Research Article

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Sonali Chicken at Sadar Upazila of Dinajpur

Md. Gausur Rahman1*, S.M. Harun-Ur-Rashid1, Md. Golam Azam1, Md. Ahsan Habib2, Golapi Rani Devsharma1

1Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; 2Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh.

Editor | Muhammad Imran Rashid, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | July 24, 2024; Accepted | September 08, 2024; Published | September 15, 2024

*Correspondence | Md. Gausur Rahman, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Rahman MG, Harun-ur-Rashid SM, Azam MG, Habib MA, Devsharma GR (2024). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken at Sadar upazila of Dinajpur. J. Adv. Parasitol. 11: 14-18.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jap/2024/11.14.18

ISSN | 2311-4096

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Bangladesh is considered as the most densely populated country in the world. The demand of fast-growing population for food, particularly animal source, is increasing rapidly. Poultry industry plays significant role to meet up the animal protein demand of human in Bangladesh (Talukdar et al., 2017). The livestock population of Bangladesh is also high, similar to high population density and nearly 80% of population is involved in agriculture and livestock farming (BBS, 2008). Therefore, the total livestock population is about 442.85 million including 385.70 million poultry in Bangladesh (Livestock Economy, 2022-23). The livestock contributes about 1.85% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and share 16.52 % GDP to agricultural sector in Bangladesh (Livestock Economy, 2022-23).

Poultry industry plays a vital role in rural socio-economic system as most of the households directly involved in livestock in Bangladesh. It contributes significantly on national economic growth and generates numerous job opportunities (Islam et al., 2020) and the production of cheaper animal proteins (Rahman et al., 2017). In Bangladesh, poultry meat contributes about 37% of the total meat production (Begum et al., 2011).

Sonali chicken among the poultry species has become an important part of poultry production in Bangladesh and gains its more popularity as well as acceptance than broiler due to its more or less similar phenotypic appearance with the indigenous chicken. However, the productivity of sonali is interfered not only by improper management practices but also by various poultry diseases especially parasitic diseases. Parasitic diseases are one of the most serious problems of sonali chickens especially in the developing country and causes significant economic losses and discourage the rearing of the poultry (Islam et al., 2020). Nematodes, cestodes and coccidia are the common gastrointestinal parasites that cause infection in poultry include (Islam et al., 2020). The gastrointestinal parasites cause considerable damage and great economic loss to the poultry industry due to malnutrition, decreased feed conversion ratio, decreased production, increased mortality especially young birds and high treatment or prevention cost (Puttalakshmamma et al., 2008). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in commercial Sonali poultry farms to guide the future parasitism and deworming approaches.

Materials and Methods

Study area, period and birds

The present study was conducted in various commercial Sonali farm of Dinajpur sadar upazila (Figure 1) and faecal examination was performed at the Department of Pathology and Parasitology of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur during January to June, 2024. Fecal samples of 200 Sonali chicken were examined. The age and sex of Sonali chicken was recorded by interviewing with farm owners. The Sonali chickens were grouped into 1-4 weeks (85) and 5-9 weeks (115) age on the basis of age and also grouped into male (80) and female (120) according to sex.

Collection and examination of faeces

Faecal samples were collected either from the upper surface of litter immediately after dropping of faeces by selected Sonali chicken or intestinal content during the postmortem examination of the Sonali chicken or directly from cloaca by abdominal messaging with necessary data. Each sample was placed in a separate, properly labeled glass vial containing 10% formalin for preservation and transportation to the laboratory. Faecal sample was examined by Direct Smear method and Floatation technique using saturated salt (Sodium chloride) solution with standard protocol.

Faecal samples of 200 sonali chickens were examined. Of which 56 sonali chickens were infected with gastrointestinal parasites (Figure 3). Therefore, the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken was 28.00%. Ascaridia sp., Raillietina sp. and Eimeria sp. were identified in this study. Among these parasites, Eimeria sp. (15.5%) was significantly (P<0.001) highest, followed by Ascaridia sp. (11.5%) and Raillietina sp. (1.00%), respectively (Figure 2).

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites based on age of sonali chicken

The present study indicated that prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was significantly (P<0.01) higher in sonali chicken aged between 5-9 weeks (37.39%) than 1-4 weeks (15.29%). Ascaridia sp. and Raillietina sp.were higher in

Table 1: Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites according to age of sonali chicken

Table 2: Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites based on sex of sonali chick

5-9 weeks aged sonali chicken than 1-4 weeks of age but no significant (P>0.05) variation was found. No Raillietina sp. was recorded in sonali chicken of 1-4 weeks age. Sonali chicken aged between 5-9 weeks (20.87%) had significantly (P<0.05) higher Eimeria sp. than 1-4 weeks of age (8.24%) (Table 1).

