Evaluation of Advanced Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Yield and Resistance to Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.)
Research Article
Evaluation of Advanced Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Yield and Resistance to Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.)
Hamid Ullah Khan1*, Muhammad Anas1*, Rozina Gul1, Waseem Ullah Shah1, Abdul Haleem2, Muneeb Ahamd Khan1, Muhammad Taimur1, Tahreem Shah1, Sajjad Ur Rahman1, Noman Anjum1 and Muhammad Saqib3
1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 2Research Officer, Directorate of Agriculture Research, District Kila Safullah, Balochistan, Pakistan; 3Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi (KP), Pakistan.
Abstract | Evaluation of genotypes for morphological and yield-promoting traits over different years is a key component in cultivar development. The main goals of the current research studies were to identify pod worm-resistant/tolerant and high-yielding genotypes over two years along with other desirable traits that could be manipulated in future chickpea breeding programs. The experimental material consisted of 45 chickpea genotypes tested over two years in the Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar. Data was documented in terms of days of emergence, days to flower, plant height, pods per plant, seed per pod, 100 seed weight, grain yield, larval infestation, pod damage percentage and biological yield. The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) between years and between genotypes and genotype-year interaction (GYI) for all traits examined, except plant height. On average over two years, a minimum of (126) days to flowering were recorded over two years for genotypes D-15015 and D-13011, while a maximum of (136) days to flowering were recorded for genotype K-01209. For plant height over two years, the lowest and highest data were recorded for genotypes NKC-10-99 (72 cm) and FLIP82-150 (104 cm), respectively. The highest (25g) 100-seed weight across two years was shown by genotypes K-88168 followed by KARAK-2. The lowest (5662 kg ha-1) biological yield was recorded for genotype K-08003, whereas the highest (13022kg ha-1) biological yield was observed in D-13011. A lower percentage of damaged pods (17.0%) was observed for NIFA-2005, followed by both genotypes K-01153 (18%) and K-70009 (21%). The lowest grain yield was recorded for genotype D-15012 (328 kg h-1), while the highest grain yield (988 kg ha-1) was from genotypes D-14005, K-60058 (914 kg h-1) and D- 15036 was achieved (910 kg ha-1). GYI genotypes K88170, D-14014, D-14005, K-60058, D-15036, KARAK-2, K-CH47/04, and NIFA-2005 showed the highest grain yield and a lower percentage of pod damage. The genotypes K88170, D-14014, K-60069, K-01153, K-70009, KARAK-2, K-CH47/04, D-15036 and NIFA-2005 performed very well and were registered with less larval infestation and pod damage Percentage and maximum yield over two years, therefore recommended for developing pod worm resistant/tolerant and high yielding chickpea varieties.
Received | October 10, 2022; Accepted | February 19, 2024; Published | July 10, 2024
*Correspondence | Hamid Ullah Khan and Muhammad Anas, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: m.anas@aup.edu.pk
Citation | Khan, H.U., M. Anas, R. Gul, W.U. Shah, A. Haleem, M.A. Khan, M. Taimur, T. Shah, S. Rahman, N. Anjum, M. Saqib. 2024. Evaluation of advanced chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes for yield and resistance to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L). Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 40(3): 726-739.
DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2024/40.3.726.739
Keywords | Chickpea, Pod borer attack, Morphological traits, Pooled analysis, Larval count and LSD count
Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Introduction
Globally, it is cultivated on about 13.2 million hectares in more than fifty developing countries with a 95% contribution to the total world production. In Pakistan during 2018-19, the total area under chickpea cultivation was 1050 thousand hectares with a total production of 350 thousand tons and an average yield of 345.9 kg ha-1, while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the total cultivated area and production of chickpeas were reported as 33387 hectares and 16940 tons, respectively. Among the major chickpea-producing countries, Pakistan ranks fourth after India and Australia, which share 5.73% of the total global production (FAO, 2017).
Chickpeas are mainly divided into two groups based on phenotypic characteristics, like seed size, seed colour, seed shape and flower colour as Desi and Kabuli. Desi chickpea gives an output of 15-25 mounds per acre. Kabuli chickpea has a relatively large seed size and whitish creamy coloured seed with a thinner seed coat. Kabuli-type plant height is larger as compared to Desi type. The deep tap-rooted chickpea system boosts its ability to adapt to stress conditions. Chickpea performs well in low agriculture inputs and is drought tolerant because of their deep tap root system.
Grams are generally grown in moderate-heavy soils, light soils, mostly sandy loams are preferred. The best type of soil for chickpeas is one that is well-drained and not too heavy. The plants remain short in dry and light soils, while heavy soils have high water retention capacity. There is no side effect of chickpea proteins on human health as compared to animal protein, the digestibility rate of chickpea protein is high as compared to animal protein. Apart from providing these nutritional requirements to humans, chickpea is also useful in soil fertility management due to their nitrogen fixation.
Correlation analysis provides information on the associated response of plant characters and therefore, leads to a directional model for yield production in chickpeas (Khan and Qureshi, 2001). Being rich in protein, the chickpea plant is susceptible to several biotic and abiotic stresses which attack roots, foliage and pods. Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L) is one of the major biotic stresses which causes a reduction in yield and quality in chickpeas (Kumar et al., 2019). This pest is the major constraint in chickpea production causing severe losses of up to 100% despite several rounds of insecticidal applications. Due to its polyphagous nature, pod borer infests many hosts including chickpeas and causes severe damage to the crop during pod development (Sarwar, 2013). The pod borer, (Helicoverpa armigera L.), is the most serious pest in causing economic loss to the chickpea crop (Yadav et al., 2006). Damage caused by pod borer in the form of losses in seed yield may reach up to 75% to 90% in severe cases (Sarwar, 2013). Therefore, adopting an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach, as the development of host-resistant cultivars to pod borer is necessary (Jadhav and Gawande, 2016).
Objectives of the study
- Identify pod worm-resistant/tolerant and high-yielding genotypes for future chickpea breeding programs.
- Evaluate genotypes for morphological and yield-promoting traits over two years.
- Assess traits such as days to emergence, days to flower, plant height, pods per plant, seed per pod, 100 seed weight, grain yield, larval infestation, pod damage percentage, and biological yield.
- Determine significant differences between years, genotypes, and genotype-year interaction for the examined traits.
- Recommend genotypes with high grain yield, a lower percentage of pod damage, and less larval infestation for developing pod worm-resistant/tolerant and high-yielding chickpea varieties.
- Use pooled analysis as a powerful tool for identifying resistance levels of genotypes to the chickpea pod borer.
- Access line identification and check vs. test line performance through pooled analysis.
- Evaluate the performance of chickpea genotypes for yield and pod borer resistance/tolerance across two years.
- Identify genotypes with high resistance potential, tolerance to the chickpea pod borer, and high yield for future breeding programs.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted to Evaluate the performance of chickpea genotypes for yield and pod borer resistance/tolerance across two years. This study was carried out during the chickpea growing seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20 at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar. The experimental materials consisted of 45 chickpea genotypes out of which 41 lines were collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad (AARI), Pakistan and four were checked cultivars (Karak-1, Karak-2, Karak-3 and NIFA-2005).
