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Effects of Oxytetracycline and Flunixin Meglumine Treatments on the Haematological and Serum Biochemistry Profiles of Goats Experimentally Induced with Mannheimia haemolytica Pneumonia

JAHP_11_1_73-81

Research Article

Effects of Oxytetracycline and Flunixin Meglumine Treatments on the Haematological and Serum Biochemistry Profiles of Goats Experimentally Induced with Mannheimia haemolytica Pneumonia

Fathin Faahimaah Abdul Hamid1, Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan1*, Jasni Sabri1 , Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah2,Mohammed Naji Odhah1, Nur Athirah Binti Abdul Manaf1, Mohd Jefri Norsidin2 , Siti Nor Che Yahya1, Intan Noor Aina Kamaruzaman1, Nur Zul Izzati Mohd Rajdi1

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; 2Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract | Mannheimiosis is one of the common causes of pneumonia caused by Mannheimia haemolytica. Evaluation of the hematological and serum biochemistry changes is critical to determine the effectiveness of the treatment approach in reducing the severity of infection. Healthy goats (n=20) were equally divided into 5 groups: Mannheimia haemolytica 107 concentration was inoculated intranasally to all goats except goats of Group 1 which served as the negative control, Group 2 was the positive control, Group 3 goats treated with oxytetracycline, Group 4 goats were treated with flunixin meglumine, and group 5 received both oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine treatments. Blood samples were collected at 24 hours, days 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, and 28 post-inoculation for the clinical pathology evaluation through complete blood count and serum biochemistry evaluation. Results showed that post-infection resulted mild fluctuation of the red blood cell parameters in the goats with a decrease in the total white blood cell count (p<0.05). The serum biochemistry shows the total protein, albumin and globulin are within the range with mild increment in creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, and gamma glutaryl transferase however there were increased lactate dehydrogenase levels post-infection with Mannheimia haemolytica (p<0.05). In conclusion, oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine treatments does not have a great influence on the parameters evaluated in goats experimentally induced with Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia.

 

Keywords | Haematological, Biochemistry, Goats, Pneumonia, Mannheimiosis


Received | August 19 2022; Accepted | September 15, 2022; Published | February 15, 2023

*Correspondence | Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Email: farhan.h@umk.edu.my

Citation | Hamid FFA, Reduan MFH, Sabri J, Abdullah FFJ, Odhah MN, Manaf NABA, Norsidin MJ, Yahya SNC, Kamaruzaman INA, Rajdi IM (2023). Effects of oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine treatments on the haematological and serum biochemistry profiles of goats experimentally induced with mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia. J. Anim. Health Prod. 11(1): 73-81.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2023/11.1.73.81

ISSN | 2308-2801

 

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Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).



Introduction

Pneumonia is a common respiratory condition in the tropical region and has been the major contributor to economic losses after diarrhea in small ruminant industries (Dohare et al., 2013). Mannheimia sp. is among the common causative agents contributing to the high prevalence of Mannheimiosis in small ruminants (Chung et al., 2015). These opportunistic pathogens produce diseases when the animal is immunocompromised (Rice et al., 2007). They often disrupt the innate mucosal defense mechanism and lead to acute pulmonary infections characterized by a necrotizing inflammatory response (Sabri et al., 2013).

Haematological and serum biochemistry profiles are valuable diagnostic tools that are helpful in the diagnosis of many organs and systemic diseases supported by history and clinical examination findings. The information assists in diagnosis, surveillance and predicting the prognosis of the animal, planning of the therapeutic options and monitoring response to treatments (Russell and Roussel, 2007; Roland et al., 2014). In this study, oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine drugs were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment through haematology and serum biochemical changes in goats inoculated with mannheimiosis. Oxytetracycline is a broad spectrum antimicrobial drug commonly applied for gastrointestinal and respiratory tract diseases (Aktas & Yarsan, 2017). Meanwhile, flunixin meglumine is used to alleviate the inflammation response towards respiratory disease or endotoxemia (Weil & Baird, 2021). Until today, the hematological and serum biochemical findings in the post-treatment of mannhemiosis in goats are still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical changes upon inoculation and post-treatments of mannheimiosis.

