Research Article

 

Nutrient Components and in vitro Digestibility of Treated and Untreated Date Palm Wastes with Mushroom (Pleurotus florida)

 

Ahmed El-Waziry1*, Fahad Alkoaik2, Ahmed Khalil2,3, Hassan Metwally1, Ronnel Fulleros2

1Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.

 

Editor | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received | February 19, 2016; Accepted | April 09, 2016; Published | April 28, 2016

*Correspondence | Ahmed El-Waziry, Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | El-Waziry A, Alkoaik F, Khalil A, Metwally H, Fulleros R (2016). Nutrient components and in vitro digestibility of treated and untreated date palm wastes with mushroom (Pleurotus florida). Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 4(4): 195-199.

DOI | Http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.4.195.199

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2016 El-Waziry et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The increase in feed price and shortage in green fodder promoted nutritionists to search for cheaper alternative feeds. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is arid areas described by low rainfall and underground water, so it have a low primary production and forage quality. Under these environments, it is useful to use desert plants, shrubs or/and tree leaves. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees are drought tolerant and salinity and it described as the natural resources. It is possible to use date palm residues after harvest dates from the trees as a type of roughage feed in ruminant diets. The number of date palms, as well as date production and consumption, vary among produced countries due to prevailing environmental conditions, the production purpose of this crop and social conventions of each country (El-Waziry et al., 2013). Some studies showed the date palm leaves can used in ruminant nutrition as alternative feeds (El-Waziry et al., 2013; Pascual et al., 2000; Bahman et al., 1997). A date palm tree usually produces about 20 kg of leaves (El-Waziry et al., 2013). However, with regards to their possible using, the information about feed intake and nutritive value of date palm leaves in ruminants are limited (Pascual et al., 2000). Bahman et al. (1997) noted that date palm leaves might be suitable alternative roughages in highly concentrated diets. Thus, agriculture by-products can be used as alternative feeds for animals such as date palm leaves after harvested the dates in its dry form or in the form of silage (El-Waziry et al., 2013). Recently, Khalil et al. (2015) reported the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on date palm wastes, and the end of several mushroom harvests, the growing material is considered spent oyster mushroom substrate contains enough digestible nutrients and may be suitable to feed animals. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate date palm wastes and treaded date palm wastes (spent mushroom substrate) as alternative feeds for ruminants using chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Dried date palm wastes (branches and leaves) were collected from the Educational Farm, Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of King Saud, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, and chopped into 2-3 cm. A treaded date palm waste (spent mushroom substrate) was prepared according to Khalil et al. (2015).

 

In vitro gas production was undertaken according to Menke and Steingass (1988). Rumen liquor was obtained from three cannulated goats fed on concentrate mixture and alfalfa hay. Buffer solution was prepared according to Onodera and Handerson (1980) and placed in a shaker water bath at 39oC with continuous flushing of CO2. Approximately 200 mg air dry of date palm wastes (DPW) and treaded date palm waste samples (TDPW) were placed into each syringe. Twenty four syringes were divided to two groups; each group consists of six replicates, two syringes each. The rumen fluid was mixed with buffer at 1:2 v/v, and 30 ml were placed into each syringe, containing the samples (200 mg) according to Blümmel and Ørskov (1993). Four syringes with only buffered rumen fluid were incubated as the blank. The incubation procedure was repeated three times. The gas production was recorded after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. The values of total gas production were corrected for the blank sample. Cumulative gas production values was fitted to the potential equation, Gas (Y) = a + b (1-exp-ct), where; a = the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction, b = the gas production from the insoluble fraction, a+b = potential degradability, c the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (b), t = incubation time, according to the model of Ørskov and McDonald (1979).

 

The energy values of DPW and TDPW were calculated from the amount of gas produced at 24 h of incubation with supplementary analysis of crude protein, ash, crude fat (Menke et al., 1979; Menke and Steingass, 1988).

