Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) Infection: Challenges and Global Health Strategies
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) Infection: Challenges and Global Health Strategies
Adeola D. Ayanyinka1,2*, Itunuoluwa Oyelayo1,2, Adedayo Simeon Okediji1,2, O. Opaleye1,2, O. Ojurongbe1,2 and Olugbenga A Olowe1,2
ABSTRACT
Co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant intersection of three global epidemics, disproportionately affecting populations in low- and middle-income nations. These infections interact synergistically, accelerating disease progression, complicating clinical management, and increasing mortality rates. This review examines the global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical ramifications of co-infections involving HBV, HIV, and TB, highlighting the distinct challenges presented by these overlapping epidemics. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies tuberculosis (TB) as a primary cause of mortality among individuals with HIV and estimates a hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence of up to 7.8% among TB patients in high-burden areas. Pathogen-specific mechanisms, such as immune system interactions, drug-drug interactions, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), complicate treatment further. Contemporary strategies to tackle these challenges encompass integrated screening, customized treatment protocols, and public health initiatives such as vaccination and enhanced healthcare systems. This review also emphasizes the necessity of multidisciplinary strategies and region-specific interventions to alleviate the effects of these co-infections, enhance patient outcomes, and attain global health objectives.
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