Material and Methods

Animals and management

Twenty healthy goats were used in this study and the goats were kept in separate pens and fed with commercial goat pellets. They were provided with ad libitum of Napier grass and drinking water. The experimental procedure was conducted under the approval of the Animal Care and Use Ethics Committee (ACUC), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. The ethical approval number was (UMK/FPV/ACUC/PG/3/2021).

Bacteria preparation and experimental design

Mannheimia haemolytica growth on the blood agar plate was used as inoculum. The infection dose of the bacteria inoculum was standardized at 107 CFU/ml concentration using 107 McFarland’s standard. Twenty goats were equally divided into five groups (Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Group 1 was kept as a negative control and given 1 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) intranasally and all other groups were inoculated with 107 CFU/1mL of Mannheimia haemolytica intranasally. Goats in the Group 2 were kept as the positive control and no treatment was given in the study period while goats in Group 3 were treated with antimicrobial (Oxytetracycline, 20 mg/kg, SID) on days 6 and 9 post-infection. Group 4 was treated only with an anti-inflammatory drug (Flunixin meglumine, 1.1mg/kg, BID) for 5 days of post-infection and Group 5 received both antimicrobial (Oxytetracycline, 20 mg/kg, SID) on days 6 and 9 and anti-inflammatory drug (Flunixin meglumine, 1.1 mg/kg, BID) treatment for five days on post-infection. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein at 24 hours, days 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, and 28 days post-infection for the analysis.

Laboratory analyses

Blood samples were analysed using an automatic haematology analyser (Scil Vet abc™, Horiba Medical, Montpellier, France) for the red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets (PLT), total number of white blood cells (WBC).

An automatic biochemistry analyser (Randox, RX daytona, United Kingdom) was used to determine the concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLOB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Statistical analysis

The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 26. The values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for different parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were done to compare the differences of data between and within groups. Post hoc analysis using Duncan test were used to determine the level of statistical significance which was set at p<0.05.

Results

For the haematological evaluation, within 24 hours of post- inoculation, RBC counts show there was significant (p<0.05) reduction of the RBC levels in all groups compared to the negative control. Levels of the Hb demonstrated no significant difference observed in all groups. The HCT levels showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in all inoculated groups compared to negative control groups at 24 hours to day 9 of post-inoculation (Table 1). The MCV shows a significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels in all group compared to negative control. Meanwhile, MCHC shows a significant increase (p<0.05) in both groups 2 and 5 compared to negative control (Table 2).

On day 5 of post- inoculation which is the peak of infection, RBC evaluation revealed there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in RBC level in all groups compared to the negative control. The Hb concentration in group 3 was significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared to the negative control. HCT levels show a significant decrease (p<0.05) in all groups compared to group 1 (negative control)

 

Table 1: Red Blood cells parameters (mean ± SD) of goats experimentally infected with Mannheimiosis

Groups 24 hr Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28

Red Blood Cells (RBC) (x106 µl)

Group 1

20.97±2.08c

20.97±2.08d

21.04±2.15b

21.05±2.15c

21.05±2.15c

20.97±2.08c

20.97±2.08b

20.97±2.08b

Group 2

11.59±1.27a

12.17±1.70a

13.15±3.06a

11.38±1.08a

12.18±2.69a

13.29±2.07a

14.15±2.26a

14.06±2.69a

Group 3

12.95±1.29a

13.87±1.75ab

15.50±3.59a

16.16±3.37b

15.27±2.40ab

16.67±2.62ab

16.24±1.89a

17.30±2.39ab

Group 4

14.75±0.95b

18.25±1.06c

19.16±1.03b

18.80±1.41bc

17.23±0.84b

18.66±0.08bc

19.43±1.31b

19.72±3.64b

Group 5

13.31±1.03ab

15.40±1.08b

15.10±1.13a

15.68±1.15b

14.46±1.43ab

15.32±2.75ab

15.95±1.56a

16.97±0.46ab

 

Hemoglobin (HGB) (g/dl)

