Beekeeping in Pakistan: History, Potential, and Current Status

Khalid Ali Khan1,2,3* and Hamed A. Ghramh1,2,4

1Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.

2Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.

3Applied College, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia

4Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT

Pakistan is an important country located in South Asia and ranks as the world’s sixth most populous country. It has diverse landscapes with its own specific vegetation. The country-specific vegetative diversity has a great ecological and economic impact on the conservation of local fauna. It has huge potential for the sustainable beekeeping industry if properly exploited. Beekeeping in Pakistan is mainly focused in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, central and northern regions of Punjab provinces but nowadays it is growing rapidly across the country. Three native species of honey bees including Apis dorsata, A. florea, and A. cerana whereas one exotic species A. mellifera are present in Pakistan. Honey produced in Pakistan enjoys good repute in the Middle East due to its unique taste and quality. Pakistan exports around 4,000 tons of honey with a worth of about $ 23.00 million to Arab countries every year. It is believed that the Pakistani beekeeping industry is entering an era full of opportunities.

Article Information

Received 19 April 2023

Revised 03 May 2023

Accepted 18 May 2023

Available online 09 June 2023

(early access)

Published 20 December 2023

Authors’ Contribution

KAK did conceptualization, investigation, projct administration and supervision, and wrote origincal draft. HAG and KAK arranged resources, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. HAG acquired funds.

Key words

Honey bees, Honey production, Bee forage plants, Honey-producing capacity, Ecology

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20230419090432

* Corresponding author: khalidtalpur@hotmail.com

0030-9923/2024/0001-0421 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2024 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Society of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan is an important country located in South Asia and ranks the world’s sixth most populous country. It is situated transversely between 24° and 37° north latitudes and 61° and 75° east longitudes, spreading over an area of 87.98 million hectares. It occupies a coastline of about 1,046 kilometers stretching along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Pakistan has international borders with Afghanistan, India, China, and Iran to the west, east, in the far northeast, and to the southwest respectively (Waghchoure-Camphor and Martin, 2008). In the northwest, Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor separates Pakistan narrowly from Tajikistan. It also has a maritime border with Oman. Pakistan has a diverse landscape characterized by the high mountain ranges, picturesque valleys, the desolate plateaus, the Indus basin, the sandy deserts, the beautiful sandy beaches, the blue pools, and the mangrove forests along the Arabian sea, each landscape characterized by its specific vegetation (Sheikh, 1993).

TOPOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan has glamorous mountains in the northern areas and with western borders. Three highest mountain ranges i.e., the Himalayas, the Karakorum, and the Hindukush meet in the north and attract many mountaineer adventurers around the globe. K-2 (8611 m) is the second-highest peak (next to Mount Everest) and belongs to the Karakorum range that has some of the highest peaks in the world. Nanga Parbat (8126 m) ranks the second-highest mountain in the Himalayas. This mountainous area occupies largest concentration (>121) of peaks in the world and also blessed with few longest glaciers outside the Arctic region. Some smaller mountain ranges (the Suleiman range, the Salt Range, the Koh Safaid range, the Toba Kakar Range, the Kirthar range, and the Makran coast range) lies along the west. In addition to the mountains, the country has two important and beautiful plateaus, the Balochistan plateau and the Potwar plateau. It also has some intermountain pictorial valleys like Swat, Chitral, Peshawar, and Bannu valleys (Kamran, 2009).

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF PAKISTAN

The climate of the country is as diverse as its landscape. Annual precipitation varies from 50 mm in western areas of the Balochistan province uplands to almost 1,500 mm in the Himalayan areas. Many parts of the Balochistan, a large area of the Punjab province (south of Sahiwal city), and the Sindh province receive an annual rainfall of less than 200 mm. The annual rainfall progressively rises from the north of Sahiwal and the true humid conditions prevail over the plain areas when annual precipitation of 1,000 mm and on the highlands when annual rainfall accedes from 700 mm. The Monsoon and the Western Depression are the two important sources of rainfall in Pakistan. The monsoon rainfalls enter from the east and usually start from July to September each year. As the monsoon (Kharif season) enters from the east, therefore eastern parts of the country receive maximum rainfall.

