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Maureen McKeague1, Maria C. DeRosa2*

...egant new approaches and tools for SELEX. In this commentary, we discuss recent advancements in the selection of aptamers.

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Nicola J. Stonehouse

...e be useful as molecular tools and also as novel therapeutic agents. This commentary describes RNA aptamers selected to bind to the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The aptamers are able to inhibit the function of the enzyme both in vitro and in the context of a sub-genomic replicon and highlight the future potential of this technology in many aspects of virus research as well as in diagnostics and therapeutics.

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Faheem Khan*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...loping special extension tools for those who cannot read.

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Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro*, Habib-Ur-Rehman Memon, Muhammad Ali Ansari, Ahmed Naqi Shah

...d with the help of local tool spade. The statistical analysis of data showed that interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check. The combined application of sorghum @ 15 L ha-1+ Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha-1 resulted in weeds mortality upto 66.6%, produced seedcotton yield of 3961.4 kg ha-1 and gave net benefit of Rs. 2,20,02...

Jonas Johansson Wensman1*a, Karl-Johan Leuchowius2,3 a, Jiting Yan1, Anna-Lena Berg4, Liv Bode5, Hanns Ludwig5, Sandor Belak6, Ulf Landegren2, Ola Soderberg2, Mikael Berg6

...n situ PLA), a selective tool for studying virus-host protein-protein interactions. BDV P (phosphoprotein) and N (nucleoprotein) have previously been reported to interact with several host proteins, thereby interfering with various signaling pathways. In this study, we focused on some of these interactions (BDV P-HMGB1, BDV N/P-Cdc2). First, we used rat glioma cell cultures persistently infected with a laboratory strain of BDV (C6BV ) to establish the assay. N...

Yongfeng Li, Mo Zhou, Xiao Wang, Libao Xie, Hua-Ji Qiu*

Anna-Maria Andersson*, Ann-Kristin Nyman, Per Wallgren

...LISA should be used as a tool for selection of breeding females in a control program for AD, the optimal sampling time at which the ADV antibody levels best can predict the breeding performance of the female needs to be further evaluated.

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Ashley C. Banyard1* and Satya Parida2

...n by the OIE. Whilst the tools are available to attempt eradication there are a number of factors that will influence the strategy taken to progress with the aim of eradication. Here we describe current areas where knowledge improvement is required to shape our understanding of the disease and its distribution alongside areas of investigation that require consideration in any viral eradication campaign. 

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Klara Fischer1*, Erika Chenais1,2, Emeli Torsson1, Jonas Johansson Wensman1

...otential as an important tool in disease impact assessment and control. Particular attention is paid here to the potential role of PE in future research on the epidemiology and control of PPR. 

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 Shahab e Saqib, Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, Sanaullah Panezai, Hidayatullah, Khalid Khan Khattak

...estionnaire was the main tool used to collect the data from farmers. The credit access ratio formula was employed that measured farmers’ access, in relative terms, to their landholdings. Likewise, credit adequacy formula was used to investigate farmers’ credit adequacy. A probit model was employed to find the important factors affecting access to credit. Results of access to credit ratio showed that small farmers had lower credit access to formal s...

Tarun Kumar Sharma, John G. Bruno and William C. Cho

...e emerged as competitive tools with the potential to replace antibodies in many diagnostic formats. The aptamer industry is continuously growing to create space in research and diagnostics markets. However, translation of aptamer in several applied disciplines is still lagging behind as compared to antibodies. In this article, we discuss the translational aspects of aptamers, current potential of aptamers and strategies to create the “bench-to-bedside&rd...