Group 1

9.30±0.87a

9.30±0.87b

9.35±0.88b

9.35±0.88b

9.35±0.88b

9.30±0.87a

9.30±0.87b

9.30±0.87b

Group 2

7.47±0.97a

5.75±1.93ab

7.05±0.70ab

6.30±0.71ab

6.40±0.67a

7.12±0.25a

7.02±0.40ab

7.42± 0.17a

Group 3

5.37±1.33a

4.78±3.26a

7.40±1.22ab

7.67±1.20ab

7.07±0.94ab

8.02±0.99a

7.20±0.48ab

7.87± 0.21a

Group 4

9.16±0.90a

7.83±0.34ab

7.86±0.47a

7.90±0.71a

7.03±0.38a

7.17±0.75a

7.70± 0.50a

7.83 ±1.66a

Group 5

7.02±2.79a

7.65±0.67ab

7.50±0.77ab

7.67±0.68ab

7.05±0.39ab

7.65±1.68a

7.32±0.85ab

8.90± 1.67a

 

Haematocrit (HCT) (%)

Group 1

35.55± 3.87b

35.55± 3.87b

35.55±3.87b

35.55±3.88b

35.55±3.88d

35.55±3.87a

35.55 ±3.87a

35.55±3.87ab

Group 2

23.26±0.40a

23.48±0.38a

21.33±2.21a

20.88±1.67a

19.22±1.41b

22.97±3.74a

24.75±2.30a

26.97± 1.06ab

Group 3

22.46±1.03a

22.46±1.03a

21.07±1.10a

20.67±1.79a

25.57±4.16c

28.86±2.34a

25.95±2.21a

28.02±1.72ab

Group 4

21.97±1.12a

21.97±1.12ab

27.68±1.43a

27.68±1.43a

27.68±1.43a

32.10±2.62a

32.70±2.29a

33.55±2.72ab

Group 5

23.05±0.54a

23.05±0.54a

27.42±1.18a

27.42±1.18a

26.45±1.17c

29.75±0.52a

30.52±1.20a

31.10± 1.68a

Note: Different superscript letters on the group means in each column indicate significant difference (p< 0.05).

 

Table 2: Mean hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume (mean± SD) in goats experimentally infected with Mannheimiosis

Groups 24 Hr Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28

Mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (g/dl)

Group 1

40.10±

26.54a

40.10±26.54a

26.35±1.08a

26.35±1.08a

26.35±1.08a

40.10±26.54ab

40.10±26.54ab

40.10±

26.54ab

Group 2

97.05±

8.85bc

65.27±36.98a

58.07±36.82a

58.60±24.21ab

47.17±16.09a

36.05±8.14ab

39.67±23.58ab

46.67±

38.89ab

Group 3

99.05±

25.08bc

56.32±48.27a

73.02±25.66a

45.12±33.70a

27.95±3.94a

52.30±30.25b

42.42±29.34b

31.25±

21.19b

Group 4

60.77±

40.62ab

42.52±52.74a

45.10±41.63a

88.40±58.60ab

44.02±30.86a

15.50±10.70a

17.72± 11.81a

16.85±

12.48a

Group 5

110.25±

14.44c

91.90±43.40a

66.27±43.98a

123.70±64.54b

29.65±1.68a

16.87±19.93a

45.62±15.11b

49.72±

8.02b

 

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (fl)

Group 1

17.91±

1.96a

 

17.88±1.98a

17.91±1.96a

17.88±1.98a

17.91±1.96a

17.88±1.98a

17.88±1.98a

17.91±

1.96a

Group 2

34.25±

0.96b

 

34.48± 2.68c

30.37±5.40b

33.75±0.50b

30.45±4.37b

26.51±6.15ab

17.66± 2.45a

33.84±

2.31c

Group 3

33.50±

1.29b

 

33.25±0.95bc

32.91±2.31b

32.91±2.32b

16.70±0.34a

32.29±2.13b

17.56±1.92a

25.30±

10.07b

Group 4

33.33±

0.47b

 

29.35± 5.31b

27.53±7.73b

33.33±0.47b

32.33±0.94b

23.25±8.56ab

16.66± 0.09a

31.55±

2.63bc

Group 5

33.25±

0.50b

 

32.28±2.29bc

29.80±4.37b

29.70±8.60b

16.47±0.15a

25.83±6.80ab

32.60± 2.33b

34.25±

0.50c

Note: Different superscript letters on the group means in each column indicate significant difference (p< 0.05).