After transient over Iran and Afghanistan and losing most of the moisture on the way, the western depression arrives in Pakistan from the west and bring a little amount of rainfall to the western parts of the country during December to March (Rabi season). The topography of Pakistan has diverse climates, most of the areas receive adequate rainfall in Kharif and Rabi seasons which boost the vegetative growth and enhance the flowering of numerous plant species which are rich sources of nectar and pollen for bees.

SOME LAND USES OF PAKISTAN

Land uses for forest cover (scrub, riverain, mangroves, and plantation), agricultural land (irrigated, rainfed, and rodkohi), rangelands, deserts, and snow/glacier are shown in Table I which are about 5%, 20%, 27%, 10%, and 2% respectively of the total area of the country (Kamran, 2009). Most of the beekeeping practices in Pakistan are focused in KPK and central and north regions of Punjab but nowadays it is growing rapidly. Beekeeping in Pakistan is not exploiting the full potential of bee forage plants found in forest cover, agriculture land including linear plantations, and rangelands. The bee flora present in the country can support up to 3.5 million bee colonies (Khan et al., 2014).

FOREST TYPES IN PAKISTAN

There are many kinds of forests in Pakistan with their own specific vegetative diversity which have a great ecological and economic impact. They are helpful for the conservation of local fauna and may have huge potential for sustainable beekeeping industry if properly exploited. Coniferous sub-alpine forests are found in Azad Kashmir, Dir, Swat, Chitral, Northern areas, and Hazara at an elevation of 3,350 to 3,800 m. Common vegetation includes Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, Betula, Pyrus, Salix, Primula, Ranunculaceae, Aconitum heterophyllum, A. chasmanthum, A. laeve, Saussurea lappa, Rehum emodi and Podophyllum hexandrum. Coniferous dry temperate forests are distributed (at an elevations of 1,525 to 3,350 m) across the inner arid mountain ranges, outside the operative range of the monsoon, in the northern areas, Chitral, Nilam and Kaghan valleys, and Takht-i- Suleman, Shinghar and Ziarat in Balochistan. Cedrus deodara, P. gerardiana, Juniperus excelsa, P. wallichiana, Picea smithiana, and Quercus ilex, Fraxinus, Acer, Daphne, Lonicera, Prunus, Artemisia, Astragalus ehedra, Ephedra nebrodensis, Artemisia maritima, Carurn bulbocastanumi, Thymus, Ferula, Juglans regia, P. gerardiana, Zizyphus sativa are characteristics plant species in these forests. Coniferous Himalayan moist temperate forests are located (at an elevation of 1,373 3,050 m) in Murree, Galies, Kaghan, and Azad Kashmir. P. wallichiana, C. deodara, Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow, Quercus incana, Q. dilatata,

 

Table I. Pakistan: Some important land uses (000, hectares).

S. No.	Land use	Provinces				Pakistan	%
		Punjab	Sindh	Balochistan	Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1	Forest	855.1	848.3	508.1	2,311.9	4,523.4	5.4
2	Rangeland	5,385.7	3,961.1	9,255.8	3,848.7	2,2451.3	26.9
3	Agricultural land	10,143.4	4,465.0	822.2	1,174.7	1,6604.7	19.9
4	Deserts	1,796.9	3,140.8	3,189.4	-	8,127.1	9.7
5	Snow/Glaciers	-	-	-	1,829.6	1,829.6	2.2

 

Source: Land use atlas of Pakistan (2009), Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.

