Research Article

Ethnobotanical Study of Some Important Wild Plants in Tehsil Ekkaghund, District Mohmand, Merged Areas, Pakistan

Muhammad Farooq*, Shahab Momand, Salim Saifullah and Sanam Zarif Satti

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Received | November 12, 2024; Accepted | February 17, 2025; Published | March 05, 2025

*Correspondence | Muhammad Farooq, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Farooq, M., S. Momand, S. Saifullah and S.Z. Satti. 2025. Ethnobotanical study of some important wild plants in Tehsil Ekkaghund, District Mohmand, Merged Areas, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 75(1): 17-25.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.PJF/2025/75.1.17.26

Keywords | Ethno-Botany, Laxative, Degraded, Biodiversity, Conservation, Medicinal

Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

The term ethno-botany is derived from the terms ethno and botany, which respectively imply the study of people and the study of plants. It illustrates the positive interaction between tribal people and wild plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs). Ethno-biology has a branch called ethnobotany. Ethnobotany investigates all available data on plants and their therapeutic use. Humans use wild plants in a variety of ways to suit their fundamental needs, including those for food, clothing, and shelter. For the treatment of both internal and exterior disorders, plants are employed as medicine. In rural places, wild plants provide a source of revenue and employment (Kokwaro, 1976, 2009; Olembo et al., 1995; Pulu, 2003).

The word ethnobotany was first used by American taxonomist Harshberger (1895). He defined ethnobotany as “the study of the utilitarian interaction between humans and the plants in their environment,” which includes botanical applications. Locals in a given area research plants for their historical medicinal use. It investigates the organic connection between local communities and indigenous flora (Kumar et al. 2022).

Description of location

Ethnobotanical survey is carried out in village Halki Gandao, Tehsil Ykka Ghund, lower District Mohmand from July to August 2023. District Mohmand is a part of Merged Areas (Ex. FATA) of Pakistan and was established in 1951. The whole FATA has been merged in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province in 2018. District Mohmand is bordered by District Bajaur to the North East, Khyber to the South, Malakand and Charsadda districts to the East, Peshawar district to the Southeast and Afghanistan to the West. District Mohmand takes its name from the Mohmand tribe living in the area. It is divided into 7 tehsils namely Safi, Ambar, Baizai, Hawaizai, Halimzai, Pindiali and Tehsil Ykka Ghund. 2296 km2 is the total area, and the Ghalanai area is where the headquarter is located. Geographically, the region is made up of rough mountains with desolate slopes that are dispersed along the banks of the Kabul River (Aziz et al., 2018). It is located between latitudes 34, 10° and 34, 43° N and between latitudes 70, 58° and 71, 42° E (Zeb et al., 2017).

Objectives

To Explore important wild plant species of Tehsil Ykka Ghund, district Mohmand (Ex. FATA).

• To enlist the traditional uses and applications of some important wild plant species.
• To collect the information about rare and important wild plant species of Ykka Ghund for further research

Materials and Methods

Study area

Rich natural vegetation may be found in District Mohmand. The majority of it consists of plants and herbs with important therapeutic uses (Ali et al., 2016). It has short winter and long dry summer therefore it cannot sustain prolong growth of plants but contain a lot of medicinally important plant species.

Data collection

Ethno-medicinal data and information was taken from July to August 2023.The information was collected from local people which had specific knowledge of medicinal plants and information on the ethno-medicinal uses of plants through semi structured interviews (Aziz et al., 2018) and close ended questionnaire (MH, 2017). The interviews of 25 respondents were conducted through group discussion as well as face-to-face with individual participants. Priority was given specially to elder people who were native/local and had more knowledge about the uses of local indigenous plants for different purposes. They were briefed on the objectives of the work and the consent of each participant was obtained. Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology was followed. All interviews were taken in local language (Pushto) of the communities. The data about local names of plants, parts used, availability, route of administration of plants and uses for different diseases were recorded. Beside this entire field work secondary data was also revived in order to authenticate the research study (Kichu et al., 2015; Zeb et al., 2017). The data and information was also obtained from various departments like Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP), Forest and Agriculture departments.