 

ME (MJ/kg DM) = 2.2 + 0.136GP + 0.057CP + 0.0029CF

OMD (%) = 14.88 + 0.889 GP + 0.45CP + 0.0651XA

 

where: ME is the metabolizable energy; OMD is organic matter digestibility; GP is 24 h net gas production (ml/200 mg DM); CP is crude protein (% DM); CF is crude fat (% DM); XA is ash (% DM), as given below:

 

NE (Mcal/lb) = (2.2 + (0.0272*Gas) + (0.057*CP) + (0.149*EE)) /14.64

 

where:

Gas is 24 h net gas production (ml/g DM); CP is crude protein (% DM); EE is Ether extract (% DM), Then net energy unit converted to be MJ/kg DM.

 

Microbial protein (MP) was calculated according to Czerkawski (1986) as:

 

MP (g/kg OMD) = OMD X 19.3 X 6.25

 

where:

OMD is organic matter digestibility for 24 h.

 

The gas production caused by fermentation of the soluble fraction (GPSF) and insoluble fraction (GPNSF) was calculated by gas produced after 3 h and 24 h of the incubation, respectively, according to Van Gelder et al. (2005). Short chain fatty acids concentration was calculated as described by Menke et al. (1979).

 

GPSF (ml) = (gas at 3hr * 0.99*5) -3

GPNSF (ml) = (1.02*((gas at 24hr *5)-(gas at 3 hr*5))) +2

SCFA (mmol/200 mg DM) = 0.0222 gas at 24hr- 0.00425

 

Samples of the DPW and TDPW were analyzed for moisture, ash, ether extract, crude fiber and crude protein according to AOAC (1995).

 

The data were subjected to analysis statistical using SPSS statistics 22 (2013).

 

Table 1: Proximate analysis of date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW)

Components (%)	DPW	TDPW
Dry matter	96.22	93.54
Ash	33.07	15.79
Crude protein	8.04	12.02
Ether extract	0.46	0.54
Crude fiber	35.52	41.28
Nitrogen free extract	22.91	30.38

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

The proximate analysis of date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) is presented in Table 1. The values of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) in TDPW were higher than that in DPW, might be due to the low content of ash in TDPW (15.79%) compared to DPW (33.07%). The crude protein of date palm leaves is usually low, about 4.83-7% (El-Waziry et al., 2013; Arhab et al., 2006; Genin et al., 2004; Medjekal et al., 2011; El-Hag and El-Khanjari, 1992) and the values of those authors are lower compared to the present values for DPW and TDPW (8.04-12.02%). The increasing of CF and NFE in TDPW compared to DPW probably due to content of CF and NFE in mushroom residues contained TDPW, high cellulose and low lignin (Samsudin et al., 2013).

 

Table 2: cumulative of gas production (ml) produce from date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) during 72 h incubation time

	Incubation time (h)
	3	6	9	12	24	48	72
DPW	2.44	8.67	12.00	14.22	19.78	23.33a	23.44
TDPW	3.00	8.00	11.78	14.11	20.22	22.33b	23.00
sem1	0.16	0.17	0.24	0.20	0.23	0.25	0.22
p-value	0.77	0.93	0.50	0.79	0.35	0.04	0.33

 

1standard error of means; a,b mean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05)

 

Table 3: Parameters1 of gas production produced from date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) during 72 h incubation

	a+b (ml)	c (ml/h)
DPW	23.39	0.092
TDPW	22.94	0.094
sem2	0.21	0.002
p-value	0.30	0.80

 

1cumulative gas production data were fitted to the model of Ørskov and McDonald (1979), Gas (Y) = a + b (1-exp-ct), where; a = the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction, b = the gas production from the insoluble fraction, a+b = potential degradability, c the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (b), t = incubation time; 2standard error of means

 

Table 2 shows the cumulative of gas production produced from DPW and TDPW during 72 h incubation. The extent of gas production at 72 h was 23.44 and 23.00 ml for DPW and TDPW, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference between DPW and TDPW in gas production during 72 h incubation except at only 48 h. The same trend was detected between DPW and TDPW in potential degradability (a+b) and the gas production rate (c) (Table 3). The values were 23.39 and 22.94 ml for a+b and 0.092 and 0.094 for c in DPW and TDPW, respectively. The values of gas production, a+b and c in the present study are in agreement with the results of El-Waziry et al. (2013). Although they evaluated dry date palm vs silage of date palm. The treatment of mushroom (Pleurotus florida) growing in of date palm wastes (called spent mushroom substrate) did not affect gas production, potential degradability and the rate of gas production in comparison with untreated date palm wastes. Gas production has been widely used to measure the nutritive value of feedstuff, crop by-product wastes and desert plants (El-Waziry et al., 2005; El-Waziry, 2007; El-Waziry et al., 2007; Razligi et al., 2011; Getachew et al., 1998).

 

Table 4: Predicted of metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and microbial protein (MP) in vitro from date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) during 24 h incubation

	ME (MJ/kg DM)	NE (MJ/kg DM)	OMD (%)	MP (g/kg OMD)1
DPW	5.35b	3.06b	38.23b	46.11b
TDPW	5.64a	3.23a	39.29a	47.39a
sem2	0.05	0.11	0.24	0.28
p-value	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02

 

1MP (g/kg OMD) according to Czerkawski (1986); 2standard error of means; a,b mean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05)

 

Predicted of metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and microbial protein (MP) are given in Table 4. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between DPW and TDPW in ME, NE, OMD and MP, and The TDPW had the higher values compared to DPW. The increase of ME, NE, OMD and MP in TDPW vs DPW could be attributed to the increase of CP, EE, CF and NFE resulted to the treatment growing of mushroom in DPW. The trend of the present results is agreed with the results of Akinfemi and Ogunwole (2012) concerning to ME and OMD. There was no significant difference between linen straw and treated linen straw with white fungi in ME, NE, OMD and MP (Nasser et al., 2009).

 

Table 5: Gas production produced from soluble (GPSF) and insoluble (GPNSF) fractions of date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA)

	GPSF (ml/200 mg DM)	GPNSF (ml/200 mg DM)	SCFA (mmol/200 mg DM)
DPW	9.10	90.40	0.43
TDPW	11.30	90.63	0.44
sem1	0.87	0.59	0.01
p-value	0.18	0.85	0.35

 

1standard error of means

 

Gas production produced from soluble (GPSF) and insoluble (GPNSF) fractions of date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are shown in Table 5. There were no significant differences between DPW and TDPW in GPSF, GPNSF and SCFA, this is might be due to the gas production at 24 h of incubation. Because GPSF, GPNSF and SCFA were calculated using gas values produced in the media at 24 h, and there was no significant difference between DPW and TDPW in gas production during the incubation time. The results of Akinfemi and Ogunwole (2012) are contrary with the present results of SCFA, due to the differences of the type of substrates, the type of fungi and the activity of microbes in the media.

 

There are a positive correlation between gas production and GPSF, GPNSF and SCFA in the current study. In general, gas production is mostly resulted of carbohydrates fermentation, while gas production from the fermentation of protein is quite small in comparison with carbohydrate fermentation, however gas produced from fat is negligible (Wolin, 1960). The in vitro gas production technique has been used to measure the energy value of feedstuffs (Getachew et al., 1998; El-Waziry et al., 2005, 2007; Aiple et al., 1996) particularly straws (Makkar et al., 1999; Nasser et al., 2009; Sallam et al., 2007) agro-industrial by products (Krishna and Gunther, 1987; Sallam et al., 2008) tropical feeds (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1995; Sallam, 2005, El-Waziry, 2007; El-Waziry et al., 2013) and grasses (Al-Koaik et al., 2014). Determination of the digestibility of feeds in vivo technique is hard method, expensive, needful large amounts of feeds, and it is mainly unsuitable for single feedstuff so making it unacceptable for regular feed evaluation (Getachew et al., 2005). The gas production technique has been widely used as a simple method, suitable, fast, and allows a large number of samples to be evaluated. It could be concluded that fungal treatment of date palm wastes not only improved the CP contents but also improved ME, NE, OMD and MP. Mushroom treated date palm wastes “called spent mushroom substrate” have a good potential as feed resources for ruminant animals and could be used as useful source of fibre to supply the energy for ruminants.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

 

All the authors contributed equally.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

The Authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the work through the research group Project Number RGP-134.

 

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