Jixue Hou1,2, Xueling Chen3, Jing Wang4, Hongwei Zhang2, Yu Xi2, Jie Xia2, Xinyu Peng2,* and Xiangwei Wu2,5*

...;">Mammals is a powerful tool to study pathophysiologic process of cardiovascular disease, but for a long time it is just limited to large animals, like pigs, rabbits, and big rats. The mice with reproduction fast cycle, lower costing, and close to human genes, can be showed about some phenomenon quickly, also more easy to form model of atherosclerosis. Thus, a mouse model of vascular injury is vitally important for researching the pathophysiological mechanism...
Sadaf Ijaz Malik1, Kiran Afshan2* and Mazhar Qayyum1
...al studies are effective tools that could be used as complementary in diagnosis of amphistome infections in ruminants. 
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Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...uipments and use of hand tools and implements. Most of the respondents have high competency level having practical farming experience. Study suggests pre-service along with in-service trainings along with higher degree in agriculture i.e. PhD for improving their technical competencies in agricultural mechanization

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Muhammad Asif Zahoor1, Zeeshan Nawaz1, Abu Baker Siddique1, Sajjad ur Rahman2 and Shahid Ali1*

...iplex-PCR is a sensitive tool for early and accurate diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections from samples collected from clinically sick and apparently healthy birds. In this way, current approach could be contributed well towards elimination and reduction of losses due to Mycoplasma infections in commercial poultry.

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Usman Shakoor1*, Mudassar Rashid1, Abdul Saboor2, Nabila Khurshid1, Zuhair Husnain2 and Abdul Rehman2

...recipitation are helping tools to forecast scenarios for the climate in an area. Changes in these tools from the past due to any unavoidable circumstances for today and in the future is refers to climate change (CC). Besides other living being, crops are either benefited or adversely affected by these changes in the climate of an area. Maize is one of the widely grown crops in the world and even in Pakistan has also influenc...

T. P. Ghosh, D. Mandal, S. Laha and M. K. Dasgupta 

Dynamics and severity model in managing fungal diseases
...approach may be a useful tool in plant protection, especially supervisory management and appropriate IPM.
 

 

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Sadia Munir1a, Asif Nadeem1a*, Maryam Javed1, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Tanveer Hussain2, Wasim Shehzad1, Rajput Zahid Iqbal3 and Sidra Manzoor1 
...vel i.e. an ideal tool for marker-assisted selection of animals for future breeding programs.
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Ayesha Zahid,Ammara Muazzam, Sidra Mustafa, Saba Irshad*,Malik Siddique Mahmood and Rehman Shahzad

 

...ipated by bioinformatics tools, which manifest mild changes in overall charge but altered post translational modifications in a way which might have a deleterious effect on ion channels anatomy and on the whole, pave ways to the genesis of cataract.
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Hussein Aly Hussein1*, Omneya Mohamed Khattab2, Shereen Mohamed Aly2, and Mohammed Abdel Mohsen Rohaim1 

... on the use of molecular tools. In this study, we analysed the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) genes of two LSDV isolates from Ixodid (hard) ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum) in Egypt. Multiple alignments of the nucleotide sequences revealed that both isolates had nine nucleotide mutations in comparison with the local reference strain, LSDV-Egypt/89 Ismalia. Compared with the GPCR sequences of SPV and GPV strains, 21 nucleotide insertion and 12 nucleotide...
Naimat Ullah Khan1,2, Muhammad Hassan Saleem1, Aneela Zameer Durrani1Nisar Ahmad3, Ayesha Hassan1, Sultan Ayaz2, Sajid Umar4, Muhammad Luqman Sohail5,*, Muhammad Shafee6, Ikramullah Khan7, Mumtaz Ali Khan1, Azmat Ullah Khan8Naimat Ullah Malik1 and Abdul Razzaq9
...t. For this purpose 360 stool samples were collected from the District Headquarter Hospitals of all the three districts and were screened through microscopy. Results yielded an overall prevalence of 11.11%, with significant difference (P<0.05) among different study areas. Prevalence was highest in district Bannu (11.66%), followed by district Lakki Marwat and Kohat with 10% in each district. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference (P<0.05) a...
Ghulam Abbas1,Asif Nadeem1,*, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Tanveer Hussain2, Muhammad Sajid Tahir3, Wasim Shehzad1, Rajput Zahid Iqbal3, Muhammad Tayyab1 and Maryam Javed1
...entified. Bioinformatics tools were applied for construction of phylogenetic tree and genetic diversity analysis. Lower genetic diversity was observed. The finding of this research is prerequisite for future research.
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Wanchao Zhu1, Qinguo Wei1, Shuyu Xue1, Huanxin Zhang2, Tianshu Lv1 and Honghai Zhang1,
...c markers will be useful tools for investigating genetic diversity and population structure of this species.
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Umair Talib1*, Ijaz Ashraf1, Khalid Mahmood Chaudhary1, Riaz Ahmad2
...ule was used as research tool. In the light of above findings, it is concluded that growers were not satisfied with public sector’s extension field staff (EFS) regarding their help in credit acquisition and dealing with them. Performance of private sector is very poor in provision of information about innovative technologies to farmers. Analysis of satisfaction of farmers with public and private sectors show that farmers are not completely satisfied...
Habibun Nabi1, Saher Islam2, Amna Arshad Bajwa2, Imran Rashid1,*, Haroon Akbar1, Wasim Shehzad2, Kamran Ashraf1, Nisar Ahmad1 and Aneela Durrani3
...igned using PrimerSelect tool for PCR to amplify SAG2 gene 5’ and 3’ regions. Sequences of 5 fragments of SAG2 were annotated and analyzed using DNASTAR Lasergene. After phylogenetic analysis with 3 clonal types and atypical strains, and on the basis of restriction map of HhaI and Sau3AI, our 3 isolates of T. gondii were found more closely linked to a typical strain. This is the first genetic analysis of T. gondii in Pakistan. In orde...