 

Q. semecarpfolia, Rhododendron arboreum, Acer, Aesculus, Prunus, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Corylus, Alnus, Litsaea, Machilus, Euonymus, Ilex, Indigoferja, Lonicera, Rosa, Desmodium, Rubus, Viburnum, Strobilanthus spp., Zizyphus vulgaris, Punica ranatun, Berberis lycium, Skimmia laureola, Viola setpens, Dioscorea spp., Valeriana wallichii, Atropa acuminata, Colchicum luteum, Asparagus racenosus, and Mentha piperita are common plant species found in these forests. Coniferous sub-tropical pine forests are located in Klazara, Murree hills and Azad Kashmir. P. roxburghii, Q. incana, Lyonia ovalifolia, R. arboreum, Pistacia intecerima, Syzygium cumini, Mallotus philippinensis, Xvlosma longifolium, Q. glauca, Ficus spp. are feature plants. Scrub dry sub-tropical broad-leaved forests are classified as arid forests and propagate in the foothills and the lower parts of the Himalayas, the Salt range, the Kala-chitta range, and the Suleman range. The main tree species are Olea ferruginea, Acacia niodesta, Tecoma undulata, Pistacia integrima, Dodonaea viscosa, Retonia buxifolia, Capparis aphylla, Qymnospia royleana and Zizyphus spp. Scrub dry tropical thorn forests are called the “Rakh” forests located at the upper Indus plain and the desert forests in the lower Indus plain. Common plants species are A. modesta, A. niotica, Salvadora oleoides, Prosopis cineraria, Tamarix aphyla, Zizyphus spp., Cappris decidua, Tecomella undulata, Calotropis procera, A. senegal, Comliphora mukul, Egphogribia spp. Ephorbia and A. jacquemontii, Calllgonum spp., Suaeda, Salsola, Haloxylon, Salvadora persica., Tamarix dioica., Aristida, Eleusine, Panicum, Cenchrus, Lasiurus.

Irrigated plantations are found in the plain areas of the country, mainly in Punjab and the Sindh. Major plant species include Dalbergia sissoo, Morus alba, Bombax cieba, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, A. nilotica, Melia azedarach, Populus spp., and Salix spp. Riverain forests are generally called the “Bela Forests” and found on the flood grasslands and the banks of the main rivers at Indus Basin. Plant species include Acacia nilotica, Tamarix dioica, Prosopis cineraria, D. sissoo, and Populus euphratica. Mangroves forests are located in the Indus delta swamps. The major plant species are Avicennia marina, Rhizophora tylosa and Ceriops tagal. Linear plantations along roads, canals and railway tracks include D. sissoo, A. nilotica, E. camaldulensis, Albizzia spp., Azadirachta indica, Tamarix aphylla, Populus spp., M. alba, Salix spp., and Melia azedarach. Farm forests are grown by the farmers and D. sissoo, A. nilotica, E. camaldulensis, Populus spp., Bombax cieba, and Melia azedarach are common plant species (Sheikh, 1993).

BEEKEEPING PRACTICES: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

Early history of beekeeping and diversity

Pakistan is blessed with a wealth of naturally occurring flora and fauna which were started to be systematically recorded through the initiation of new projects. In 2007 the World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) a non-governmental organization helped to published a field guide “Birds of Pakistan” and a “National Insect Museum” has been established which started to catalogue the insects from old and new collections. With such a myriad range of climatic conditions and habitat types, it is not surprising that the country has a rich bee fauna that includes at least three species of native Apis honey bees. These are the dwarf honey bee A. florea, the hill honey bee A. cerana, and the rock honey bee A. dorsata. Pakistan lies at the western end of the Asian honey bees’ range and the further dispersal of these bees is prohibited by the arid regions of Afghanistan. Interestingly, A. florea which is now found in Oman is most likely due to the introduction by humans rather than by natural spread. This natural arid barrier has prevented A. mellifera (which dispersed out of Africa) and the Asian honey bees from ever mixing. Therefore, over evolutionary time different pests and pathogens associated with each Asian honey bee species and A. mellifera have arisen separately (Waghchoure-Camphor and Martin, 2008).