 

Table 3: Total White blood cell count and platelet evaluation (mean± SD) in goats experimentally infected with Mannheimiosis

Groups 24Hr Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
    Total White Blood cell count (cells/µl)      
Group 1

31.65±

2.61b

31.65±

2.61a

26.60±

10.46a

26.60±

10.46a

26.60±

10.46a

26.77±

10.13a

26.77±

10.13a

52.47±

41.70b

Group 2

13.30±

4.90a

15.97±

7.47a

19.52±

9.44a

13.30±

2.45a

15.40±

3.82a

19.05±

2.20a

12.27±

8.37a

17.20±

1.26a

Group 3

9.17±

3.63a

13.07±

17.82a

19.25±

10.94a

18.65±

8.05a

17.60±

8.05a

16.85±

6.62a

13.60±

10.91a

29.30±

27.68a

Group 4

10.1±

7.82a

9.025±

26.19a

10.52±

7.29a

8.45±

6.0.5a

9.00±

6.29a

9.67±

7.19a

11.00±

8.17a

9.50±

6.59a

Group 5

8.85±

4.55a

11.97±

2.27a

13.75±

3.78a

13.90±

2.445a

14.52±

4.77a

14.65±

4.01a

15.55±

4.39a

24.72±

18.90a

 

Platelet (x103 µl)

Group 1

259.25±

62.55a

259.25±

62.55a

267.00±

54.50a

267.00±

54.49a

267.00±

54.49a

259.25±

62.55a

259.25±

62.55a

259.25±

62.55a

Group 2

267.00±

54.50a

320.75±

261.67a

397.25±

265.63a

406.50±

270.91a

409.25±

270.91a

433.25±

282.52a

435.00±

239.01a

344.25±

215.00a

Group 3

259.25±

62.55a

137.25±

111.19a

414.25±

205.31a

397.50±

203.68a

399.25±

226.44a

459.25±

265.21a

405.00±

279.00a

340±

201.51a

Group 4

267.00±

54.50a

331.00±

290.11a

278.00±

249.44a

328.75±

266.98a

260.00±

218.29a

327.25±

220.83a

257.25±

227.93a

381.25±

402.22a

Group 5

267.00±

54.550a

307.00±

159.95a

282.00±

116.73a

287.00±

140.80a

238.75±

23.71a

538.50±

387.05a

259.75±

91.16a

303.75±

273.15a

Note: Different superscript letters on the group means in each column indicate significant difference (p< 0.05).

 

Table 4: Total proteins, albumin and globulin (mean± SD) level in blood of goats experimentally infected with Mannheimiosis

Groups 24Hr Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
 

Total protein (TP) (g/dl)

Group 1

6.67 ± 0.68 b

 

6.70± 0.53a

6.67± 0.53a

6.70± 0.53ab

6.67±0.68a

6.70±

0.53a

6.67±0.68a

6.70±0.53a

Group 2

6.38 ± 0.52 a

6.57 ±0.50a

6.23±0.14 a

6.32±0.37 a

7.37 ± 0.60 ab

7.42±

0.50 ab

7.25 ±0.27b

7.18 ± 0.11b

Group 3

5.90±0.54ab

7.37±0.64a

6.40±0.48a

7.25 ± 0.54b

7.67±0.43b

7.72±

0.54b

7.82 ± 0.51b

7.93±0.50b

Group 4

4.32 ±2.90a

4.92 ±3.40a

6.27±0.05a

6.65±0.63ab

7.62±0.42b

7.57±

0.57ab

7.83±0.41b

7.92±0.40b

Group 5

6.61±0.31b

6.80 ±0.14a

6.70 ±0.08a

6.87±0.40ab

6.87±0.55ab

6.90±

0.57ab

7.55±0.24b

7.65 ±0.27b

 

Albumin (ALB) (g/dl)