 Zeenat Bano1,*, Sajid Abdullah1, Waqas Ahmad2, Muhammad Anjum Zia3 and Wardah Hassan1

...eful as an early warning tool in natural monitoring studies.
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Semra Benzer1,* and Recep Benzer2
...be a superior estimation tool compared to LWR equation. Thus, as an outcome of the present study, ANNs can be considered as a finer method especially in the growth estimation of the species in biological systems. Another outcome of this study is that crayfish of Uluabat Lake well accommodates itself to the ecologic features of the environment and so its growth features are similar to the values of other water systems.
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Wali Khan1,*, Noor-Un-Nisa2 and Aly Khan3
...kistan. A total of 1041 stool samples were examined from January 2006 to December 2008 using direct smear and concentration methods. One hundred and fifteen (11.04%) participants were found infected with one or more than one intestinal protozoans. Forty one (35.6%) of the participants were infected with single parasite and seventy four (64.3%) with multiple infections. Entamoeba histolytica 30.5% (n=77/252), Giardia lamblia 15.0% (n=38/252), A...
İbrahim Aytekin1,*, Ecevit Eyduran2, Koksal Karadas3, Rifat Akşahan4 and İsmail Keskin1
...which a quite remarkable tool in the prediction of fattening final live weight with interaction effects of predictors and in description of breed standards, in the development of breeding strategies and especially in the detection of ideal fattening period for each breed under the condition.
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...ns represented here as a tool to measure the level of comfort at housing sites. This behavioral display also defines the safety of these groups of lions kept in distinct captive environment. This is evident that the quality of lodging environs and area range had solid connection with frequency of various normal and abnormal types of behavior in captive animals.
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Muhammad Abubakar,1,2,* Aamer Bin Zahur,1,3 Khalid Naeem1,3, Muhammad Azeem Khan1,3 and Subhan Qureshi
... country using molecular tools. A total of eighty-four (n = 84) PPR outbreaks were investigated during the study (2010 to 2013). The highest number of outbreaks was reported from Punjab province (n = 38) followed by Sindh (n = 21) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK, n = 10). In 48 out of 84 outbreaks, disease occurred in goats only while 18 outbreaks affected sheep only and the remaining occurred in mixed herds. A total of 6221 animals were affected in these outbreak...

Aqsa Waqar1, Sahir Hameed Khattak2, Sania Begum2*, Tayyaba Rehman1, Rabia1, Armghan Shehzad2, Wajya Ajmal2, Syeda Shahdana Zia2, Iqra Siddiqi2 and Ghulam Muhammad Ali2* 

...lar markers is efficient tool for screening diversity of rust genes in wheat germplasm and can facilitate the integration of multiple genes into wheat by pyramiding and transformation. This review discusses information regarding rust disease and resistance in wheat to tackle the disease through resistance breeding. 