Earlier A. mellifera colonies were introduced to subcontinent by Sir Louis Dane during 1908, but these colonies soon died due to excessive rains and lack of expertise. During that time, a Punjab Beekeepers Association was founded by Mr. Brooks (Shimla High School) and Mr. Carson, Assistant Professor Entomology at Lyallpur (now Faisalabad). In 1910, A. mellifera colonies were shifted to Lahore (Pakistan) for rearing and acclimatization but no satisfactory results were obtained. In 1927, Jagjit Singh who was working at Faisalabad imported the honey bees from Italy but not succeeded. In 1930, Mian Afzal Hussain (Entomologist) started to rear A. mellifera first time in Murree. In 1934, A. mellifera colonies were brought to Entomology Department, Faisalabad Agriculture College that initiated their rearing first time in plain areas and started experiments. It was found at that time if an old queen bee would be replaced by a new one, then the bee colonies would become stronger and tolerant to hot summer. In 1940, A. mellifera colonies acclimatized in local environmental conditions that proved to be the start of potential beekeeping industry in the country. Beekeeping started in Haripur (1940) and many research stations were established in Peshawar (1948), Chattar, Sialkot, Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Hassanabdal.

The frontier beekeeper’s association (1954) and All Pakistan beekeeper’s association (1956) were established with their headquarters in Peshawar and Faisalabad, respectively, but they didn’t operate well. During 1977-79, A. mellifera colonies imported from Australia (as packaged bees) were further acclimatized at the National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. These colonies initially suffered through many colony losses and were changed by splitting and procuring additional colonies. In 1988-1992, Pakistan-German honey bee promotion program for training in honey bee colony management and modern mite control measures were introduced. In past few years, the numbers of A. mellifera colonies have grown through practicing queen rearing and colony multiplication from 10 colonies to hundreds of colonies that had been distributed to beekeepers, government, and research institutes by HBRI. These colonies have now spread across a wide region of central Pakistan which is the most suitable for beekeeping. Before the large influx of A. mellifera colonies, beekeepers in the mountainous regions were maintaining A. cerana colonies as their main source of honey production, in addition to traditional honey hunters that were harvesting the wild A. dorsata colonies from trees and collecting A. florea honey (Ahmad and Muzaffar, 1984).

Current status of beekeeping

Two honey bee species kept commercially in Pakistan are A. mellifera and A. cerana. The congenial climatic conditions along with plenty of bee flora offer tremendous opportunities for the growth and expansion of sustainable beekeeping in the country (Fig. 1). Honey bee flora is present on vast areas of the country locating in all the provinces together with northern areas, federally administered tribal area (FATA), and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Pakistan is producing high-quality honey of different flora that includes citrus (Citrus spp.), acacia (Acacia spp.), clover (Melilotus officinalis), ziziphus (Ziziphus spp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), shain, kalongi (Nigella sativa), mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), sunflower (Helianthus annuus ), rape and mustard (Brassica spp.), garranda/ currant bush (Carissa opaca), robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia), and many more in various ecological areas. By the development of beekeeping practices in the country, large numbers of people are receiving self-employment as commercial beekeepers and improving their livelihoods.

The honey crop can be harvested with maximum yield from the areas where natural plantation and crop farming is common. Chakwal, Mianwali, Attock, Sargodha, Duska all located in Punjab province are considered the ideal locations for beekeeping; while in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Karak, Kohat, Swat, Bannu, and Chitral are most favorable places honey production. In the Balochistan province, Quetta, Ziarat valley, Naseerabad, and Kalat; and in Sindh province, some places like Thatta, Sujawal, Mirpur Khas, Hyderabad, and Gularchi area are best suited for honey bee farming. In addition, 160,000 hectares of mangrove forests in the coastal belt (Rashid and Rafique, 2018) and the Koh Suleman range of south Punjab are another possible honey source which is yet to be explored. Northern areas of Pakistan blessed with a plethora of natural plantations are the principal sources of nectar and pollen for A. cerana (the species restricted to hills and foothills of Pakistan).