Group 1

3.27 ± 0.30b

3.27 ± 0.30a

3.12 ±0.31ab

3.27 ± 0.31a

3.12 ± 0.31a

3.27 ± 0.30 b

3.27 ± 0.30 a

3.12 ± 0.31b

Group 2

3.17 ± 0.21b

3.02 ±0.27a

3.30 ±0.14b

3.33 ± 0.21a

3.62 ± 0.12b

3.58 ±

0.10 a

3.62 ± 0.08a

3.57 ± 0.05a

Group 3

3.12 ±0.10b

3.37 ± 0.25a

3.17 ± 0.12ab

3.57 ± 0.22a

3.62 ± 0.41b

3.65 ± 0.24 a

3.67 ± 0.19 a

3.64 ±0.17 b

Group 4

2.08 ±1.39a

2.42± 1.63a

2.95 ± 0.21a

3.30 ±0.14a

3.52 ± 0.12b

3.55 ± 0.24 a

3.68 ± 0.20a

3.58 ± 0.09 a

Group 5

3.09 ±0.17b

3.50 ± 0.33 a

3.17 ±0.19ab

3.65 ±0.19a

3.60 ±0.21b

3.70 ±

0.20 a

3.71 ±0.14 a

3.71 ±0.06 a

 

Globulin (g/dl)

Group 1

3.40± 0.41a

3.42 ± 0.62a

3.55 ± 0.96a

3.42 ± 0.62a

3.55 ± 0.96a

 

3.42 ±

0.62a

 

3.40 ±0.82a

 

3.57 ± 0.64a

Group 2

3.20 ±0.62a

3.55 ±0.26a

2.93±0.25a

3.80 ± 1.44a

3.75 ± 0.62a

 

3.84 ±

0.55a

 

3.63 ± 0.30a

3.60 ± 0.12a

Group 3

2.77 ± 0.56a

4.00 ± 0.50a

3.22 ± 0.50a

3.67 ± 0.35a

4.05 ± 0.42a

4.06 ±

0.40a

4.14 ± 0.42a

4.29 ±0.55ab

Group 4

2.24 ± 1.53a

2.50 ± 1.95a

3.32 ± 0.25 a

3.35 ± 0.75a

4.10 ± 0.32a

4.02 ±

0.66a

4.15 ± 0.53a

4.34 ± 0.47b

Group 5

3.52 ± 0.44a

3.30 ± 0.43a

3.52 ±0.25 a

3.22 ± 0.46a

3.27 ± 0.55a

3.20 ±

0.39a

3.84 ± 0.13a

3.94 ±0.21ab

Note: Different superscript letters on the group means in each column indicate significant difference (p< 0.05).

 

Table 5: Blood urea nitrogen and Creatine Kinase (mean± SD) level in goats experimentally infected with Mannheimiosis

Groups 24Hr Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
 

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (mg/dl)

Group 1

12.50 ± 0.82a

12.50 ± 0.82a

12.32 ± 0.87a

12.32 ± 0.87a

12.32 ± 0.87a

12.50 ±0.81a

12.50 ± 0.81a

12.32 ± 0.87a

Group 2

15.82 ± 0.36b

 

18.95 ± 0.99b

21.25 ± 0.51bc

19.50 ± 1.33bc

19.32 ± 1.67b

19.40 ± 0.77 b

18.77 ±0.55b

18. 40± 1.29b

Group 3

15. 72± 0.50b

19.29± 0.96b

20.35 ± 1.52b

17.55 ± 1.82b

25.37 ± 2.30c

26.55 ± 1.12c

25.47 ± 1.05d

26.55± 1.12c

Group 4

16.00 ± 0.38b

19.15 ±1.32b

22.27 ± 0.29c

20.50 ± 1.58c

30.52 ± 1.90d

26.60 ± 2.30c

26.70 ± 1.60d

26.57± 1.58c

Group 5

16.30 ±0.60b

19.92 ± 1.65b

21.87 ± 0.88c

19.07 ± 0.86bc

20.35 ±1.45b

20.50 ± 0.67 b

21.62± 0.75c

24.37±2.50c

  Creatine Kinase (CK) (U/L)
Group 1

55.75 ± 11.89a

 