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Wali Khan1,*, Noor-Un-Nisa2 and Muhammad Asif Nawaz3
...kistan. A total of 1041 stool samples were examined from January 2006 to December 2008 using direct smear and concentration methods. Two hundred and twenty one (21.2%) participants were found infected with one or more than one intestinal tapeworms. Seventy seven (7.39%) of the participants were infected with single parasite and one hundred forty four (13.8%) with multiple infections. Taenia saginata 32.6% (n=146/447), Ascaris lumbricoides 20.3% (...

 S.A. Khan*, M.M. Rahman Jamro** and M.Y Arain***

...ered as a very important tool for better production of True Potato Seed (TPS). The experiments were conducted to determine the suitable planting geometry for better yield from TPS mini tubers during autumn 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. It was revealed that even small size (5- 20g, 20-30g) tubers planted at closer row and plant spacing (60cm x 15cm,70cm x 15 cm) produced 31.00%, 31.33% and 28.33%, 32.33% medium size tubers (35-55 mm size). Whereas wider spacing (70c...

Liaqat Ali Shahid, M. Azhar Saeed and Nadeem Amjad*

... important and efficient tools to enhance the crop yield. It also helps to reduce the labour drudgery and ultimately increased farmers’ prosperity.

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 Muhammad Tayyab Mudassar*, Ehsan-ul-Haq*, Muhammad Naeemullah**, Muhammad Shakeel*, Muhammad Ashfaque*, Asmat un Nisa* and Javed Khan*

ECONOMIC REARING OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHENS) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) IN INSECTARY
...considered as a valuable tool in monitoring the past decisions and demonstrating the worth of the system. The goal of a mass production programme is to produce the maximum number of quality insects with minimum labour and cost. The maintenance cost of 100 Chrysoperla carnea adults was Rs. 192.38 per month, which included the labour cost of Rs. 152.38 and diet cost of Rs. 40. Approximately 4000 eggs per month were obtained from the C. carnea adult culture and t...

 Naveed Jehan*, Khalid Mahmood Aujla**, Muhammad Shahzad*, Abid Hussain**, Muhammad Zahoor*, Majid Khan* and Ahmed Bilal*

USE OF MOBILE PHONES BY FARMING COMMUNITY AND ITS IMPACT ON VEGETABLE PRODUCTIVITY
...istan, telecommunication tools like television, radio and mobile phone are playing important role in agriculture productivity enhancement, growth and farmers’ prosperity. Mobile phone helps farmers in getting information about commodity prices in different markets. The farmers can get up-to-date information about various markets in different regions and can accordingly arrange transportation and labor services in time. The study was conducted to see the ...

 Naheed Zahra*, Hassnain Shah*, M. Azeem Khan* and M. Zubair Anwar* 

LIVELIHOOD ASSETS AND POVERTY NEXUS: A CASE STUDY FROM RAINFED POTHWAR AREA OF PAKISTAN
...ificant and an effective tool to improve income. Therefore along with improvement in irrigation practice through using high efficiency irrigation systems, other water harvesting techniques being demonstrated in the watershed project could also improve livelihood in the area. Better utilization of available resources would also improve livelihood and decrease poverty in the area. 

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 Gul Zamin Khan*, Imtiaz Ali Khan**, Inamullah Khan* and Mian Inayatullah**

OUTDOOR BREEDING OF MOSQUITO SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
... were used as monitoring tools in urban areas of the selected sites. Results showed that mosquitoes are active throughout the year with their most active season during May, September and October. The mean relative abundance of Culex species in different districts were: Peshawar (32.3), Nowshera (18.8), Mardan (20.3) and Charsadda (21.0). Higher numbers of Aedes mosquitoes were observed in Nowshera (19.3), Peshawar (16.4), Charsadda (13.1), and Mardan (9.8), re...

 Hassnain Shah*, Nadeem Akmal*, Waqas Farooq*, Muhammad Azeem Khan* and Shahid Munir**

SHIFT FROM SITE DEVELOPMENT TO SKILL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF WATER HARVESTING THROUGH MICRO CATCHMENTS
...o catchments as a useful tool for rainwater harvesting. The assessment of acceptability and compatibility of the intervention through farmers' perceptions, feed-back, practices and intentions regarding up-scaling the technology would develop the up-scaling and sustainability options for wider area. Under Watershed Rehabilitation and Irrigation Improvement Project besides other technologies, rainwater harvesting through micro catch-ments were demonstrated by So...

 Hafiz Saqib Habib*, Arshad Mahmood Malik*, Abid Ali** and Muhammad Aamir Khan***

SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD EXPENDITURES IN RAWALPINDI
...es important food policy tools reducingnegative impacts ofhigher food expenditures on ruralhouseholds.

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 Ghulam Sadiq Afridi*, Abdul Saboor**, Zahoor-ul-Haq***, Sultan Ali
Tariq**** and Muhammad Ishaq*****

EXPLORING POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN'S COTTON EXPORT
...h well-tested analytical tools enabled the trade experts and policy makers to explore the answer of lackness for diversification in export, HS-2- digits aggregated data for cotton sub-sectors have been used with latest data from 2004 to 2013 for the panel of 39 countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index and gravity model approach was employed considering country and time specific fixed effect. The RCA index revealed that cotton sub-sectors have comp...

 Arshia Naeem*, Maria Anjum*, Mariam Rehman*, Zahid Mahmood** and Muhammad Asif Kamran**

AN INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM TO FACILITATE FARMERS IN WHEAT, SUGARCANE AND OTHER CROP DISEASES IDENTIFICATION
...f practical usage of ICT tools to bridge research and extension gap and can be used by agricultural policy makers to support agricultural services for farming communities who are otherwise deprived of extension services due to large number of farmers and their huge spread throughout the country.

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 Raza Ullah*, Mariam Rehman*, Maria Anjum*, Muhammad Asif
Kamran**, Khuda Bakhsh***, Abdul Saboor****

NAVIGATING FARMING RISKS BY SIMULTANEOUS DIVERSIFICATION AND CREDIT THROUGH FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
... the two risk management tools at the same time. The decisions to adopt diversification and agricultural credit for risk management are correlated and adopting one risk management tool may make it more likely to adopt the other tool at the same time. Moreover, access to formal sources of information significantly encourages the use of both of the risk management to...

 

Shakir Ullah*, Aish Muhammad*, Iqbal Hussian*, Hafeez-Ur-Rahman**, Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder***, Muhammad Din**** and Nizamud Din

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN APRICOT CULTIVARS GROWN IN GILGIT BALTISTAN PAKISTAN
... of fruit. A statistical tool Principal Component Analysis was
used. The eigenvalue was able to represent 84.8% of total variance. Leaf
size and leaf blade shape were highly correlated (r = 0.383). Positive
correlation found in shape of fruit, weight and percentage of moisture (r =
0.336 and 0.272). Significant correlation was found between fruit weight,
percentage of moisture (r = 0.681) shape of sto...
Muhammad Tariq Zahid1, Farah Rauf Shakoori2, Soumble Zulfiqar3, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim4 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori3,4*
...used as biotechnological tools for bioremediation.
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Lotta Wahldén1, 3, Ulf Emanuelson1, Torsten Møller2 and Jonas Johansson Wensman1*
...herefore be an important tool for the conservation of this endangered species. 
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Zeqin Fu, Yunfang Tian, Yingying Ye*, Pengzhi Qi and Changwen Wu
...ies, provide more useful tools to choose for researching genetic diversity and population structure and provide more in-depth understanding of Mytilus coruscus.
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Guifen Liu1,2, Xiaomu Liu1,2, Khuram Shahzad3, Wei You1,2, Juan J. Loor3,* and Fachun Wan1,2,4,*
...ach (DIA) bioinformatics tool was used to uncover the most-affected biological pathways among the DEG. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software also was used to analyze upstream transcription regulators and gene networks. Bioinformatics analysis results indicated that 18 months being a key age for alterations in metabolism. The results of IPA analysis revealed that several transcription regulators related to disease, cell growth, proliferation and lipid metab...

Imadud Din1*, Fazal Munsif1, Irfan Ahmad Shah3, Hamayoon Khan1, Fahad Ullah Khan1, Ibrarullah2, Shahab Uddin4 and Tauqir Islam1 

...n of traits is the basic tool involved in the natural assessment and causes to produce sustainable crop under various environmental conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess twenty-four different wheat genotypes for morphological traits and yield components. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design having three replications. Components of variation, broad sense heritability, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), ph...

Syed Muhammad Hassan Raza1*, Syed Amer Mahmood1, Veraldo Liesenberg2 and Syed Shehzad Hassan1  

...cient and cost-effective tool to demarcate the vulnerable zones to YSB attacks and to take remedial measures accordingly 

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Shumaila Irum1, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal*2 and Fatima Naumeri3
.... The most commonly used tool, to measure it, is Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM).
Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the perceptions of medical students in pre-clinical years about educational environment in a public sector medical college of Pakistan and to compare the DREEM scores with previous published scores.
Material and Methods: The DREEM questionnaire was conducted on undergraduate ...

 Saiqa Andleeb* , Shaukat Ali

RNA interference; A tool for treatment of human diseases
...ogy used as an essential tool in several model organisms such as invertebrates, mouse and fly to explore the role of individual gene. In recent era, RNAi is directly used in therapy of various infectious and non-infectious diseases. Variety of human diseases like cancer, viral and neuromuscular has been controlled through RNAi. Some vectors and inducible systems are available now to treat numerous disorders. This review paper provides the basis for further dev...

Muhamad Jawad*, Shahid Riaz Malik, Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar, Muhammad Asadullah, Israr Hussain and Rabia Khalid 

...e crop is very important tool to increase its profitability. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity among 36 lentil genotypes for mechanized harvesting. Analysis of variance for qualitative and quantitative traits showed significant variability among the genotypes. Correlation analysis indicates negative correlation of yield with lowest pod height and highly significant correlation between lowest pod height and plant he...
A.H. Shahzad1, A. Sattar1,*, A. Husnain1, I. Ahmad2, N. Ahmad1, D. Nak3 and Y. Nak3
... reproductive management tool in comparison with control group.
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Raza Ullah1* and Jamal Shah

...pt available risk coping tools to minimize the impacts of such risks at farm level however, these adoptions require farmers to incur cost or forgo part of the potential benefits from agricultural production. These costs (explicit or implicit) are referred to as the cost of risk management. Previous studies on risk management in agriculture however have ignored such costs. The present study is therefore designed to investigate how adoption of risk coping

Shamsher Ali1*, Muhammad Jamal Khan2, Zahir Shah2, Naveedullah3 and Abdul Jalal1 

...ed lands is an effective tool for getting desirable productivity. A two-factor experiment using complete randomized design with three replications in pots having silt loam soil was carried out on April 03, 2016 to examine three maize genotypes (Iqbal, Jalal, and Azam) under different salinity levels i.e. 0.4, 2.7, 5.2 and 7.6 dS m-1 at Amir Muhammad Khan Campus, Mardan, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar. The analyzed data parameters were percent emergenc...

Rafiullah1*, Abdur Rahman2, Khalid Khan1, Anwar Ali1, Arifullah Khan2, Abdul Sajid3 and Naimatullah Khan3 

... and specific diagnostic tool for diagnosis of Theileria parva. 

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John Ogunsola1*, Richard E. Antia2, Benjamin O. Emikpe2 and Olajumoke A. Morenikeji

... breeding as a veritable tool for conservation. 

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Christine Jeske
...ey offer instrumentalist tools for acquiring resources and social networks, but also because churches offer malleability of personal narratives, which allows people to negotiate society’s conflicting narratives of moral well-being. 

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Arshad Farooq* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 

...s applied as a measuring tool. The empirical results indicated that no knowledge gap was found among farmers of D.I. Khan district regarding land preparation, sowing and harvesting time while in case of Mardan district no knowledge gap was observed in sowing and harvesting time. Farmers of D.I. Khan district had low knowledge gap (1 to 20%) in cane varieties, seed quantity, sowing practices, irrigation application, stoppage of irr...

Muhammad Usman Ghani1*, Muti Ur Rehaman Khan1, Asim Aslam1, Zubair Shabbir2, Li Bo3 and Naveed Anwar4 

...ith molecular diagnostic tool. The method relies on periodically thermo cycling heating and cooling of DNA in presence of certain chemical reagents. In order to detect and differentiate parapox infections from those induced by pox virus. A new parapox specific and sensitive PCR assay based on amplification of B2L gene was applied against conserved gene of Orf virus. Crusted scraps and biopsies from different portion of skin and blood were taken as sample for P...
Senol Celik
... significant statistical tools in sophistically describing the studied breed standards for breeding purposes.

 

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Abid Hussain Shahzad1, Abdul Sattar1,*, Nasim Ahmad1, Ijaz Ahmad2, Deniz Nak3 and Yavuz Nak3
... reproductive management tools in cyclic dairy cows. In total, 167 Holstein cows were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The OVP0 group was comprised of 58 cows. Other two groups, OVP5 (n=55) and OVP7 (n=54), were similar to OVP0 except the intravaginal insertion of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) inserts for 5 or 7 days, respectively. Pregnancy was diagnosed using ultrasonography on d30, d60 and d90 post AI. Ovulatory follicle diameter was ...

Haidar Ali1, Malik Muhammad Shafi1*, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar

..., 2018 by using research tools such as interview schedule or direct observations. Random sampling technique was used for selecting a sample size of 195 small farmers. The present study is focused on two selected districts of Peshawar Valley namely Mardan and Peshawar. Analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the off-farm employment among various sizes of farms. Sampled farm households who were operating farm size up to 1 acre (74.88 hours/wee...
Joyce Osarogie Odigie*
... effective biomonitoring tools being applied in river management by freshwater ecologists. Obueniyomo River is the main water supply channel for the inhabitants of Agemokpa village in Ovia East Local Government Area of Edo State, as they are fully dependent on it for agricultural and domestic use, bringing its ecological integrity to question. These anthropogenic effects result in the deteriorating quality of the water, which hampers the distribution of benthi...

Syed Muhammad Hassan Raza1*, Syed Amer Mahmood1, Syeeda Areeba Gillani1, Syed Shehzad Hassan1, Muneeb Aamir1, Muhammad Saifullah1, Mubashar Basheer1, Atif Ahmad1, Saif-ul-Rehman2 and Tariq Ali1 

...tons. The remote sensing tools, datasets and the methodology is easy to understand and apply throughout the world to estimate the net productions precisely. 

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Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Ayesha Zafar1 and Sher Muhammad2 

Yacheng Hu1,2, Xueqing Liu1,2, Jing Yang1,2, Kan Xiao1,2, Binzhong Wang1,2 and Hejun Du1,2,*
...e markers will be useful tool to study the genetic diversity of Dabry’s sturgeon.
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Faleye Temitope Oluwasegun Cephas1,2*, Adewumi Moses Olubusuyi1, Olayinka Olaitan Titilola3 and Adeniji Johnson Adekunle1,3 

...viously inoculated with stool suspension from children (<15 years) in Nigeria with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). All CCS were screened for Enteric Adenoviruses (EAVs) and group A Rotavirus (GARV) using a rapid immunochromatographic test kit. Subsequently, they were passaged in HEp-2 cell line. All isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, three (5l-UTR, VP1 and EV Species C [EV-C]) different PCR assays and sequencing of amplicons. EVs were...

Adewumi Moses Olubusuyi1, Ogunsakin Temitope Rachael1, Ogunrombi Sefiu Babatunde1, Ojeamiren Iduda1, Olawole Alaba Samuel1, Faleye Temitope Oluwasegun Cephas1,2* and Adeniji Johnson Adekunle1,3 

...) that emanated from 30 stool suspensions (2 samples per case) were analyzed as 60 pools (pooled per case by cell line). Pools were subjected to RNA extraction, RT-snPCR, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Eleven and one of the 30 pools of RD and L20B cell culture supernatants, respectively, were positive for the RT-snPCR. Nine of the 11 amplicons from RD and the only from L20B were sequenced and identified as seven EV types; Coxsackievirus A4 (CV-...

Muhammad Zubair1, Sagheer Ahmad2*, Awais Rasool1, Muhammad Asad Farooq1 and Ibni Amin Khalil3
 

...ence GGE-biplot analysis tool can be applied facilitate evaluation of superior sugarcane varieties for different agro-ecologies. 