Results and Discussion

The survey was conducted in order to determine the different use of wild plants for different purposes which have direct influence on human health and their life. Various wild plants mostly medicinally important plants are investigated with data regarding their botanical name, local name, family and their indigenous use.

The ethnobotanical study conducted in Tehsil Yakka Ghund, District Mohmand, has provided significant insights into the indigenous knowledge and applications of wild plants. This study has highlighted

 

Table 1: Plants distribution according to their indigenous uses.

S. No	Botanical name	Family name	Local name	Part use	Indigenous use
1	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad	Cucurbitacee	Kakora	Seed Pod, Leaves	Abdominal pain, Dysentery, Indigestion. Treatment and Control of diabetes. Removal of Abdominal worms (Anthelmintic)
2	Periplopca appylla	Apocynaceae	Barrara	Whole plant except roots. White latex.	White latex is chewed for appetite stimulant, Anti-inflammation.
3	Rhazya stricta Dece.	Apocynaceae	Gandiarai	Leavs, Seed	Wound healing (leaves powder). Treatment of inflammation, Leaves are used for arthritis, Acne treatment
4	Tribulus terrestris	Zygophyllace	Markondy	Whole plant, root and seed	Chest pain relief (whole plant extract), Treatment of skin disorders Removal of kidney stone, Animals forage.
5	Fagonia cretica	Zygophyllace	Azghakay/ Shenazghay	Leaves branches	Plant extract is diaphoretic .Internal wound healing (stomach ulcer).Headache relief. Anti-rheumatic.
6	Calatropis procera	Apocynaceae	Spalmay	Dry leaves, White latex, Bark powder	Diabetes treatment, Diaphoretic (produce perspiration) Tooth ache relief. Healing burn wounds, Anti poison, snake bite etc.
7	Caralluma tuberculata N. E. Br.	Apocynaceae	Pamanky	Whole plant except roots	Removal of intestinal parasite. Anti allergic. Treatment of pain in joints. Leprosy. Treatment of ear inflammation.
8	Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f.	Asteraceae	Shodapai	Leaves Milky latex	Dry leaves are used for fever treatment. Skin itching (extract). Swelling, Animal forage
9	Plantago ovata	Plantaginacee	Ispaghol	Fresh leaves, Dry leaves seed	Treatment of dry cough. Diarrhea (seed taken with water or curd). Dysentery, Used as laxative (fibber). Used as a purgative.
10	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Euphorbiacee	Mandaro	Whole plant except roots	Treatment of skin rashes, Antiparasitic.
11	Convolvulus arvensis L.	Convolvulaceae	Zangalee prewatay	Leaves Branches	Dry leaves powder used for fever (Tea is made) Laxative. Animal forage.
12	Mentha longifolia L.	Lamiaceae	Ilanai	Leaves branchesseeds	Dry powder used for indigestion. Nausea, Fever, Cough treatment. Stomach burning.
13	Solanum nigrum L.	Solanaceae	Kachmaco	Leaves (boiled)Whole plant	Increase appetite, Treatment of mild fever, Rates bites, Used as a food (saag).
14	Malva neglecta Wallr.	Malvaceae	Pandirak	Whole plant except roots	Produce urine (diuretics). Kidney stone removal, Dry cough & bronchitis treatment.
15	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Inzar	Fruits leaves, branches, stem	Help and increase; digestion, Laxative, Purgative, Treatment of cough, treatment of sore throat
16	Heliotropium europaeum L.	Boraginaceae	Lengatay	Seeds Leaves	Removal of parasite (Anthelmintics), Treatment of warts (stagg), Used as a fuel.
17	Withania coagulans	Solanaceae	Khamazoy	Dry leaves, seeds	Abdominal pain, Treatment of Gastrointestinal disorders.
18	Melia azedarach L	Meliaceae	Bakyrna/ Shandai	Leaves, seeds, stem	Treatment of Abdominal pain. (Seeds), laxative, Anthelmintic. Forage, Fuel.
19	Silybum marianum L.	Asteraceae	Ghanamo azghay	Leaves, seeds	Treatment of HCV_1 (plant extract), Sugar control, Removal of kidney stone, Anti poison.
20	Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss.	Euphorbiacee	Sperkay	Seed, leaves	Plant paste is used to cure mouth ulcer. Anthelmintic, Used as a fuel.