The check cultivars were collected from Agriculture Research Station Ahmadwala Karak and Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture Peshawar (NIFA) (Table 1). The experiments were planted during the last week of October 2018 and mid-October 2019 in 1st and 2nd years, respectively in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each genotype was grown in three rows with a four-meter row length by keeping row-to-row plant-to-plant and plot-to-plot distances as 30, 10 and 60 cm, respectively. All the cultural practices essential for crop management were uniformly carried out in all the treatments including hoeing and weeding applicable for chickpea crops from sowing to harvesting.
The advanced chickpea genotypes for evaluation in the study were selected based on the following criteria
- Yield and resistance to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.)
- Morphological and yield-promoting traits
- Potential for manipulation in future chickpea breeding programs
- The evaluation focused on genotypes that exhibited desirable traits for future chickpea breeding programs.
These criteria were used to identify genotypes with desirable traits for the improvement of chickpea cultivars.
Results and Discussion
Days to emergence
The pooled analysis of variance over two years revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.01) between the years. Genotypes and genotype-year interaction (GY) also showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) for days up to 50% emergence (Table 2). The higher contribution of genotypes to the total sum of squares indicated that the observed variation was due to genetic differences in the material tested. Similar results were observed by Singh and Singh (2013) in chickpea genotypes for days to 50% emergence over years and genotype-to-year interaction. Early emergence was recorded in year 1, while late emergence was recorded in year 2 for the same genotypes due to different weather conditions (Figures 1, 2).
Table 1: List of 45 chickpea genotypes evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Source |
Genotypes |
Source |
Genotypes |
Source |
Genotypes |
AARI |
D-15012 |
AARI |
D-14005 |
AARI |
K-08021 |
AARI |
D-15019 |
AARI |
D-15005 |
AARI |
K-01153 |
AARI |
D-10008 |
AARI |
D-10039 |
AARI |
K-01155 |
AARI |
D-97086 |
AARI |
D-93127 |
AARI |
K-01210 |
AARI |
D-14014 |
AARI |
D-15036 |
AARI |
K-70009 |
AARI |
D-11030 |
AARI |
K-08003 |
AARI |
K-60058 |
AARI |
D-13036 |
AARI |
K-01158 |
AARI |
K-88168 |
AARI |
D-08025 |
AARI |
K-60075 |
AARI |
K-CH 47/04 |
AARI |
D-15020 |
AARI |
K-01208 |
AARI |
FLIP82-150 |
AARI |
D-13031 |
AARI |
K-01151 |
AARI |
NKC-10-99 |
AARI |
D-13012 |
AARI |
K-60066 |
AARI |
NKC-5-5-20 |
AARI |
D-12011 |
AARI |
K-01213 |
ARSAK |
KARAK-1Check-1 |
AARI |
D-09027 |
AARI |
K-01209 |
ARSAK |
KARAK-2Check-2 |
AARI |
D-13011 |
AARI |
K-60069 |
ARSAK |
KARAK-3Check-3 |
AARI |
D-15015 |
AARI |
K-88170 |
NIFA |
NIFA-2005Check-4 |
Table 2: Mean squares of days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, plant height, pod damage% and larval count of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years 2018-19 and 2019-20.
SOV |
Df |
DTE50% |
DTF50% |
pH |
LC |
PD% |
Year |
1 |
4035.25** |
4629.35** |
58138.7NS |
4826.01** |
113414** |
Year*REP |
4 |
1.02 |
0.10 |
3657.5 |
0.40 |
24 |
Genotypes |
44 |
6.25** |
25.86** |
4670.6NS |
34.65** |
1194** |
G × Y |
44 |
6.21** |
16.31** |
3651.8NS |
42.24** |
1188** |
Error |
176 |
0.85 |
2.34 |
3722.6 |
0.86 |
7 |
CV (%) |
7.50% |
1.18% |
11.08% |
10.26% |
6.12% |
**= significant at 1%; *= significant at 5%; NS= non-significant. DTE50%= Days to 50% emergence, DTF50%= Days to 50% flowering, PH= plant height, PBA = Pod borer attack, PD = pod damage %.
Table 3: Mean squares of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 grain, weight biological yield and grain yield kg hac-1 of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years during 2018-19. and 2019-20.
Sov |
Df |
PPP |
SPPOD |
100GW |
BY |
GY |
Year |
1 |
22041.3** |
14.7000** |
360.533** |
5698081.2** |
425717** |
Year*Rep |
4 |
18.5 |
0.2556 |
3.363 |
148470 |
38436 |
Genotypes |
44 |
177.0** |
0.3364** |
30.545** |
290007** |
252069 ** |
G × Y |
44 |
185.5** |
0.3667** |
58.329** |
176885** |
171370** |
Error |
176 |
15.8 |
0.1154 |
1.545 |
102130 |
47044 |
CV (%) |
16.27% |
20.25 |
6.00% |
32.54% |
14.94% |
PPP= Pods per plant; SPPOD= Seeds per pod; 100GW= 100 Grain weight; BY= Biological yield; kg ha-1 = grain yield kg ha-1.
The average days to emergence ranged from 10 to 14 days over two years. The K-01213 and K-08003 genotypes emerged early, followed by the D-15012 genotypes, while the K-01151 and Karak-3 genotypes emerged late. In GYI, the minimum (7) days to hatch D-15012 was noted, while the maximum (20) was recorded for genotype K-CH 47/04 (Table 4).
In year 1, days to emergence ranged from 7 to 10 days, while in year 2 they ranged from 11 to 20 days. In year 1, a minimum of (10) days to hatch was observed for D-15012, while a maximum of (14) days to hatch was observed for genotype D-13012. At year 2, genotype K-01213 emerged early, followed by genotype D-15012, while genotype K-CH47/04 emerged late (Table 4).