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites based on sex of sonali chicken

Sex-wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken was recorded (Table 2). It was observed that female sonali chickens (29.17%) carried higher (P>0.05) infection with gastrointestinal parasites than male (26.25%). Female birds were more prone to Raillietina sp. and Eimeria sp. than male but the prevalence of Ascaridia sp. was higher (P>0.05) in male sonali chicken.

Parasitic infection is one of the vital problems in sonali production which reduce production performance, utilization of host nutrients and behavioral alterations (Islam et al., 2020) of birds as well as responsible for high morbidity and mortality (Das et al., 2022).

The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken observed in this study was 28.00% which is slightly higher than Islam et al. (2020) who recorded 22.4% prevalence of intestinal parasites in sonali chickens. Das et al. (2022) observed slightly prevalence (37.20%) of gastrointestinal parasites parasitic infections in backyard chicken. Salawu and Emmanuel (2023) and Afia et al. (2019) found higher prevalence (83.3% and 100% respectively) of gastrointestinal helminthes in local chickens in Nigeria. 90.97%, 86.6% and 54.2% infections were observed by Berhe et al. (2019), Wamboi et al. (2020) and Nguyen et al. (2020) in Ethiopia, Kenya and Vietnam respectively. Lower prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken in this study may be due to birds having minimum chance of getting parasitic infection, rearing system and use of anthelmintic. This variation may be due to variation in the collection of sample, geographical location, climatic conditions, study methods, rearing system, management practices and use of anthelmintic.

In this study, Ascaridia sp., Raillietina sp. and Eimeria sp. were recorded. In previous studies, most of the authors found more or less similar parasites such as Ascaridia sp., Raillietina sp., Capillaria sp. and Eimeria sp. in Bangladesh, Nigeria and Nepal (Islam et al., 2020, Salawu and Emmanuel, 2023, Das et al., 2022, Wuthijaree et al., 2018, Subed et al., 2018).

It was also observed that prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken was significantly increased with increased of age. Similar results are recorded by Islam et al. (2020), Ola-Fadunsin et al. (2019) where they observed higher prevalence in advance of age. The finding of this study is not in the line with the findings of Salawu and Emmanuel (2023) and Das et al. (2022) who observed lower prevalence in adult chicken. Afia et al. (2019) recorded higher prevalence of helminth parasites in grower, followed by adult and chicks respectively. No Raillietina sp. was found in 1-4 weeks aged sonali chicken which is supported by Islam et al. (2020). Belal (2017) observed that coccidiosis was higher in 5-16 weeks of chicken. High rate of infection in adult sonali chicken may be due to continuous exposure to infections from the contaminated litter as well as frequent contact with the intermediate host and external environment.

The results of this study indicated that prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was higher in female than male. The present study supports the findings of Islam et al. (2020) and Hafiz et al. (2015) where they reported higher prevalence in female chickens. But Afia et al. (2019) and Salawu and Emmanuel (2023) found higher prevalence in male birds. This variation may be due to variation in the collection of sample, climatic conditions, study methods, study area and management practices. This high rate in female birds might be due to malnutrition resulting from competitive feed intake with male birds. However, prevalence rate of gastrointestinal parasites is not statistically different between male and female birds indicating both sexes have equal chances of becoming infected with gastrointestinal parasites. The limitations of the current study were sample size and study area.

Conclusion

Gastrointestinal parasites are one of the major problems of poultry production that affect productivity and health status of poultry. A total of 28% of sonali chickens were infected with three gastrointestinal parasites such as Ascaridia sp., Raillietina sp. and Eimeria sp. and Eimeria sp. was the highest prevalent parasite. Gastrointestinal parasites were found in high proportion in female and 5-9 weeks old sonali chicken. Gastrointestinal parasites remained as major constraints for profitable sonali farming in poultry hub areas of Bangladesh. Therefore, effective preventive and controlling measures including regular deworming and improved hygienic managements should be followed strictly by poultry farmers.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), Bangladesh. The authors acknowledge to Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh for laboratory support and grateful to poultry farmers of Dinajpur for their kind cooperation during sample collection.

conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

novelty statement

This research has highlighted the prevalence of most common gastrointestinal parasites in sonali chicken at the study area.

authors contribution

Rahman MG: collected data and sample, microscopic examination of sample, prepared and corrected the manuscript. Harun-Ur-Rashid SM: helped in preparation and correction of manuscript, Azam MG: Assisted in identification of parasites, Habib MA: assisted in data analysis, Devsharma GR: helped in collection and examination of sample.