21	Oxalis corniculata L.	Oxalidaceae	Karghee mewa/ Tarokay	Whole plant except roots	Treatment of fever and dry cough (Plant juice), Treatment of urinary track problems, Treatment of dry skin eruption Emollient; having a moisturizing effect).
					Table continued on next page.....................
S. No	Botanical name	Family name	Local name	Part use	Indigenous use
22	Cannabis sativa L.	Cannabaceae	Zangali bang	Whole plant except roots	Headache relief, Cough treatment
23	Solanum surattense Burm. f.	Solanaceae	Maraghony	Leaves, seeds (fruit)	Very bitter and used for sugar control, Fruits are used as a laxative, Plant paste is Anthelmintic, Animal forage (Camel).
24	Fumaria indica	Papaveraceae	Spena gaya	Whole plant	Fever/malaria, Anthelmintic, Diaphoretic, Forage, Diuretic
25	Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.	Sapindaceae	Ghworasy	Seed, leaves, stem	Seed are used for treatment of indigestion, Leaves extract and dry leaves powder are used for fever control and malaria, fuelwood
26	Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch.	Oleaceae	Zaiton/ hona	Seed, leaves, stem	Olive oil massage is used in physiotherapy of joint inflammation and swelling, Analgesic, Used for cough relief, Edible seeds oil, Used as a fuel wood.
27	Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.	Capparaceae	Kerra	Seed (berries). Bark	Bark powder is used for control of blood sugar, Cough treatment, Berries are edible.
28	Galium aparine L.	Rubiaceae	Ghanamo galakay	Whole plant except roots	Leaves extract are used for urinary tract infection, Forage for cattle.
29	Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitch.	Arecaceae	Maizary	Leaves	Used for making, Ropes, Hot spots, Salt pot, Bread pots, Mats, Baskets , Fuel
30	Taraxacum officinale L.	Asteraceae	Zairgullay	Whole plant	Used for treatment of Renal disorders (root powder are used). Leaves are used as diuretic.
31	Acacia modesta Wall.	Fabaceae	Palosa	Fruits, leaves, branches, stem	Fruits are edible, Gum is used for treatment of back pain, Gastric disorders, Stomach problems, honey production
32	Stachys parviflora Benth.	Lamiaceae	Speraghonay	Leaves, seed	Sugar control, Dry leaves powder is used for removal of abdominal parasite (Anthelimintic).
33	Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC.	Cleomaceae	Skha botay	Seed pod, leaves	Leaves extract (dried) is used for treatment of Malaria, Fever, Sugar control, Insect bite anti-inflammation.
34	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Rhamnaceae	Berra	Leaves, stem, fruits	Fruits are edible and tonic. Laxative and purgative, Used as a fuel, Also used as a furniture. Tender are good forage for animals.
35	Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC.	Sapotaceae	Gurgura	Fruits, leaves, stem	Berries are edible and tonic. Diuretic, Stomach burning relief (fruits), Laxative.
36	Artemisia scoparia Maxim.	Asteraceae	Tarkha	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes control, Fever, body pain relief, Anthelmintic.
37	Ziziphus nummularia Aubrév.	Rhamnaceae	Karkanra	Fruits, leaves, stem	Fruits are edible and tonic, Diabetic control, Forage for goats, Used as a fuel wood.
38	Cymbopogon jwarancusa Schult.	Poaceae	Sargaray	Leaves, roots	Aromatic Leaves are used for treatment of cough and fever.
39	Salvadora persica L.	Salvadoraceae	Plevin	Leaves, branches, roots	Fruits are edible, Used as a fuel wood, Forage, Used for making maswak.
40	Pistacia terebinthus L.	Anacardiaceae	Shnai	Berries (fruits), leaves	Berries are edible; Gum is used as sticking materials.
41	Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist	Asteraceae	Murdar botay	Leaves	Leaves extract used for bladder issues, Fever and malaria, Diarrhea, throat treatment.
42	Gleopsis tatetrahit L.	Lamiaceae	Zagaa	Leaves, seed	Treatment of cough, Relief muscle pain, Expectorant, Used for fresh smell.
43	Rumex dentatus L.	Polygonacae	Shalkhay	Leaves, root	Cooling effect (diaphoretic) Diuretic, Treatment of dysentery. Laxative and purgative.
44	Carlina libanotica subsp.	Asteraceae	Kareza	seed	Used in treatment of dysentery, lose motion.