Days to 50% flowering
Combined analyses of variance for days up to 50% flowering showed highly significant differences
Table 4: Means and percentage difference for days to 50% emergence of 45 chickpea genotypes evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotypes |
Days to 50% emergence |
Days to 50% flowering |
||||||||||
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
% Difference |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
% Difference |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
% Difference |
||
D-15012 |
7 |
16 |
11 |
56 |
123 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
64 |
96 |
33 |
|
D-15019 |
8 |
17 |
13 |
52 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
74 |
81 |
8 |
|
D-10008 |
8 |
16 |
12 |
50 |
126 |
135 |
131 |
6 |
73 |
98 |
25 |
|
D-97086 |
8 |
14 |
11 |
42 |
126 |
132 |
129 |
4 |
80 |
105 |
23 |
|
D-14014 |
8 |
14 |
11 |
42 |
127 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
78 |
93 |
16 |
|
D-11030 |
8 |
15 |
12 |
46 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
69 |
109 |
36 |
|
D-13036 |
8 |
14 |
11 |
42 |
125 |
133 |
129 |
6 |
63 |
103 |
38 |
|
D-08025 |
9 |
15 |
12 |
40 |
122 |
131 |
127 |
6 |
75 |
81 |
7 |
|
D-15020 |
9 |
17 |
13 |
47 |
126 |
135 |
130 |
6 |
74 |
104 |
28 |
|
D-13031 |
9 |
18 |
13 |
50 |
127 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
76 |
84 |
9 |
|
D-13012 |
10 |
15 |
13 |
33 |
127 |
137 |
132 |
7 |
68 |
111 |
38 |
|
D-12011 |
10 |
17 |
14 |
41 |
125 |
131 |
128 |
4 |
67 |
79 |
15 |
|
D-09027 |
9 |
18 |
14 |
50 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
73 |
102 |
28 |
|
D-13011 |
8 |
17 |
13 |
52 |
122 |
130 |
126 |
6 |
74 |
89 |
16 |
|
D-15015 |
9 |
13 |
11 |
30 |
124 |
128 |
126 |
3 |
67 |
108 |
37 |
|
D-14005 |
9 |
14 |
12 |
35 |
127 |
133 |
130 |
4 |
73 |
106 |
31 |
|
D-15005 |
7 |
16 |
12 |
56 |
127 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
67 |
101 |
33 |
|
D-10039 |
9 |
17 |
13 |
47 |
126 |
136 |
131 |
7 |
67 |
84 |
20 |
|
D-93127 |
8 |
17 |
13 |
52 |
124 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
74 |
88 |
15 |
|
D-15036 |
8 |
18 |
13 |
55 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
72 |
86 |
16 |
|
K-08003 |
6 |
14 |
10 |
57 |
128 |
133 |
131 |
3 |
68 |
89 |
23 |
|
K-01158 |
8 |
14 |
11 |
42 |
126 |
137 |
132 |
8 |
78 |
94 |
17 |
|
K-60075 |
8 |
16 |
12 |
50 |
127 |
140 |
133 |
9 |
74 |
92 |
19 |
|
K-01208 |
10 |
16 |
13 |
37 |
124 |
133 |
128 |
6 |
69 |
97 |
28 |
|
K-01151 |
9 |
19 |
14 |
52 |
124 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
75 |
84 |
10 |
|
K-60066 |
10 |
16 |
13 |
37 |
122 |
133 |
127 |
8 |
91 |
84 |
-8 |
|
K-01213 |
9 |
11 |
10 |
18 |
125 |
130 |
128 |
3 |
73 |
82 |
10 |
|
K-01209 |
9 |
14 |
12 |
35 |
127 |
144 |
136 |
11 |
55 |
94 |
41 |
|
K-60069 |
7 |
13 |
10 |
46 |
127 |
134 |
131 |
5 |
61 |
85 |
28 |
|
K-88170 |
8 |
15 |
12 |
46 |
125 |
134 |
130 |
6 |
71 |
87 |
18 |
|
K-08021 |
8 |
17 |
12 |
52 |
126 |
138 |
132 |
8 |
65 |
86 |
24 |
|
K-01153 |
8 |
17 |
13 |
52 |
124 |
133 |
128 |
6 |
63 |
86 |
26 |
|
K-01155 |
9 |
16 |
12 |
43 |
125 |
133 |
129 |
6 |
64 |
100 |
36 |
|
K-01210 |
8 |
15 |
12 |
46 |
125 |
129 |
127 |
3 |
72 |
103 |
30 |
|
K-70009 |
7 |
19 |
13 |
63 |
126 |
133 |
130 |
5 |
93 |
103 |
9 |
|
K-60058 |
7 |
18 |
13 |
61 |
124 |
131 |
128 |
5 |
65 |
103 |
36 |
|
K-88168 |
8 |
16 |
12 |
50 |
124 |
133 |
129 |
6 |
53 |
96 |
44 |
|
K-CH 47/04 |
9 |
20 |
14 |
55 |
127 |
134 |
130 |
5 |
70 |
83 |
15 |
|
FLIP82-150 |
8 |
19 |
13 |
57 |
127 |
134 |
131 |
5 |
92 |
116 |
20 |
|
NKC-10-99 |
9 |
17 |
13 |
47 |
126 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
54 |
91 |
40 |
|
NKC-5-5-20 |
10 |
16 |
13 |
37 |
124 |
142 |
133 |
12 |
79 |
98 |
19 |
|
KARAK-1 |
7 |
18 |
12 |
61 |
127 |
143 |
135 |
11 |
73 |
82 |
10 |
|
KARAK-2 |
9 |
18 |
13 |
50 |
125 |
131 |
128 |
4 |
93 |
107 |
13 |
|
KARAK-3 |
10 |
18 |
14 |
44 |
126 |
133 |
129 |
5 |
80 |
95 |
15 |
|
NIFA-2005 |
9 |
16 |
13 |
43 |
124 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
85 |
86 |
1 |
|
Year mean |
8 |
16 |
12 |
125 |
133 |
129 |
72 |
94 |
||||
LSD (5%) |
Genotypes 2.9053 |
Year 1.5039 |
Genotypes 4.655 |
Years 2.4388 |
Genotypes 17.578 |
(P 0.01) between years. Genotypes and genotype-year interaction (GY) also showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) for days up to 50% flowering (Table 2). Jul et al. (2013) and Akhtar et al. (2011) also reported highly significant differences between chickpea genotypes for days up to 50% flowering. In some cases, earlier flowering leads to lower grain yield due to the effects of frost and pod borer attacks on chickpea genotypes (Jenkins and Brill, 2011). However due to climate change in recent years, the month of February (flowering start month in chickpeas) has unexpectedly increased, favoring early flowering and leading to early ripening. Due to frost in the area, late blooms were observed in the 2nd year compared to the 1st year.
Over two years, the average days to flowering varied between 126 and 136 days. The minimum (126) days to flower over two years was shown by genotypes D-15015 and D-13011, while genotype K-01209 had a maximum (136) days to flower of 50%. In GYI, a minimum (123) was observed for genotype D-15012, while K-01209 showed a maximum (144) (Table 4).
During the first year, days to flowering they were ranged from 123 to 128 days. In year 1, genotypes D-15012 had a minimum (of 123) days to flower while genotypes K-08003 and K-01209 had a maximum (of 128) days to flower. In GYI, a minimum of (128) days to flower was observed for genotype D-15015, while genotype K-01209 required a maximum of (144) days to flower (Table 4).
Plant height (cm)
Pooled analysis of variance revealed non-significant differences between years, genotypes and genotype-year interaction (GY) also revealed non-significant differences (Table 2). Usually, growers prefer a short plant height to prevent storage. However, there should be a threshold for plant height. Reducing plant height beyond this level will prevent plants from becoming established but will negatively impact yield as they will bear fewer branches and pods (Desai et al., 2016). For plant height, the combined analysis of variance showed highly non-significant differences Tilahu et al. (2015), also reported non-significant differences between genotypes and years and the interaction between genotypes and years (GY) for plant height.