References

Afia UU, Usip LR, Udoaka UE (2019). Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in local and broiler chickens in Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. American J. Zoolog. Res., 7(1): 1-7.

BBS (2008). Statistical year book on Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau Statistics, Ministry of Planning, and Dhaka.

Begum IA, Alam MJ, Buysse J, Frija A, Van Huylenbroeck G (2011). A comparative efficiency analysis of poultry farming systems in Bangladesh.: A Data Envelopment Analysis approach. Appl. Econ., 44: 3737-3747. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.581216

Belal SMSH (2017). Prevalence of coccidiosis in sonali birds in sirajgonj district of Bangladesh. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 15 (2): 107-111. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v15i2.35519

Berhe M, Mekibib B, Bsrat A, Atsbaha G (2019). Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of chicken under different management system in Mekelle town, Tigray region, Ethiopia. J. Vet. Med. 2019(1):1307582. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1307582

Das M, Laha R, Doley S (2022). Gastrointestinal parasites in backyard chickens of mid hill region of Meghalaya. Indian J. Anim. Scie. 92 (2): 179–182. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i2.122077

Hafiz AB, Muhammad AR, Muhammad AA, Imran AK, Abdul A, Zahid M, Shaukat HM (2015). Prevalence of Ascaridia galli in white leghorn layers and Fayoumi-Rhode Island red crossbred flock at government poultry farm Dina, Punjab, Pakistan. Trop. Biomed., 32: 11-16.

Islam MM, Ali MH, Islam MN, Akther M, Rahman MG (2020). Clinico-pathological investigation of chicken coccidiosis at different upazila in Bogura district. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish., 7 (2): 267-274. https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i2.48867

Islam MS, Dey AR, Parvin S, Farjana T and Alam MZ (2020). Intestinal parasitic infection in commercial chickens in Sirajgonj. J. Bangladesh Agricultural Uni., 18(1): 111–116 https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.94747.

Livestock Economy, DLS. BD. (2022-23). www.dls.gov.bd.

Luna LG (1968). Manual of Histologic staining methods of the Armed forces Institute of Pathology.3rd edition.McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.

Nguyen TBV, Nguyen VC, Nguyen TPY, Nguyen THN, Bach TK, Nguyen VH, VoBH, Guy T, Juan JC, Alexis R 2020. Characterisation of gastrointestinal helminths and their impact in commercial small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 52: 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01982-3

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Uwabujo PI, Sanda IM, Ganiyu IA, Hussain K, Rabiu M, Elelu N, Alayande MO (2019). Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors., Vet. World., 12(3): 389-396. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.389-396

Puttalakshmamma GC, Ananda KJ, Prathiush PR, Mamatha GS, Rao S (2008). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of Poultry in and around Banglore. Vet. World., 1(7): 201-202. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2008.201-202

Rahman MS, Jang DH, Yu CJ. (2017). Poultry industry of Bangladesh: entering a new phase. Korean J. Agricult. Sci. 44:272-282. https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20170027

Salawu SA, Emmanuel AP (2023). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) in Modakeke, Ile-Ife, Osun state, Southwestern, Nigeria. Prevalence, 18: 021-029.

Subedi JR, Mujahid T, Cheetri B, (2018). Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Parasites of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) in Lalitpur District, Nepal. Tribhuvan Uni. J., 32: 19-28. https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v32i2.24700

Talukdar ML, Zuhra FT, Islam KME, Ahmed MS (2017). Prevalence of infectious diseases in Sonali chickens at BograSadarUpazila, Bogra, Bangladesh. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 4(1): 39-44. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d188

Wamboi P, Waruiru RM, Mbuthia PG, Nguhiu JM, Bebora LC (2020). Haemato-biochemical changes and prevalence of parasitic infections of indigenous chicken sold in markets of Kiambu County, Kenya. Int. J.Vet. Sci. Med. 8(1): 18–25 https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1708577.

Wuthijaree K, Lambertz C, Vearasilp T, Anusatsananun V, Gauly M, (2018). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Thai Indigenous Chickens Raised Under Backyard Conditions in Northern Thailand. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 28: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy062