeland, Life form, Leaf size, Ashkhel, Shekhmalkhel...
Muhammad Tahir Laeeq and Maqbool Hassan
...source through community participation in Mazri area of Kech district.
The study reveals that majority of the people have their own small size of lands which are economically not feasible under mechanized agriculture system and circumstances and force to Mazri leaves collection. Further 50% of the population owned uncultivated area which can be used for cultivation of Mazri to increase their income. Majority of population collects Mazri from their own, ...
Tariq Mahmood and Zulfiqar Ali
...anagement and the active participation of local communities. This is a holistic approach, by now generally accepted as the best one and gaining popularity all over the world including Pakistan. The article addresses the same issue and emphasizes that participatory watershed management is the only solution for sustainable development of natural resources in degraded watersheds of Pakistan.
...
Muhammad Shabir Mughal, Asif Raza Wazir and Ch. Muhammad Muslim
... the area with community participation to conserve the forest and enhance biodiversity. ...
A.W. Jasra and Imtiaz Ahmad
...e advocacy and community participation as well as networking of various stakeholders emerged mandatory for developing seabuckthorn as livelihood source in resource poor mountain communities. The informal spiritual institutions were found to have very high potential for social mobilization to involve communities in research and development.
Key Words: Seabuckthorn, high value products, community participation, securing ...
Klaus Euler and Zulfiqar Ali Qazi
...ersity through community participation. Spaced over 135,300ha, the Valley has 27.4% of its area under forests, 24.2% under rangelands, 39.4% under wastelands, 7.6% under water bodies and permanent snow, while 1.4% of its area is under agriculture. Livestock rearing and subsistence agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy With about 32,000 livestock heads, there is a tremendous pressure on the rangelands Reduction in the numbers, better breeds, stall fe...
Editor
...eks to launch the active participation of all the concerned agencies and stakeholders, to realize the sustainable development of the resources. It is an umbrella policy providing guidelines to the Federal Government, Provincial Governments and territories for the management of their RNR. In consonance with it the Provincial and District Governments may devise their own policies in accordance with their circumstances....
Mamoona Wali Muhammad and Asad Ali
...esitate to accept female participation
in the activities. Contrary to the 17% male, 54% of the
female respondents confirmed their participation in
agroforestry works....
K. M. Siddiqui
... already confirmed their participation....
Abdul Aleem
...mme and ensure their participation;
and to take a first step towards nationally organising social science activities....
and to take a first step towards nationally organising social science activities....
Anwar Ali1*, Muhammad Ayaz Khan2, Muhammad Atif Majeed1 and Nowsherwan Zarif1
... trees through community participation and restoration of landscape through artificial regeneration techniques such as through sowing and planting. Preparation and implementation of forest management is also required to ensure sustainable forest management in the area....
Iffat Ara Mahzabin, Mohammad Maruf Hasan*, Saifur Rahman, Md. Asaduzzaman Sarker and Md. Yeakub Ali
... contact, organizational participation, and attitude towards extension service providers were identified as the influential factors affecting their level of satisfaction. As most of the fishermen had a medium level of satisfaction, concerned authorities should be more careful and take the initiative to make the services easier and more effective for the fishermen to maintain this current level of satisfaction....
Rejvi Ahmed Bhuiya1, Md. Ruhul Amin2 and A.K.M. Kanak Pervez2*
...sure, and organisational participation....
Mohammed Nasir Uddin1, Maimona Monir Jhilam1, Most Zannatun Nahar Mukta1, Zujaja Wahaj2, Mohammad Maruf Hasan1* and Samiha Khan3
...y income, organizational participation, and media contact were identified as the influential factors affecting the livelihood change of the wetland farmers and these factors accounted for 65.8% of the observed variation in the study’s focal issue. In terms of problems problems faced during the implementation of the crop interventions, 53% of the respondents reported facing medium-level problems. The most prominent problem reported by the respondents was ...
Baraa Najim Al-Okaily
...endeavors prioritize the participation of ROS from various molecules in both states of health and illness. Oxidative stress can result in unfavorable consequences, such as degenerative illnesses. Chronic liver and kidney disorders are highly widespread globally and are intricately linked to oxidative stress, a phenomenon that has been extensively studied and highlighted for many years. Collectively, we can conclude that the oxidative stress is normal when ther...