The two-year mean plant heights of 45 chickpea genotypes ranged from 72 to 104 cm. Over two years,
Table 5: Means and percentage difference for days to 50% flowering of 45 chickpea genotypes evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
123 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
D-15019 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
D-10008 |
126 |
135 |
131 |
6 |
D-97086 |
126 |
132 |
129 |
4 |
D-14014 |
127 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
D-11030 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
D-13036 |
125 |
133 |
129 |
6 |
D-08025 |
122 |
131 |
127 |
6 |
D-15020 |
126 |
135 |
130 |
6 |
D-13031 |
127 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
D-13012 |
127 |
137 |
132 |
7 |
D-12011 |
125 |
131 |
128 |
4 |
D-09027 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
D-13011 |
122 |
130 |
126 |
6 |
D-15015 |
124 |
128 |
126 |
3 |
D-14005 |
127 |
133 |
130 |
4 |
D-15005 |
127 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
D-10039 |
126 |
136 |
131 |
7 |
D-93127 |
124 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
D-15036 |
125 |
132 |
128 |
5 |
K-08003 |
128 |
133 |
131 |
3 |
K-01158 |
126 |
137 |
132 |
8 |
K-60075 |
127 |
140 |
133 |
9 |
K-01208 |
124 |
133 |
128 |
6 |
K-01151 |
124 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
K-60066 |
122 |
133 |
127 |
8 |
K-01213 |
125 |
130 |
128 |
3 |
K-01209 |
127 |
144 |
136 |
11 |
K-60069 |
127 |
134 |
131 |
5 |
K-88170 |
125 |
134 |
130 |
6 |
K-08021 |
126 |
138 |
132 |
8 |
K-01153 |
124 |
133 |
128 |
6 |
K-01155 |
125 |
133 |
129 |
6 |
K-01210 |
125 |
129 |
127 |
3 |
K-70009 |
126 |
133 |
130 |
5 |
K-60058 |
124 |
131 |
128 |
5 |
K-88168 |
124 |
133 |
129 |
6 |
K-CH 47/04 |
127 |
134 |
130 |
5 |
FLIP82-150 |
127 |
134 |
131 |
5 |
NKC-10-99 |
126 |
131 |
129 |
3 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
124 |
142 |
133 |
12 |
KARAK-1 |
127 |
143 |
135 |
11 |
KARAK-2 |
125 |
131 |
128 |
4 |
KARAK-3 |
126 |
133 |
129 |
5 |
NIFA-2005 |
124 |
132 |
128 |
6 |
Year mean |
125 |
133 |
129 |
LSD (5%) for Genotypes 4.655; LSD for Years 2.4388
genotype NKC-10-99 was the shortest (72), while the largest (104) genotype was FLIP82-150. In GYI, the lowest (72) was recorded for genotype NKC-10-99, while the highest plant height was observed in FLIP82-150 (116) (Table 4).
In the 1st year, the plant height ranged from 53 to 93 cm, while in the 2nd year it ranged from 79 to 107 cm. The lowest (53) plant height was observed for genotype K-88168, K-01209 (55 cm), while the highest (93) plant height was taken from genotype K-70009, FLIP82-150 (92 cm) in 1st year. While in the 2nd year ranged from 79 to 107 cm. The lowest (79) plant height was observed for genotype D-12011, while the highest (107) plant height was taken from genotype Karak-2 (Table 4).
Pods plant-1
Pods plant-1 is an important yield trait of the chickpea crop that has a direct positive impact on the final grain yield. Pooled analysis of variance for pod plant-1 showed highly significant differences (P< 0.01) over years. The interaction between genotypes and genotype years also showed significant differences (Table 3). The main component for the variable performance of the genotypes for Plant-1 pods was environmental factors, which made a high contribution to the overall variation. The pod of the chickpea crop is a major photosynthetic region that fixes carbon at the pericarp in the form of hydrocarbons that are eventually transferred to the seed (Frette et al., 2004). Our results for pod Plant-1 agree with Balkhsh et al. (2006) who reported highly significant differences between genotype years and their interaction (GY) for pod plant-1.
The average of Plant-1 pods over two years ranged from 14 to 34. A minimum (14) of Plant-1 pods was observed for genotypes K-60069, NKC-10-99 and K-01209. While a maximum (of 34) pods of Plant-1 were noted in genotypes K-60058, D-15012, and D-15036. In GYI, a minimum (9) pods were counted from Plant-1 by genotype D-15019, while a maximum (54) was found in K-60058 (Table 7).
During the 1st year, the number of Plant-1 pods ranged from 9 to 25, while in the 2nd year it ranged from 17 to 54 Plant-1 pods. In year 1, a maximum (of 25) pods of plant-1 were observed for genotypes K-01153, K-08021, NKC-5-5-20, and K-01155, while minimal (9) pods of plant-1 were recorded in genotypes D-15019, K-60069, KARAK-2 and K-88168.
Table 6: Means and percentage differences for a larval count of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years during 2018-19. and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
6 |
13 |
10 |
53 |
D-15019 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
57 |
D-10008 |
3 |
12 |
8 |
75 |
D-97086 |
5 |
11 |
8 |
54 |
D-14014 |
6 |
10 |
8 |
58 |
D-11030 |
4 |
14 |
9 |
71 |
D-13036 |
6 |
13 |
9 |
53 |
D-08025 |
2 |
9 |
6 |
77 |
D-15020 |
4 |
12 |
8 |
66 |
D-13031 |
4 |
16 |
10 |
75 |
D-13012 |
6 |
10 |
8 |
72 |
D-12011 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
88 |
D-09027 |
4 |
14 |
9 |
71 |
D-13011 |
4 |
17 |
11 |
76 |
D-15015 |
5 |
19 |
12 |
73 |
D-14005 |
2 |
18 |
10 |
88 |
D-15005 |
4 |
12 |
8 |
66 |
D-10039 |
3 |
13 |
8 |
76 |
D-93127 |
3 |
11 |
7 |
72 |
D-15036 |
3 |
9 |
6 |
66 |
K-08003 |
6 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
K-01158 |
4 |
15 |
9 |
73 |
K-60075 |
3 |
21 |
12 |
85 |
K-01208 |
3 |
9 |
6 |
66 |
K-01151 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
55 |
K-60066 |
7 |
12 |
9 |
67 |
K-01213 |
3 |
15 |
9 |
80 |
K-01209 |
7 |
15 |
11 |
53 |
K-60069 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
-26 |
K-88170 |
7 |
10 |
8 |
36 |
K-08021 |
4 |
17 |
10 |
76 |
K-01153 |
3 |
28 |
15 |
81 |
K-01155 |
5 |
29 |
17 |
82 |
K-01210 |
6 |
12 |
9 |
94 |
K-70009 |
5 |
18 |
12 |
72 |
K-60058 |
4 |
11 |
8 |
63 |
K-88168 |
9 |
11 |
10 |
17 |
K-CH 47/04 |
6 |
11 |
8 |
81 |
FLIP82-150 |
6 |
10 |
8 |
72 |
NKC-10-99 |
7 |
15 |
11 |
53 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
6 |
19 |
13 |
68 |
KARAK-1 |
7 |
11 |
9 |
52 |
KARAK-2 |
4 |
10 |
7 |
60 |
KARAK-3 |
6 |
13 |
9 |
53 |
Nifa-2005 |
5 |
14 |
10 |
64 |
Year mean |
5 |
13 |
9 |
LSD (5%) for Genotypes 7.5582; LSD for Years 1.0556
Table 7: Means and percentage differences for Pods per plant of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