59.00 ± 10.86a

55.75±

11.89 a

55.75 ± 11.89a

59.00 ± 10.86a

55.75 ± 11.89a

59.00 ± 10.86a

55.75 ± 11.89a

Group 2

59.30 ± 1.68ab

78.12 ± 4.51cd

85.30 ± 1.59 d

83.02 ± 15.32b

106.75 ± 12.30b

98.97 ± 12.03bc

94.17 ± 3.58b

95.55 ± 5.28b

Group 3

67.27 ± 3.67bc

72. 25 ± 0.71bc

70.60 ± 1.40 b

82.22 ± 6.32b

126. 45 ± 12.28c

114.17 ± 16.09cd

111.65 ±12.93cd

121.22 ± 13.15c

Group 4

69. 85 ± 2.42c

64. 35 ± 4.79ab

74.55 ± 1.96bc

82. 50 ± 11.48b

131.90 ±4.66c

123.75 ± 4.49d

122.17 ± 5.22d

122.37 ± 3.83c

Group 5

62.12 ± 2.37 abc

86.77 ± 6.12d

80.00 ± 1.36cd

90.00 ±9.61b

94.90 ± 4.38b

94. 45 ±4.68b

104. 02 ± 1.26bc

107.20 ± 5.78b

Note: Different superscript letters on the group means in each column indicate significant difference (p< 0.05).

(Table 1). The MCV shows a significant increase (p<0.05) in all groups except for the negative control. The MCHC showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between groups were evidenced (Table 2).

On days 9 , 14 , 21 and 28 of the post-inoculation (post-treatment), significant decrease of RBC levels were observed in group 2 (positive control) in comparison to group 1 (negative control) and group 4 on day 28. The Hb concentrations at days 9 were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in group 4 compared to the negative control. On day 28 of post-inoculation, the Hb levels declined significantly (p<0.05) in all inoculated groups compared to the negative control (Table 1). On day 14 of post-inoculation, the MCV values in group 3 demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase compared to the negative control. On day 21, the levels of MCV in group 5 remained significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to all other groups. On day 28 post-inoculation, all inoculated groups had significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of MCV compared to the negative control. However, the values in group 3 were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to groups 2 and 5. The MCHC level shows there was significant increase (p<0.05) in group 5 at day 9 in comparison to the negative control and group 3. On day 14, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in MCHC levels in groups 4 and 5 compared to the negative control and groups 2 and 3. On days 21 and 28, goats in group 4 demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) reduced levels

 

Table 6: Gamma Glutaryl Transferase and Lactate Dehydrogenase (mean± SD) level of goats blood experimentally infected with Mannheimiosis

Groups 24Hr Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
 

Gamma Glutaryl Transferase (GGT) (U/L)

Group 1

78.50 ± 7. 14c

 

70.75 ± 1.70a

78.5 ± 7.14c

70.75 ± 1.70a

78.50 ± 7.14a

70.75 ± 1.70a

78.50 ± 7.14a

70.75 ± 1.70a

Group 2

61.92 ± 2.08ab

69.87 ±8.09a

63.35 ±2.16b

88.25 ± 7.58 b

103. 82 ± 10.68b

97.00 ± 3.98 b

96.80 ± 2.33b

97.22 ± 2.18b

Group 3

62.62 ± 3.75b

70. 67 ± 7.20a

64.87 ± 3.28b

80.92 ±7.61 b

107.70 ± 8.32b

109.70 ± 4.73c

106.25 ± 6.16c

104. 80 ± 3.16c

Group 4

62.02 ± 3.64ab

65. 37 ± 4.38a

61. 57± 3.90b

88. 72 ± 6.92b

119.02 ± 5.42c

117.57 ± 4.97d

119.17 ±2.10d

117.02 ± 1.54d

Group 5

55.57 ± 2.83a

99.12 ± 4.34b

54.52 ± 0.62a

99. 85 ± 6.42c

100. 37 ± 3.02b

102.55 ± 3.31b

104. 20 ± 1.62c

104.52 ± 2.12c

 

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) (U/L)