 

Currently there are an estimated 10,000 beekeepers in Pakistan managing almost 600,000 A. mellifera colonies producing more than 12,000 tons of honey annually. Beekeeping in Pakistan is mainly focused in KPK and central and north regions of Punjab but nowadays it is growing rapidly A survey of beekeepers and honey hunters revealed that approximately 60 tons, 70 tons, and 10 tons of honey was harvested from A. cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea bee colonies per annum and most of that honey used for personal consumption or sold locally (Waghchoure-Camphor and Martin, 2008). Honey produced in Pakistan enjoys good repute in the Middle East due to its unique taste and quality. Pakistan exports around 4,000 tons of the honey with the worth of about $ 23.00 million to Arab countries every year. Furthermore, beekeeping industry is supporting almost 27,000 families (Sulemani, 2018) who are adopting commercial beekeeping as self-employment for their livelihoods (Fig. 2).

 

Ziziphus honey also is known as the jujube, is a dark non-granulating honey with a strong flavor and aroma. This type of honey is highly demanded locally and by the Arab export markets. In addition to the Ziziphus crop in the autumn, beekeepers take another 2-3 honey crops yearly (Khan, 2015). This can be from the flowers of oil-seed rape and citrus trees in the spring, followed by acacia and clover crops in the summer. Most of A. mellifera beekeeping is largely migratory, moving the bees from crop to crop. It proposes that the beekeepers can exploit the wide range of climate conditions and never need to sugar-feed their bees as forage is present year-round. Many research institutes like HBRI of NARC; ARI Tarnab, Peshawar; Beekeeping Research Station, Rawalpindi and national universities (e.g., PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi; Punjab University Lahore, etc.) are working on a different aspect of bee research in Pakistan. NARC has established a honey-testing and quality laboratory to promote the value of bee products. It will assist the beekeepers to develop their export market by addressing issues like potential antibiotic and pesticide residues. The research institutes are regularly organizing the beekeeping training courses for people to adopt beekeeping as a cottage industry. Many workshops are organized to provide the latest information and research findings in the field of Apiculture. Queen rearing programs have been established at research institutions where hands-on training is provided. In Punjab, apiculture is being offered for master students which is proving popular with the students. A. cerana beekeeping is again being encouraged in the mountainous regions where it is better adapted than A. mellifera and does not suffer from mite problems. In short, Pakistan is a place where beekeeping has real potential to expand to exploit the wide range of climatic conditions and different flowing seasons the country has to offer. Beekeeping and honey production are becoming a profitable business in Pakistan, and it deals with eco-friendly practices. The non-framing business activities related to apiculture have a wide perspective to deliver an extensive spectrum of economic contributions. Supplementary paybacks from beekeeping practices are associated with the biological nature of bee activities, like pollination services and conservation of natural flora.

A. mellifera colonies were introduced to subcontinent by Sir Louis Dane during 1908, but these colonies soon died due to excessive rains and lack of expertise. During that time, a Punjab Beekeepers Association was founded by Mr. Brooks (Shimla High School) and Mr. Carson, Assistant Professor Entomology at Lyallpur (now Faisalabad). In 1910, A. mellifera colonies were shifted to Lahore (Pakistan) for rearing and acclimatization but no satisfactory results were obtained. In 1927, Jagjit Singh who was working at Faisalabad imported the honey bees from Italy but not succeeded. In 1930, Mian Afzal Hussain (Entomologist) started to rear A. mellifera first time in Murree. In 1934, A. mellifera colonies were brought to Entomology Department, Faisalabad Agriculture College that initiated their rearing first time in plain areas and started experiments. It was found at that time if an old queen bee would be replaced by a new one, then the bee colonies would become stronger and tolerant to hot summer. In 1940, A. mellifera colonies acclimatized in local environmental conditions that proved to be the start of a potential beekeeping industry in the country. Beekeeping started in Haripur (1940) and many research stations were established in Peshawar (1948), Chattar, Sialkot, Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Hassanabdal.