18 |
48 |
33 |
62 |
D-15019 |
9 |
25 |
17 |
64 |
D-10008 |
13 |
28 |
21 |
53 |
D-97086 |
18 |
33 |
25 |
45 |
D-14014 |
20 |
34 |
27 |
41 |
D-11030 |
17 |
51 |
34 |
66 |
D-13036 |
14 |
32 |
23 |
56 |
D-08025 |
16 |
51 |
34 |
68 |
D-15020 |
16 |
35 |
25 |
54 |
D-13031 |
17 |
30 |
23 |
43 |
D-13012 |
13 |
32 |
23 |
59 |
D-12011 |
10 |
34 |
22 |
70 |
D-09027 |
16 |
47 |
32 |
65 |
D-13011 |
17 |
44 |
30 |
61 |
D-15015 |
20 |
23 |
21 |
13 |
D-14005 |
19 |
40 |
30 |
52 |
D-15005 |
14 |
35 |
24 |
60 |
D-10039 |
17 |
24 |
20 |
29 |
D-93127 |
14 |
48 |
31 |
70 |
D-15036 |
12 |
53 |
32 |
77 |
K-08003 |
17 |
28 |
23 |
39 |
K-01158 |
14 |
46 |
30 |
69 |
K-60075 |
16 |
40 |
28 |
60 |
K-01208 |
12 |
46 |
29 |
73 |
K-01151 |
12 |
29 |
21 |
58 |
K-60066 |
20 |
36 |
28 |
44 |
K-01213 |
14 |
27 |
20 |
48 |
K-01209 |
14 |
20 |
17 |
30 |
K-60069 |
10 |
18 |
14 |
44 |
K-88170 |
13 |
18 |
16 |
27 |
K-08021 |
22 |
20 |
21 |
-10 |
K-01153 |
25 |
17 |
21 |
-47 |
K-01155 |
19 |
21 |
20 |
9 |
K-01210 |
17 |
41 |
29 |
58 |
K-70009 |
14 |
28 |
21 |
50 |
K-60058 |
14 |
54 |
34 |
74 |
K-88168 |
12 |
21 |
16 |
42 |
K-CH 47/04 |
13 |
31 |
22 |
58 |
FLIP82-150 |
15 |
41 |
28 |
63 |
NKC-10-99 |
13 |
18 |
16 |
27 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
20 |
39 |
29 |
48 |
Karak-1 |
10 |
32 |
21 |
68 |
Karak-2 |
11 |
31 |
21 |
64 |
Karak-3 |
18 |
26 |
22 |
30 |
NIFA-2005 |
13 |
33 |
23 |
60 |
Year mean |
15 |
33 |
24 |
LSD (5%) for genotypes 15.824; LSD for Years 2.324
While for genotypes K-60058, D-15036, D-11030, D-15012, and D-09027, a maximum (54) pods of plant-1 were observed in year 2, while a minimum (17) pods of plant-1 were observed for K- 01153, NKC-10-99, K-01209 and K-01155 (Table 7).
Seeds pod-1
A larger number of seeds pod-1 means a larger number of kernels plant-1, making it an important yield-promoting trait. Combined analyzes of variance for Seeds pod-1 showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) across years. Genotypes and genotype-year interaction (GY) showed significant differences for Seeds pod-1 (Table 3). Desaï et al. (2016) obtained similar results of highly significant differences between years, genotypes and GY from the combined analysis of variance. Averaged over two years, boll-1 of 45 chickpea genotypes ranged from 1.0 to 2.0. Genotypes D-15012, D-11030, D-13036, K-01209, and K-60058 produced a minimum (1.0) boll-1 while a maximum (2.0) boll-1 for genotypes D-15019, D-10039, K-60066 and NIFA-2005. A minimum (1.0) of Pod-1 of D-93127 and Karak-3 was observed in GYI seeds, while a maximum (2.0) was observed in genotypes NIFA-2005, Karak-2 and D-15019 (Table 8).
During Year 1, Seeds pod-1 ranged from 1.0 to 2.0. While in year 2 seed Pod-1 ranged from 1.0 to 2.0. At year 1, a maximum (2.0) seed pod-1 was observed for genotypes D-09027, Karak-2, NIFA-2005, and D-15019, while a minimum (1,0) Seed Pod-1 were recorded at -97086, Karak-3 and K01209. During year 2, for genotypes NIFA-2005, D-14014, D15005 and Karak-1, the maximum (2.0) of seed pod-1 was observed while the minimum (1.0) of seed pod- 1 for D-08025 and genotype K-01158 (Table 8).
100- seed weight (g)
Higher seed yield is directly related to large seed size, heavy seed weight and a larger number of seed plants-1. In combination with other yield-attributing traits, seed weight plays an important role in increasing final grain yield. The combined analysis of variance for the 100 seed weight revealed highly significant differences (P <0.01) over years. The interaction of genotypes and genotype years (GY) also showed significant differences (Table 3). A higher contribution of the genotype year to the total variation suggested that the mean performance and ranking of the genotypes were inconsistent across years. Similar to our results Desai et al. (2016) and Tilahun et al. (2015) also reported highly significant differences between years, genotypes, and genotype-year interaction for 100 seed weights in chickpea genotypes.
Table 8: Means and percentage difference for Seeds per Pod of 45 chickpea genotypes evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference (%) |
D-15012 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
50 |
D-15019 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
D-10008 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
D-97086 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
50 |
D-14014 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-11030 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
50 |
D-13036 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-08025 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
-100 |
D-15020 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
D-13031 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
D-13012 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-12011 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
D-09027 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
-100 |
D-13011 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-15015 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-14005 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-15005 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-10039 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
D-93127 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
D-15036 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-08003 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-01158 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
-100 |
K-60075 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-01208 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
K-01151 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-60066 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
K-01213 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-01209 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-60069 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-88170 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-08021 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-01153 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-01155 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-01210 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
K-70009 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
K-60058 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-88168 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
K-CH 47/04 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
FLIP82-150 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
NKC-10-99 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
KARAK-1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
KARAK-2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
KARAK-3 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
NIFA-2005 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
Year mean |
1 |
2 |
2 |
LSD (5%) for Genotypes 0.7046; LSD for Years 0.1708
Table 9: Means and percentage differences for Plant height of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
% Difference |
D-15012 |
64 |
96 |
80 |
33 |
D-15019 |
74 |
81 |
77 |
8 |
D-10008 |
73 |
98 |
85 |
25 |
D-97086 |
80 |
105 |
92 |
23 |
D-14014 |
78 |
93 |
86 |
16 |
D-11030 |
69 |
109 |
89 |
36 |
D-13036 |
63 |
103 |
83 |
38 |
D-08025 |
75 |
81 |
78 |
7 |
D-15020 |
74 |
104 |
89 |
28 |
D-13031 |
76 |
84 |
80 |
9 |
D-13012 |
68 |
111 |
89 |
38 |
D-12011 |
67 |
79 |
73 |
15 |
D-09027 |
73 |
102 |
87 |
28 |
D-13011 |
74 |
89 |
81 |
16 |
D-15015 |
67 |
108 |
88 |
37 |
D-14005 |
73 |
106 |
89 |
31 |
D-15005 |
67 |
101 |
84 |
33 |
D-10039 |
67 |
84 |
76 |
20 |
D-93127 |
74 |
88 |
81 |
15 |
D-15036 |
72 |
86 |
79 |
16 |
K-08003 |
68 |
89 |
78 |
23 |
K-01158 |
78 |
94 |
86 |
17 |
K-60075 |
74 |
92 |
83 |
19 |
K-01208 |
69 |
97 |
83 |
28 |
K-01151 |
75 |
84 |
79 |
10 |
K-60066 |
91 |
84 |
87 |
-8 |
K-01213 |
73 |
82 |
77 |
10 |
K-01209 |
55 |
94 |
75 |
41 |
K-60069 |
61 |
85 |
73 |
28 |
K-88170 |
71 |
87 |
79 |
18 |
K-08021 |
65 |
86 |
75 |
24 |
K-01153 |
63 |
86 |
74 |
26 |
K-01155 |
64 |
100 |
82 |
36 |
K-01210 |
72 |
103 |
87 |
30 |
K-70009 |
93 |
103 |
98 |
9 |
K-60058 |
65 |
103 |
84 |
36 |
K-88168 |
53 |
96 |
75 |
44 |
K-CH 47/04 |
70 |
83 |
76 |
15 |
FLIP82-150 |
92 |
116 |
104 |
20 |
NKC-10-99 |
54 |
91 |
72 |
40 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
79 |
98 |
88 |
19 |
KARAK-1 |
73 |
82 |
78 |
10 |
KARAK-2 |
93 |
107 |
100 |
13 |
KARAK-3 |
80 |
95 |
87 |
15 |
NIFA-2005 |
85 |
86 |
86 |
1 |
Year mean |
72 |
94 |
83 |
LSD (5%) for Genotypes 17.578; LSD for Years 7.3610
Table 10: Means and percentage difference for 100 Grain weight of 45 chickpea genotypes evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
19 |
22 |
21 |
13 |
D-15019 |
13 |
23 |
18 |
43 |
D-10008 |
19 |
27 |
23 |
29 |
D-97086 |
17 |
22 |
20 |
22 |
D-14014 |
13 |
21 |
17 |
38 |
D-11030 |
23 |
19 |
21 |
-21 |
D-13036 |
15 |
23 |
19 |
34 |
D-08025 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
0 |
D-15020 |
19 |
24 |
21 |
20 |
D-13031 |
17 |
18 |
17 |
5 |
D-13012 |
14 |
24 |
19 |
41 |
D-12011 |
19 |
21 |
20 |
9 |
D-09027 |
22 |
25 |
24 |
12 |
D-13011 |
16 |
25 |
20 |
36 |
D-15015 |
22 |
24 |
23 |
8 |
D-14005 |
17 |
21 |
19 |
19 |
D-15005 |
21 |
25 |
23 |
16 |
D-10039 |
19 |
24 |
22 |
20 |
D-93127 |
18 |
20 |
19 |
10 |
D-15036 |
20 |
23 |
22 |
13 |
K-08003 |
17 |
18 |
17 |
5 |
K-01158 |
22 |
24 |
23 |
8 |
K-60075 |
20 |
22 |
21 |
9 |
K-01208 |
23 |
22 |
23 |
-4 |
K-01151 |
18 |
21 |
20 |
14 |
K-60066 |
20 |
25 |
22 |
20 |
K-01213 |
18 |
25 |
22 |
28 |
K-01209 |
25 |
16 |
20 |
-36 |
K-60069 |
19 |
16 |
18 |
-18 |
K-88170 |
21 |
17 |
19 |
-23 |
K-08021 |
24 |
20 |
22 |
-20 |
K-01153 |
29 |
16 |
23 |
-81 |
K-01155 |
23 |
15 |
19 |
-53 |
K-01210 |
20 |
26 |
23 |
23 |
K-70009 |
17 |
27 |
22 |
37 |
K-60058 |
13 |
21 |
17 |
38 |
K-88168 |
35 |
16 |
25 |
-11 |
K-CH 47/04 |
12 |
23 |
17 |
47 |
FLIP82-150 |
20 |
24 |
22 |
16 |
NKC-10-99 |
18 |
16 |
17 |
-12 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
19 |
26 |
22 |
26 |
KARAK-1 |
22 |
25 |
23 |
12 |
KARAK-2 |
20 |
28 |
24 |
28 |
KARAK-3 |
18 |
16 |
17 |
-12 |
NIFA-2005 |
20 |
25 |
23 |
20 |
Year mean |
19 |
22 |
21 |
LSD (5%) for Genotypes 8.858; LSD for Years 0.7877
The mean values of 45 chickpea genotypes for the weight of 100 seeds ranged from 17 to 25 g over two years. The lowest (17) 100-seed weight over two years was exhibited by genotypes D-13031, K-08003, K-60058, NKC-10-99, and Karak-3, while the highest (25) 100-seed Weight over two years was exhibited by genotypes K-88168, Karak-2, Karak-1 (Table 11). In GYI, the lowest (13) 100-seed weight of genotype D-14014 was observed, whereas the highest (35) was observed in K-88168 (Table 10).
The lowest 100-seed weight was between 12 and 35 g in the first year, while it was between 16 and 27 g in the second year. The lowest (12) 100-seed weight was observed at year 1 in genotypes K-CH 47/04, D-15019, D-13036, D-13011, K-700009, and D-14005, while the highest (35) 100-seed weight observed was observed in genotypes K-88168, K-01209 and K-08021 at year 1. The lowest (16) 100 grain weight was observed in the 2nd year in genotypes Karak-3, NKC-10-99 and K-88168, while the highest (27) 100 seed weight was observed in the 2nd year in genotypes K-70009, NIFA-2005, D-13011, K-60066 and K-01210 (26g) (Table 10).
Biological yield (kg ha-1)
Pooled analysis of variance for biological yield showed highly significant differences (P 0.01) over years. Genotypes and genotype-year interaction (GY) also showed significant differences in biological yield (Table 3). Our results are similar to those of Jeena and Arora (2000), and Padmavathi et al. (2013) who also reported highly significant differences (P <0.01) between genotypes, years and genotype-year interaction (GxY) for biological yield.
The mean production of the two-year average biological yield ranged from 4511 to 8788 kg ha-1. The minimum (4511) biological yield over two years was shown by genotype K-01213. while the maximum (8788 kg) biological yield over two years was shown by genotype D-15015. In GYI, the minimum (3335) kg biological yield was observed in genotype K-1213, while the maximum (9400) was observed in D-15019 (Table 11).
In the 2nd year, it ranged from 5267 to 9400 kg ha-1. The minimum (3335 kg) biological yield was observed in the 1st year in the genotypes K-1213, while the maximum (8803 kg) biological yield was observed in the D-13011, while the minimum (5267 kg) biological yield in the 2nd year in the genotypes KARAK-3 was observed while the maximum (9400 kg) biological yield in year 2 was counted from D-15019 (Table 11).
Table 11: Means and percentage difference for biological yield of 45 chickpea genotypes evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotype |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
5258 |
6347 |
5802 |
17 |
D-15019 |
6720 |
9400 |
8060 |
28 |
D-10008 |
8474 |
7440 |
7957 |
-13 |
D-97086 |
8498 |
9040 |
8769 |
-49 |
D-14014 |
6398 |
5320 |
5859 |
-34 |
D-11030 |
7556 |
6760 |
7158 |
-10 |
D-13036 |
7812 |
8706 |
8259 |
27 |
D-08025 |
7760 |
8395 |
8077 |
-51 |
D-15020 |
7153 |
6205 |
6679 |
-93 |
D-13031 |
8132 |
7480 |
7806 |
-62 |
D-13012 |
5198 |
9227 |
7212 |
43 |
D-12011 |
8026 |
8000 |
8013 |
-28 |
D-09027 |
8275 |
7427 |
7851 |
-10 |
D-13011 |
8803 |
7240 |
8022 |
-15 |
D-15015 |
8643 |
8933 |
8788 |
2 |
D-14005 |
7677 |
7267 |
7472 |
-14 |
D-15005 |
7267 |
8333 |
7800 |
-72 |
D-10039 |
6159 |
8109 |
7134 |
24 |
D-93127 |
6043 |
5800 |
5922 |
-17 |
D-15036 |
7404 |
7077 |
7241 |
-14 |
K-08003 |
5455 |
5869 |
5662 |
4 |
K-01158 |
6039 |
6867 |
6453 |
-13 |
K-60075 |
3612 |
5200 |
4406 |
-16 |
K-01208 |
5467 |
4733 |
5100 |
-15 |
K-01151 |
8507 |
4733 |
6620 |
-79 |
K-60066 |
5538 |
6333 |
5936 |
12 |
K-01213 |
3355 |
5667 |
4511 |
-13 |
K-01209 |
6109 |
7733 |
6921 |
21 |
K-60069 |
6372 |
6333 |
6353 |
1 |
K-88170 |
6076 |
7200 |
6638 |
15 |
K-08021 |
5464 |
6733 |
6099 |
19 |
K-01153 |
6072 |
8000 |
7036 |
24 |
K-01155 |
5721 |
6867 |
6294 |
16 |
K-01210 |
7071 |
5867 |
6469 |
-20 |
K-70009 |
7123 |
6200 |
6662 |
-93 |
K-60058 |
7752 |
6800 |
7276 |
-10 |
K-88168 |
7172 |
5600 |
6386 |
-20 |
K-CH 47/04 |
6422 |
8200 |
7311 |
-63 |
FLIP82-150 |
7064 |
6267 |
6665 |
-57 |
NKC-10-99 |
5545 |
7243 |
6394 |
23 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
7007 |
8267 |
7637 |
15 |
KARAK-1 |
4920 |
7333 |
6126 |
32 |
KARAK-2 |
6417 |
8800 |
7609 |
-86 |
KARAK-3 |
8732 |
5267 |
6999 |
-65 |
NIFA-2005 |
8713 |
7132 |
7922 |
-22 |
Year mean |
6777 |
7061 |
LSD (5%) for genotypes102.99; LSD for years 124.
Grain yield kg ha-1
Yield improvement is one of the main goals of any plant breeding program and is a complex quantitative trait driven by genetic potential and also heavily influenced by environmental factors. The pooled analysis of variance for grain yield in kg ha-1 showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) over years. Genotypes and genotype-year interaction (G×Y) also showed significant differences in seed yield in kg ha-1 (Table 3). Previously, Yucele et al. (2005), Jeena et al. (2000) and Saxena (2003) also found highly significant differences between years, genotypes, and genotype-year interaction from a pooled analysis of variance for grain yield in chickpea genotypes.
The mean production of the two-year average grain yield ranged from 328 to 914 kg ha-1. The lowest grain yield (328 kg) over two years was in genotype D-15012, while the highest grain yield (914 kg) over two years was in genotype K-60058. In GYI, the lowest (301 kg) grain yield was observed in genotype K-60069, while the highest (988 kg) grain yield was observed in D-14005 (Table 12).
The lowest (301) 1st year grain yield kg ha-1 was observed in genotype K-60069, while the highest (942) 1st-year grain yield kg ha-1 was observed in genotype K-60058. Whereas the lowest (339) grain yield kg ha-1 in year 2 was observed in genotype D-15012, while the highest (988) grain yield kg ha-1 in year 2 was observed in genotype D-14005 (Table 12).
Larval count
Among the insects, the pest Gram pod worm (Helicoverpa armigera L.) is a major constraint that severely reduces the yield of the chickpea crop (Sarwar, 2013). Data for larval counts were collected to screen for tolerant lugworm genotypes. For the number of larvae, the analysis of variance over two years showed a highly significant difference (P <0.01) between the years, genotypes and genotypes after year interaction (GY) also showed a highly significant difference (Table 2). The significance of the interaction (GY) indicates that the genotype response to the larval attack was variable over the years studied. The high contribution of environmental factors to the overall variation suggested a greater variety of years for the existence of pod borers to attack chickpea genotypes. Sarwar (2013) also reported the same results and reviewed the resistance susceptibility of chickpea genotypes to Helicoverpa species at NIAB Faisalabad.
Table 12: Means and percentage differences for grain yield kg/h of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotypes |
1st Year |
2nd Year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
317 |
339 |
328 |
9.88 |
D-15019 |
337 |
358 |
348 |
0.13 |
D-10008 |
791 |
576 |
683 |
2.48 |
D-97086 |
701 |
624 |
662 |
-0.22 |
D-14014 |
600 |
745 |
672 |
0.48 |
D-11030 |
873 |
654 |
764 |
6.58 |
D-13036 |
384 |
446 |
415 |
98.91 |
D-08025 |
715 |
869 |
792 |
13.74 |
D-15020 |
853 |
635 |
744 |
1.01 |
D-13031 |
897 |
777 |
837 |
-0.14 |
D-13012 |
327 |
395 |
361 |
4.24 |
D-12011 |
936 |
658 |
797 |
1.30 |
D-09027 |
865 |
933 |
899 |
2.56 |
D-13011 |
768 |
675 |
722 |
0.59 |
D-15015 |
505 |
530 |
518 |
7.47 |
D-14005 |
884 |
988 |
936 |
-0.05 |
D-15005 |
778 |
644 |
711 |
1.11 |
D-10039 |
412 |
433 |
423 |
3.67 |
D-93127 |
912 |
710 |
811 |
-0.29 |
D-15036 |
892 |
928 |
910 |
-0.24 |
K-08003 |
365 |
414 |
389 |
4.00 |
K-01158 |
876 |
651 |
764 |
6.25 |
K-60075 |
619 |
522 |
570 |
5.99 |
K-01208 |
416 |
444 |
430 |
4.03 |
K-01151 |
409 |
630 |
520 |
3.21 |
K-60066 |
320 |
373 |
347 |
19.41 |
K-01213 |
704 |
824 |
764 |
4.36 |
K-01209 |
308 |
386 |
347 |
5.61 |
K-60069 |
301 |
345 |
323 |
28.90 |
K-88170 |
314 |
342 |
328 |
154.06 |
K-08021 |
312 |
448 |
380 |
36.41 |
K-01153 |
303 |
355 |
329 |
38.02 |
K-01155 |
315 |
403 |
359 |
13.30 |
K-01210 |
551 |
489 |
520 |
4.39 |
K-70009 |
584 |
523 |
554 |
5.11 |
K-60058 |
942 |
887 |
914 |
5.47 |
K-88168 |
311 |
382 |
346 |
14.17 |
K-CH 47/04 |
663 |
549 |
606 |
17.83 |
FLIP82-150 |
539 |
468 |
504 |
3.45 |
NKC-10-99 |
323 |
365 |
344 |
14.49 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
359 |
383 |
371 |
27.11 |
Check-1 |
335 |
371 |
353 |
65.97 |
Check-2 |
828 |
627 |
727 |
13.36 |
Check-3 |
448 |
441 |
445 |
28.08 |
Check-4 |
515 |
480 |
497 |
11.98 |
Year mean |
571 |
556 |
LSD (5%) for genotypes 2.77; LSD for year 2.0153
Over two years, the number of Plant-1 larvae ranged from 5 to 17. Minimal Plant-1 larvae were observed for genotypes D-15019 and D-08025. Whereas for genotypes K-01155 and K-01153, maximum numbers of plant-1 larvae were observed. In GYI, the minimum (2) larval number was recorded from genotype D-14005, whereas the maximum (29) was shown from K-01155 (Table 6).