 

the region’s rich cultural heritage and dependence on native flora for medicinal, economic, and ecological purposes. The findings align with existing literature on ethnobotany, demonstrating the importance of wild plants in the daily lives of rural communities.

 

 

Ethnobotanical knowledge and its preservation

The study identified 44 plant species belonging to various families, used for treating a wide range of ailments such as abdominal pain, diabetes, inflammation, and skin disorders. This aligns with earlier research (Kokwaro, 1976; Pulu, 2003) that highlights the reliance of indigenous communities on plants for health and well-being. The transmission of such knowledge, often orally, underscores the need for its documentation and preservation, particularly as modern influences and environmental changes threaten traditional practices.

 

Table 2: Family wise species recorded.

S. No	Family name	Species/no
1	Apocynaceae	04
2	Asteraceae	06
3	Cucurbitaceae	01
4	Zygophyllaceae	02
5	Plantaginaceae	01
6	Euphorbiaceae	02
7	Lamiaceae	03
8	Convolvulaceae	01
9	Solanaceae	03
10	Malvaceae	01
11	Boraginaceae	01
12	Meliaceae	01
13	Oxalidaceae	01
14	Cannabaceae	01
15	Sapindaceae	01
16	Oleaceae	01
17	Capparaceae	01
18	Rubiaceae	01
20	Fabaceae	01
21	Cleomaceae	01
22	Arecaceae	01
23	Rhamnaceae	02
24	Sapotaceae	01
25	Poaceae	01
26	Salvadoraceae	01
27	Polygonacae	01
28	Anacardiaceae	01
29	Papaveraceae	01

 

Medicinal applications and pharmacological potential

The medicinal uses of plants such as Citrullus colocynthis, Rhazya stricta, and Withania coagulans emphasize their pharmacological potential. For instance, the use of Citrullus colocynthis for abdominal ailments and diabetes aligns with global ethnobotanical findings, highlighting its role as an anthelmintic and anti-diabetic agent. Similarly, Withania coagulans, traditionally used for gastrointestinal disorders, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. These findings underscore the potential for further pharmacological investigations into these plants for drug development.

Socio-economic and cultural importance

Beyond medicinal uses, many plants have economic and cultural significance. For example, Nannorrhops ritchiana is utilized for making mats, baskets, and ropes, providing a source of income for local communities. Similarly, plants like Ziziphus mauritiana and Monotheca buxifolia offer edible fruits, which are not only a nutritional resource but also hold cultural value as local delicacies.

 

Table 3: Species distribution on the basis of their percentage use.