Group 1

512. 25 ± 73.21a

528.25 ± 58.11a

512.25 ±73.21a

528. 25 ± 58.11a

512.25 ±73.21a

528.25 ± 58.11a

512.25 ± 73.21a

528.25 ± 58.11a

Group 2

1198.75 ±31.61b

1008.75 ± 18. 46b

1129.25 ± 80.03b

1033. 75 ± 58.02b

1105.25 ± 116.36b

1098.00 ± 113.26b

1098.00± 113.26b

1063.75 ± 63.88b

Group 3

1240.75 ± 66.43bc

1170.25 ± 52.82cd

1169.75 ± 92.86b

1162.25 ± 44.97c

1137.75 ± 18.50b

1105.25 ± 62.88b

1105.25 ± 62.88b

1072.50 ± 62.38b

Group 4

1295.25 ± 39.20cd

1075.00 ± 86.26bc

1205.50 ± 67.48b

1124.25 ± 92.65bc

1116.50 ± 86.84b

1092.50 ± 107.46b

1092.50 ± 107.46b

1133.75 ± 122.91b

Group 5

1343.50 ± 31.20d

1225.50 ± 144.15d

1316.25 ±40.59c

1299.25 ± 54.18d

1290.25 ±49.88c

1296.00 ±54.37c

1296.00 ± 54.37c

1267.00 ± 88.97c

Note: Different superscript letters on the group means in each column indicate significant difference (p< 0.05).

of MCHC compared to the negative control and groups 2, 3 and 5 (Table 2). No significant changes in the PLT value throughout the 28 days of study were recorded and those were within the normal range. Significantly decreased (p<0.05) total WBC count parameters in all groups except the negative control within 24 hours and on day 28 of post-inoculation was found (Table 3).

Serum biochemistry results of the TP evaluation revealed a significant (p<0.05) decreased in group 4 compared to negative control and group 5 at 24 hours of infection. On day 9, there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in TP levels in group 3 compared to positive control. On day 14, goats in group 3 showed a higher level (p<0.05) of the TP compared to negative control. On days 21 and 28 of post-inoculation, all inoculated groups remained significantly (p<0.05) higher in TP values than the negative control (Table 4).

Results on the BUN showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of BUN in all inoculated groups compared to negative control at 24 hours and day 5 of post inoculation. On day 9 post-inoculation, all inoculated groups had high BUN levels (p<0.05) compared to negative control. On days 11 to 28, all inoculated groups also had significant (p<0.05) increase of BUN levels compared to the negative control group. On days 14 and 21, groups 3 and 4 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of BUN compared to positive control and group 5. On day 28, group 2 has significantly (p<0.05) lower BUN level compared to all treatment groups. However, the value was slightly above the normal range after 9 days of infection (Table 5).

The CK values showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in groups 3 and 4 compared to negative control groups at 24 hours of post-inoculation. On day 5, the CK levels of groups 2, 3 and 5 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than negative control. On day 9, all of the inoculated groups demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of CK compared to the negative control. Days 11 to 28 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher CK values than the negative control. Groups 3 and 4 had significantly (p<0.05) higher CK levels compared to positive control and treatment group 5 on days 11 and 28. Meanwhile, group 5 had significantly (p<0.05) lower CK levels compared to groups 3 and 4 on day 14 and significantly (p<0.05) lower CK levels compared to group 4 on day 21. However, the values were within the normal range (Table 5).

GGT levels were observed to be decreased in all inoculated groups at 24 hours post-inoculation. On day 5, the GGT levels in group 5 significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to all other groups. On days 9 to 28, all inoculated groups had significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of GGT compared to negative control. Group 4 were significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to groups 2, 3 and 5; and group 3 significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to groups 2 and 5 on day 14. Group 4 has a significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of GGT compared to positive control and treatment groups 3 and 5 on days 21 and 28 (Table 6).

Level of LDH (p<0.05) were observed higher in all inoculated groups from 24 hours until day 28 as compared to the negative control. Among groups, goats in group 5 were significantly (p<0.05) increased in LDH values compared to the positive control group from 24 hours to day 28 of experimental study. Meanwhile, group 3 has significantly (p<0.05) higher level of LDH than the positive control on days 9 and 11 (Table 6).

Discussion

Haematological evaluations contribute information to the diagnosis, surveillance and prediction of the animal’s prognosis (Roland et al., 2014). The variations in the haematological parameters observed in this study indicated that level of red blood cells and haemoglobin were reduced slightly post-infection. A similar pattern of clinicopathological alterations in the blood of sheep and lambs with pneumonia has shown to have lower haemoglobin concentration (Abdalla et al., 2019). Post-infection with Mannheimia haemolytica does reduce the level of haemoglobin in the blood. This reduction of haemoglobin results from the infection through the release of gram-negative endotoxin (LPS), which cause hemolysis and free release of haemoglobin (Brauckmann et al., 2016).