A low larval population density was observed in the 1st year. In the first year, the number of Plant-1 larvae ranged from 2 to 9. The minimum (2) of Plant-1 larvae was observed in genotypes D-08025, D-15019, D-10008, and D-14005, while the maximum (9) larvae plant-1 was recorded for the genotypes K-60069, K-88168, and NKC-10-99 and K-88170. In year 2, Plant-1 larvae ranged from 7 to 29. At least (7) Plant-1 larvae were observed in genotypes D-15019, D-12011, K-08003, and K-60069. A maximum (29) number of larvae Plant-1 was observed for genotypes K-01155, K-01153 and K-60075 (Table 6).
Pod damage percentage
The percentage of pod damage was caused by feeding larvae the developing seeds after making a hole and poking their heads in the pod. Combined analyzes of variance for the percentage of damaged pods revealed highly significant differences (P 0.01) over the years. The interaction between genotypes and genotype years also showed highly significant differences (Table 2). The importance of GxY implies that the response of the genotypes to the borer larvae for causing pod damage was different at the sites studied. Sarwar (2013) also reported that variations in pod damage could be due to different regional climatic conditions.
The average percentage of pod damage ranged from 17 to 57% on average over two years. The lowest (17) percentage of pod damage over two years was shown by genotype NIFA-2005. while the highest (57) percentage of pod damage over two years occurred in genotype D-13031. In GYI, the lowest (12) percentage of pod damage was observed in genotype D-15036, while the highest (95) percentage was observed in NKC-5-520 (Table 13).
The lowest (12) percentage of pod damage at year 1 was observed in genotype D-15036. In contrast, the highest (46) cent pod damage per year was observed in the Karak-1 genotype. While in year 2 the lowest (14) percentage of pod damage was observed in K-60069, the highest (95) percentage of pod damage in year 2 was observed in genotype NKC-5-520 (Table 13).
Table 13: Means and percentage differences for pod damage% of 45 chickpea genotypes were evaluated across two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Genotypes |
1st year |
2nd year |
Mean |
Percentage difference |
D-15012 |
37 |
74 |
56 |
74 |
D-15019 |
23 |
82 |
52 |
82 |
D-10008 |
15 |
93 |
54 |
93 |
D-97086 |
25 |
63 |
44 |
63 |
D-14014 |
27 |
47 |
37 |
47 |
D-11030 |
21 |
85 |
53 |
85 |
D-13036 |
39 |
91 |
65 |
90 |
D-08025 |
14 |
59 |
37 |
59 |
D-15020 |
19 |
73 |
46 |
73 |
D-13031 |
20 |
93 |
57 |
93 |
D-13012 |
42 |
79 |
61 |
78 |
D-12011 |
16 |
78 |
47 |
78 |
D-09027 |
16 |
86 |
51 |
86 |
D-13011 |
18 |
30 |
48 |
40 |
D-15015 |
31 |
93 |
62 |
92 |
D-14005 |
15 |
94 |
54 |
94 |
D-15005 |
26 |
87 |
57 |
87 |
D-10039 |
20 |
74 |
47 |
74 |
D-93127 |
19 |
76 |
48 |
76 |
D-15036 |
12 |
76 |
44 |
76 |
K-08003 |
28 |
37 |
32 |
36 |
K-01158 |
27 |
33 |
60 |
18 |
K-60075 |
15 |
42 |
29 |
42 |
K-01208 |
13 |
77 |
45 |
77 |
K-01151 |
17 |
74 |
46 |
73 |
K-60066 |
37 |
62 |
49 |
61 |
K-01213 |
14 |
26 |
20 |
25 |
K-01209 |
30 |
36 |
33 |
35 |
K-60069 |
36 |
14 |
25 |
11 |
K-88170 |
17 |
70 |
44 |
70 |
K-08021 |
15 |
74 |
45 |
74 |
K-01153 |
17 |
20 |
18 |
19 |
K-01155 |
22 |
26 |
24 |
25 |
K-01210 |
27 |
15 |
21 |
13 |
K-70009 |
20 |
22 |
21 |
21 |
K-60058 |
14 |
77 |
46 |
77 |
K-88168 |
39 |
91 |
65 |
91 |
K-CH 47/04 |
17 |
84 |
51 |
84 |
K-FLIP82-150 |
29 |
67 |
48 |
67 |
NKC-10-99 |
33 |
15 |
24 |
13 |
NKC-5-5-20 |
40 |
95 |
68 |
95 |
Karak-1 |
46 |
15 |
31 |
12 |
Karak-2 |
15 |
91 |
53 |
91 |
Karak-3 |
26 |
72 |
49 |
71 |
NIFA-2005 |
19 |
14 |
17 |
13 |
Year mean |
24 |
65 |
LSD (5%) for genotypes = 4.3666%; LSD for years = 3.0876%
Conclusions and Recommendations
It is concluded that the traits such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield and pod borer infestation showed significant differences and are directly related to the identification of Genotypes of resistance/tolerance to the chickpea pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.). The pooled analysis also proved to be a powerful tool for identifying the resistance level of genotypes to the chickpea pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.). Line identification and check vs. test line performance can also be easily accessed via pooled analysis.
The present study recommends that the genotypes K88170, D-14014, K-60069, K-01153, K-70009, KARAK-2, K-CH47/04, D-15036 and NIFA-2005 have a high resistance potential. tolerant of the chickpea pod borer and high yielding. These genotypes can be used in future breeding programs to develop pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.) resistant cultivars. Some of the genotypes like D-15012, D-13011, K-01210 and D-08025 showed early maturity and some genotypes like K-01213, D-15005, K-60069 and 15012 were early in formation and these genotypes can be recorded be used in future breeding programs.
Novelty Statement
This research recommends specific genotypes that performed well in terms of grain yield, pod damage percentage, and larval infestation, suggesting their potential for developing pod worm-resistant/tolerant and high-yielding chickpea varieties. The study also highlights the importance of plant height, as reducing it beyond a certain threshold negatively impacts yield
Author’s Contribution
Hamid Ullah Khan: Conceptualization, methodology.
Muhammad Anas: Conceptualization, methodology, writing, data analysis.
Rozina Gul: Conceptualization, supervision.
Waseem Ullah Shah: Data analysis.
Abdul Haleem: Methodology.
Muneeb Ahamd Khan, Muhammad Taimur, Tahreem Shah, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Noman Anjum and Muhammad Saqib: Funding acquisition.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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