F, forward; R, reverse, Temp, melting temperature.

OCD is a fourth most common deliberate psychiatric disorder. Its worldwide prevalence is 1-3% of children and adults and equally affects both males and females (Sarvet, 2013). OCD is a mental disorder, according to the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, this disease is characterized by intermittent and interfering obsessive thoughts and cyclic compulsive behaviors which reduce anxiety that is associated with obsessions. Previous studies on twin and family’s genetic showed that OCD is a chronic disorder and established irrespective of sex, race, marital status, intelligence, socioeconomic status, nationality or religions (Hettema et al., 2001; Sampaio et al., 2013). Patients with OCD experience intrusive and repetitive thoughts known as obsession and the un-controllable urge to repeatedly acts or rituals compulsions to reduce the anxiety produced by obsessional thoughts (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Several studies revealed that OCD is associated mainly with dysregulation and less concentration of 5-HT neurotransmission, which may play a possible role in the pathogenesis of OCD (Zohar et al., 2000; Westenberg et al., 2007).

Materials and methods

Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood using a standard procedure (Sambrook and Russel, 2001). Primers were designed through Primer3 software to amplify the complete BDNF coding region (Table I). The complete coding region of BDNF gene was directly sequenced using ABI 3130xl automated sequencer (Applied Biosystem Inc, Foster City, CA). The sequenced data was aligned and analyzed using Blast Local search Alignment tool. Chi square (X2) test was used for categorical variables and student’s t-test was used for continuous variables. In-silico prediction analysis was performed using mutation taster, Polyphin2 and Exon splicing enhancer software.

Results and discussion

SD, standard deviation; Y-BOCS, Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale; Obs, obsessions; Comp, compulsions; OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder. P-value was calculated through the Chi-square test. Values are Mean±SD.

Several studies supported the hypothesis that BDNF gene Val66Met genotype has been found to be associated with the clinical features of OCD in various ethnic groups in the world (Hall et al., 2003; Hemmings et al., 2008, 2013). Our results support most of previous and recent studies. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has been extensively studied, the first study that associates Val66Met was conducted in 2003 (Hall et al., 2003), that study reported that the Met66 allele revealed a protective effect on OCD (Hall et al., 2003). Other previous studies reported Val66Met was a risk allele (Hemmings et al., 2008, 2013). BDNF polymorphism Val66Met has been studied in several other mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, drug abuse and anorexia nervosa, most of them did not associate between the Val66Met and the disease (Kanazawa et al., 2007; Verhagen et al., 2008; Brandys et al., 2013; Gyekis et al., 2013; González-Castro et al., 2015). Some found the association between OCD and Val66Met, showed inconsistent results (Wang et al., 2015; Alonso et al., 2007; Wendland et al., 2007; Zai et al., 2005).

It has been found that there are significant ethnic differences in BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (Pivac et al., 2009). Caucasian carriers with Val/Val genotype have higher anxiety scores than carriers of heterozygous Val/Met genotype or homozygous Met/Met genotype (Lang et al., 2005). Comparison of genotype frequency Val/Val, Val/Met and Met/Met reported as significant ethnic differences in Val66Met variation in the BDNF gene with a similar distribution of Val/Met alleles among Korean individuals and the most frequent genotype in Caucasian population was Val/Val (Pivac et al., 2009). Homozygous Val/Val (G/G) genotype is also considered as an increased risk for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and homozygous A (Met) allele with the increased risk of poorer episodic memory (Ventriglia et al., 2002; Egan et al., 2003). Also evidence that the Val66 allele might increase the risk of depression as it was specially transmitted to bipolar volunteers in families (Neves-Pereira et al., 2002; Sklar et al., 2002). However, a study conducted on Japanese population, found no association of bipolar disorder and BDNF polymorphism (Nakata et al., 2003).

As BDNF gene plays a significant role in regulating neuronal proliferation and function and participating in the synaptic plasticity (Huang and Reichardt, 2001b), many previous and recent studies found and support that its peripheral levels were down regulated in various mental disorders such as OCD (Wang et al., 2015), anorexia nervosa (Saito et al., 2009), depression (Sen et al., 2008) and schizophrenia (Chen et al., 2014). It might be suggested that the lower peripheral blood level is a common feature and might be a marker reflecting impairment of synaptic plasticity and neuronal function in various mental disorders.

Conclusion

Our finding suggests that polymorphism Val66Met (rs6265) have some possible role of OCD development in Punjabi ethnic group. Genetic association of this polymorphism can be validated by screening at large scale.

Acknowledgment

Higher education commission of Pakistan is highly acknowledged for providing funding.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References