Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response to Simultaneous Vaccination with Ephemerovirus Febris and Phlebovirus Riftense Vaccines
Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response to Simultaneous Vaccination with Ephemerovirus Febris and Phlebovirus Riftense Vaccines
Aya A. Saber1, Mohamed Fawzy2*, MokhtarM. EL-Tarabili2, Eman K. El Sayed2
ABSTRACT
Ephemerovirus febris and Phlebovirus riftense formerly known as Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) and Rift Valley fever (RVF), respectively, are insect-borne viral diseases that affect cattle, causing significant economic losses. The application of a promising vaccination strategy requires the utilization of safe and effective vaccines capable of successfully preventing and controlling these disastrous diseases. The current study explored the effect of simultaneous vaccination of cattle with BEF and RVF vaccines on the calves’ humeral immune response. Four groups of BEF and RVF seronegative calves were used in this study; group 1 received inactivated BEF vaccine, group-2 received inactivated RVF vaccine, group-3 received BEF and RVF vaccines simultaneously, and group 4 served as a negative control. The humeral immune response was evaluated by beta serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA. BEF antibody titers were detected by SNT in the 1st-week post first vaccination as 6 (by detecting the endpoint of the serum that inhibit completely 100 TCID50) in the group 1 and 5.2 in a group 3. Group 1 and 3 SNT showed elevated antibody titers that reached the peak (128) at the 4th-week post-second vaccination and the 3rd-month post-second vaccination respectively, Moreover, antibody titers were maintained within the protective titer zone (≥32) till the 6th month post-second dose/vaccination. Following up, the RVF-SNT antibody titers in the 1st-week post first vaccination showed that it was 3.2 in a group 2 and 4.4 in a group 3. Both groups showed RVF-SNT titers’ peak by the 3rd-week post-vaccination by a mean titer of 70.4 in a group 2 and 102.4 in a group 3, then it declined to 3.6 in both groups at the 6th-month post-second dose. Indirect ELISA test results validated and confirmed the SNT results. Simultaneous Vaccination of cattle with BEF and RVF vaccines had no negative effect on the calves’ immune response as all vaccinated calves augmented acceptable levels of BEF and RVF specific antibodies. Therefore, calves can be vaccinated simultaneously against BEF and RVF safely with protective titers of antibodies.
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