The frontier beekeeper’s association (1954) and All Pakistan beekeeper’s association (1956) were established with their headquarters in Peshawar and Faisalabad respectively, but they didn’t operate well. During 1977-79, A. mellifera colonies imported from Australia (as packaged bees) were further acclimatized at the National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. These colonies initially suffered through many colony losses and were changed by splitting and procuring additional colonies. In 1988-1992, Pakistan-German honey bee promotion program for training in honey bee colony management and modern mite control measures were introduced.

Common problems of beekeeping

Mite infestation is one of the problems that caused the failure of previous introductions of A. mellifera colonies. More recently the promotion of sustainable beekeeping and training in mite management is being carried out by Honeybee Research Institute (HBRI) of NARC, Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab Peshawar, and Beekeeping Research Station, Rawalpindi. However, during 1980-1983 almost all of the A. cerana colonies kept in modern and traditional hives were killed by an epidemic of what is believed to be tracheal mite, but other diseases cannot be ruled out. The underlying cause was likely the transfer of diseases from A. mellifera to A. cerana since colonies of both species were kept in proximity. A similar situation also occurred in India when the native A. cerana population was devastated by what is thought to be an epidemic of sacbrood contracted from imported A. mellifera colonies. Soon after the import of A. mellifera colonies, high yields of honey (40-50 kg per colony per annum) were recorded. But later, 1981 beekeepers started to report problems associated with the ectoparasite honey bee mite Tropilaelaps clareae. This mite has a similar life-history to the infamous Varroa mite in that it reproduces within the honey bees sealed brood cells. It is about half the size of Varroa, has a long and thin body shape and its natural host is A. dorsata. However, there is less information about its biology, and it appears to be unable to survive without the presence of brood since it is poorly adapted to a phoretic lifestyle. It is believed to have a second unknown non-honeybee host on which it survives during the period when A. dorsata is migrating. However, it has been able to successfully exploit A. mellifera as a new host where it is believed to have caused up to 50% of colony losses in India, and decimated colonies in Afghanistan, causing an estimated 95% of colony losses in just three years. Therefore, it is a serious pest and beekeepers need to control mite numbers by using acaricides or creating brood fewer periods (Jamal et al., 2020; Sajid et al., 2020). To add to their problems Varroa destructor was reported in 2002 and typically was already widely spread throughout their A. mellifera colonies. The presence of these two ectoparasitic mites is estimated to have reduced honey production by up to 50% as beekeepers learn how to manage them. Currently, beekeepers use flumethrin and fluvalinate strips imported from China and it is unclear if resistance has yet appeared. Formic acid is also used and trials using oxalic acid at National Apicultural Research Center (NARC) have confirmed that under local conditions it is effective and this will be phased in over the coming years. In addition to the mite problems, the other problems faced by beekeepers are those familiar to most beekeepers such as American Foulbrood (AFB), chalkbrood and pesticides used by farmers that have increased almost ten-fold during the last ten years (Ansari et al., 2017a, b; Al-Ghamdi et al., 2020). Non implementation of new techniques (artificial insemination of honey bee queens to improve the bee stock genetically, molecular and genetic approaches to manage the pest and diseases of honey bees) is another challenge for beekeeping.

If the above-mentioned challenges are properly addressed, then the future of beekeeping in the country looks bright. Pakistan is currently producing high quality honey of different flora that includes citrus (Citrus spp.), acacia (Acacia spp.), clover (Melilotus officinalis), ziziphus (Ziziphus spp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), shain, kalongi (Nigella sativa), mosquite (Prosopis juliflora), sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), rape and mustard (Brassica spp.), garranda/ currant bush (Carissa opaca), robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia), and many more in various ecological areas. The congenial climatic conditions along with plenty of bee flora offer tremendous opportunities for the growth and expansion of sustainable beekeeping in the country. Honey bee flora is present on vast areas of the country locating in all the provinces together with northern areas, federally administered tribal area (FATA), and Azad Jummu and Kashmir (AJK). By the development of beekeeping practices in the country (Shakeel et al., 2020) large numbers of people are receiving self-employment as commercial beekeepers and improving their livelihoods.

