Identification of Influencing Factors for Optimal Adoptability of High Efficiency Irrigation System (HEIS) in Punjab, Pakistan
Hafiz Umar Farid1, Muhammad Zubair2, Zahid Mahmood Khan1, Aamir Shakoor1*, Behzad Mustafa1, Aftab Ahmad Khan3, Muhamad Naveed Anjum4, Ijaz Ahmad5 and Muhammad Mubeen6
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 2National Engineering Services (Ltd.) Pakistan (NESPAK); 3Global Change Impact Studies Center, Islamabad, Pakistan; 4Division of Hydrology Water-Land Resources in Cold and Arid Regions, Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; 5Center of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering (CEWRE), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; 6Department of Environmental Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus-Pakistan-61100.
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Figure 1
Location of selected HEIS sites dispersed across all Punjab.
Figure 2
Distribution of farmer demographics by HEIS adoption (a = Farmers experience; b = Farmers qualification; c = Farmers land holding; d = Location of farm; e = Farming practice; f = Tenancy status).
Figure 3
Distribution of Farm Characteristics by HEIS adoption (a = Soil Type; b =; GW quality; c = Available Water Sources; d = HEIS type; e = Crop type under HEIS; f = Age of HEIS; g = Mode of power; h = Pumping mechanism).
Figure 5
Significant factors influencing the sustenance of HEIS.
Figure 4
Net economic benefits (PKR/ha) for all 30 sites (F: Functional N: Non Functional S: Site).
Table 4
Correlation Matrix for selected parameters.