S.No	Uses	No of Plant Spp.	Percentage
1	Laxative/purgative	9	20.4
2	Stomach problems	7	15.9
3	Body pain	4	9.0
4	Diuretic	8	18.1
5	Wound healing	7	16
6	Constipation	2	4.54
7	Abdominal pain	4	9.0
8	Diarrhea	4	9.0
9	Cough/dry cough	10	22.7
10	Fever/malaria	14	31.8
11	Dysentery	7	16
12	Urinary problems	2	4.54
13	Tooth ach	2	4.54
14	Vermifuge	11	25
15	Diabetes/sugar control	13	29.5
16	Appetite stimulant	2	4.54
17	Anti inflammation	6	13.6
18	Diaphoretic	6	13.6
19	Chest pain	3	6.8
20	Skin problems	9	20.4
21	Anti rheumatic	3	6.8
22	Anti poison	5	11.3
23	Nausea/dizziness	2	4.54
24	Hepatitis	1	2.2
25	Food	10	22.7
26	Forage	12	27.2
27	Fuel	8	18.1
28	Other uses	10	22

 

Conservation concerns and sustainability

The study also sheds light on conservation concerns, as several plant species are under pressure from overharvesting and habitat degradation. Rare and economically important species like Periploca aphylla and Fagonia cretica need immediate attention to ensure their sustainability. This aligns with global concerns about biodiversity loss and the need for sustainable harvesting practices.

Bridging traditional knowledge and modern science

The integration of traditional knowledge with scientific research offers a pathway to discovering novel therapeutic agents. Local elders, as primary custodians of ethnobotanical knowledge, have played a pivotal role in this study. Their insights provide a foundation for exploring the biochemical properties of these plants and their potential applications in modern medicine.

 

Table 4: Plants distribution on the basis of their part use.

S. No	Part use	No of species	Percentage
1	Leaves	31	70.4
2	Stem	7	16
3	root	3	7
4	Seed	21	47.72
5	Fruit	7	16
6	Bark	2	4.5
7	Gum/latex	4	9.0
8	Whole plant	9	20.45

 

Limitations and future research

While this study has provided valuable insights, it is limited by its short duration and small sample size. Future research could include a more extensive survey covering all tehsils of District Mohmand and employing advanced analytical techniques to validate the pharmacological properties of the documented plants. Furthermore, community-based conservation initiatives could be developed to promote sustainable use while preserving traditional knowledge.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The ethnobotanical study of Tehsil Yakka Ghund has highlighted the critical role of wild plants in the lives of local communities, from their medicinal uses to socio-economic contributions. By bridging the gap between traditional knowledge and modern science, this research paves the way for sustainable development, biodiversity conservation, and the discovery of new pharmaceutical agents. Efforts must continue to document, conserve, and utilize this invaluable heritage for the benefit of future generations.

Recommendation

• Traditional knowledge about the medicinal plants should be updated and documented in a proper way and treasured in a central library so that the information is preserved for upcoming generation.
• Medicinal plants also require conservation so local people should be aware about the protection and sustainable uses of the medicinal plants.
• Medicinal plants are also economically important; the government should develop communities and a proper system for management of medicinal plants and their trade.
• There should be more research activities and projects for determining the germination, and growth pattern for the fast and successful establishment and reintroduction of medicinal plant species.

Novelty Statement

This study presents a comprehensive ethnobotanical survey of the wild plants in Tehsil Ekkaghund, District Mohmand, Merged Areas, Pakistan, an area previously underexplored in terms of plant-based knowledge. By documenting traditional uses, local knowledge, and the cultural significance of these wild plants, the research bridges gaps in understanding the indigenous flora’s potential for sustainable use in medicine, food, and agriculture. The findings contribute novel insights into the conservation and application of native plant species, many of which have not been studied in the context of this region. This study also highlights the evolving relationship between local communities and their environment, providing a basis for future research into the ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of these plants.

Author’s Contribution

Shahab Mohmand: Data collection.

Muhammad Farooq: Topic selection, area selection, methodology.

Salim Saifullah: Software.

Sanam Zarif: Resources provision.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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