The honey crop can be harvested with maximum yield from the areas where natural plantation and crop farming is common. Chakwal, Mianwali, Attock, Sargodha, Duska all located in Punjab province are considered the ideal locations for beekeeping; while in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Karak, Kohat, Swat, Bannu, and Chitral are most favorable places honey production. In the Balochistan province, Quetta, Ziarat valley, Naseerabad, and Kalat; and in Sindh province, some places like Thatta, Sujawal, Mirpur Khas, Hyderabad, and Gularchi area are best suited for honey bee farming. In addition, 160,000 hectares of mangrove forests in the coastal belt and the Koh Suleman range of south Punjab are another possible honey sources which are yet to be explored. Northern areas of Pakistan blessed with a plethora of natural plantations are the principal sources of nectar and pollen for A. cerana (the species restricted to hills and foothills of Pakistan). Currently, beekeeping industry is supporting almost 27,000 families, who are adopting commercial beekeeping as self-employment for their livelihoods. Ziziphus honey also is known as the jujube, is a dark non-granulating honey with a strong flavor and aroma. This type of honey is highly demanded locally and by the Arab export markets. In addition to the Ziziphus crop in the autumn, beekeepers take another 2-3 honey crops yearly. This can be from the flowers of oil-seed rape and citrus trees in the spring, followed by acacia and clover crops in the summer. Most of A. mellifera beekeeping is largely migratory, moving the bees from crop to crop. It proposes that the beekeepers can exploit the wide range of climate conditions and never need to sugar-feed their bees as forage is present year-round. Many research institutes (HBRI of NARC; ARI Tarnab, Peshawar; Beekeeping Research Station, Rawalpindi) and national universities (e.g., PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi; Punjab University Lahore, etc.) are working on a different aspect of bee research in Pakistan. NARC has established a honey-testing and quality laboratory to promote the value of bee products. It will assist the beekeepers to develop their export market by addressing issues like potential antibiotic and pesticide residues. The research institutes are regularly organizing the beekeeping training courses for people to adopt beekeeping as a cottage industry. Many workshops are organized to provide the latest information and research findings in the field of Apiculture. Queen rearing programs have been established at research institutions where hands-on training is provided. In Punjab, apiculture is being offered for master students which is proving popular with the students. A. cerana beekeeping is again being encouraged in the mountainous regions where it is better adapted than A. mellifera and does not suffer from mite problems. Pakistan is a place where beekeeping has real potential to expand to exploit the wide range of climatic conditions and different flowing seasons the country has to offer. Beekeeping and honey production is becoming a profitable business in Pakistan, and it deals with eco-friendly practices. The non-framing business activities related to apiculture have a wide perspective to deliver an extensive spectrum of economic contributions. Supplementary paybacks from beekeeping practices are associated with the biological nature of bee activities, like pollination services and conservation of natural flora.

CONCLUSIONS AND Recommendations

Pakistan is a country in which most of the population depend upon agriculture including beekeeping. Honey and other bee products are important for both modern and traditional beekeeping. Healthy bee colonies and high production of honey and other bee products depend on many factors like implementation of latest research and technology, training of beekeepers, public awareness about the importance of bees etc. The polices and efforts should be made to plant vegetation suitable for bees and pollinators. Public sectors especially in forest and agriculture should ensure to limit the application of honey bee-harming agrochemicals. A nation wise effort should be made to promote honey bees and pollinators including bee-friendly agricultural management practices.

Funding

The author appreciates the support of the Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS) at King Khalid University Abha, Saudi Arabia through a grant RCAMS/KKU/012-23

Institutional review board approval

Not applicable.

Ethical statement

The study involves no human or animals subjects. Thus, ethical approval statement is not applicable.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interests.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, R. and Muzaffar, N., 1984. Jadeed Magas Baani (In urdu). Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad. pp. 12-23.

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