Decreasing patterns of haematocrit were observed in all groups at 24 h to day 11 post-infections. A previous study on caprine mycoplasma pneumonia and Pasteurellosis showed a significantly lower hematocrit level (Mondal et al., 2004). Post-infection increases MCV levels in the goats. The levels of MCV reduced and fluctuated throughout the studies in all groups. MCHC levels were slightly increased post-infection, but a pattern of reduction in the MCHC levels was observed on day 11. There was no noticeable treatment effect on MCHC values. A previous study by Saleh and Allam (2014) revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the MCV and MCHC values in the pneumonic ewes. Therefore these shows that the treatment does not cause a significant changes to the levels of red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels post treatments in goats infected with Mannheimiosis.

Evaluation of total WBC count revealed leukopenia occurred in the goats, which demonstrated the recruitment and mobilisation of white blood cells from the blood to the injury site to combat the infection. These findings contrast with other studies which found that goats affected with common bacteria causing pneumonia, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella spp., Mannheimia spp., which had an increase in the leucocytic count (Ghanem et al., 2015; Kattimani et al., 2020). Duration and chronicity of the infection also play a role in the recruitment and distribution of the white blood cells, which may cause a decrease in the leucocyte count, as observed in this study. In this study, it shows that treatments do not have a significant effects on the improvement of the white blood cell counts. This could be due to the length of the treatment given to the goats were insufficient in effectively normalize the levels of white blood cells counts in the goat post infections.

The serum biochemistry parameters in the recent study showed that the total protein, albumin and globulin values were within the normal range. Meanwhile, the levels of blood BUN showed a mild increment in post-infection, which was associated with dehydration and injury of the kidney. CK and GGT values were normal in all groups, but their levels had mild increases, which indicates liver injury. The study indicates the following serum biochemistry parameters does not shows a significant reduction nor improvement post-treatment regimes. This could be due to the dose of Mannheimia haemolytica infection in the goats were mild to moderate only.

In contrast to that, a significant increase in LDH was observed post-infection. In relation to respiratory diseases, LDH play role as one of the important indicator which can be used in monitoring the pathological changes related to the lung (Hagadorn et al., 1971). Lactate dehydrogenase is one of the indicators of lung damage as lungs have 500-fold higher LDH compared to their normal concentration in serum. Previous studies demonstrated an increase in the activity of LDH enzymes, particularly (LDH4 and LDH5) in lambs with lung lesions of acute and chronic pneumonia (Milne & Doxey, 1984; Drent et al., 1996; Klein et al., 2020). As observed in this study, Mannheimiosis causes alteration in the serum LDH level leading to their elevation which shows that it is due to the pneumonia development in the goats and the cellular injury that takes place in the lungs. This increment is due to the release of LDH from the epithelial cell of the airways lining that gives indicator of cell damage in the lungs (Drent et al., 1996) and the treatment regime does not significantly reduce the LDH level in the experimental goats. This also shows that the duration of treatment and the progression of disease does interferes with the level of LDH in the study and a longer length of treatment regimes may significantly improved or normalize better the level of LDH post treatment.

Conclusion

The haematological findings in goats experimentally induced with Mannheimia haemolytica demonstrated that post-infection causes a mild reduction in the red blood cell parameters (RBC, Hb, HCT) while decreased the total WBC count. The serum biochemistry findings were found within normal range for TP, ALB and GLOB, with mild to moderate increase in CK, BUN, GGT and LDH level. In conclusion, treatment does not have a great influence on the parameters evaluated except temporary lowering the values of some parameters.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, for providing the FRGS-RACER grant (R/FRGS/A0600/01391A/001/2019/00668). The author would like to thank Madam Nur Eizzati Badrul Hisham and Miss Nani Izreen Mohd Sani from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, for their technical assistance while conducting the research.

conflict of interest

The author declared no conflict of interest.

novelty statement

Treatment does not have a great influence on the parameters evaluated except temporary lowering the values of some parameters.

authors contribution

All author contributed equally to the research work and manuscript.

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