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Muneer Abbas1*, Muhammad Ramzan1, Niaz Hussain1, Abdul Ghaffar1, Khalid Hussain1, Sohail Abbas2 and Ali Raza3 

...ight traps as least cost tool and gave maximum yield having MCBR ratio 1:8.93 in comparison with farmer field (1:2.85). 

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Fizza Anwar1, Muddassar Zafar1*, Zahid Anwar1, Raja Tahir Mehmood2
...d through bioinformatics tools. 
...
Shahid Sherzada1,2,4,*, Muhammad Naeem Khan4, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Muhammad Idrees3, Abdul Wajid2, Muhammad Nauman Sharif3, Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal3, Iram Amin3 and Muhammad Shahid3
... as a bio-identification tool for the organism globally. The current study was also conducted for the fast and accurate identification of Indian major carp species. The fishes used in this study were captured from four geographically isolated districts of Punjab province. Blood samples of sixty (60) fishes were taken carefully from caudal veins of each captured fish species. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood and short segment COI gene (680bp) was amp...
Javeria Zafar1, Asif Nadeem1*, Maryam Javed1, Fehmeeda Fatima1, Wasim Shehzad1, Ghulam Abbas1, Rajput Zahid Iqbal2 and Muhammad Muddassir Ali1
... MUSCLE, DnaSP and MEGA6 tools. Total of 20 variations at different positions were found in aligned sequence results. Sequence conservation was observed for the ibex population. The overall results showed a close evolutionary relationship among Capra aegagrus, Capra nubiana, Capra falconeri, Capra hircus and Capra caucasica, demonstrating that they all were evolved from same ancestor. 

 

...
Jam Nazeer Ahmad1,2*,Mujahid Manzoor1, Zubair Aslamand  Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad1, 2
...pplication as a suitable tool for the management of insecticide resistance and control of R. ferruginous.
...

Muhammad Sohail1*, Imtiaz Hussain2, Maqsood Qamar2, Sikander Khan Tanveer2, Syed Haider Abbas2, Zeshan Ali1 and Muhammad Imtiaz3 

... be a useful phenotyping tool in selection of drought and heat tolerant wheat germplasm under field conditions. 

...
Doulat Khan1, Hamayun Khan1, Nazir Ahmad2, Muhammad Tarique Tunio3, Muhammad Tahir2, Muhammad Saleem Khan2 and Rifat Ullah Khan1*
...iagnosis is an essential tool in successful reproductive management of ruminants. We attempted to explore the effectiveness of a marketable ELISA test kit for assessment of Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) in peripheral blood for early pregnancy identification in cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep. A total of 120 blood were taken from jugular vein of different breeds of cattle (Achai, Achai x Jersey, Holstein Friesian and Jersey), buffalo (Nilli Ravi, A...

Anand Kushwaha, Amit Kumar, Aparna Madhavan, Durga Goswami, Golmei Poulinlu and Gnanavel Venkatesan* 

...tics including molecular tools are available, recombinant protein based diagnostic assays namely ELISA is safer and robust to handle large sample size and also to minimize labor/time. However, the genus Capripoxvirus encodes putative 147 proteins in their genome, among which some of them are reported as potential immunogenic candidate genes. Selection and use of such candidate immunogenic proteins from an array of genes located at different structures of a mat...
Nahed H. Ghoneim, Maha A. Sabry, Zeinab S. Ahmed and Esraa A. Elshafiee*
...rates. An additional 50 stool specimens were collected from individuals in contact with the examined chickens. Eleven Campylobacter isolates were recovered through bacteriological examination. Campylobacter spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. jejuni (63.6 %) and C. coli (36.4 %) through the detection of the Map A and Ceu E genes, respectively. The antibiotic resistance of the Campylobacter<...

Mohammad Aquil Siddiqui1*, Muhammad Tahir Khan1, Ghulam Shah Nizamani1, Shafquat Yasmeen1, Imtiaz Ahmed Khan1, Abdullah Khatri1 and Nighat Seema Soomro2 

...ants as an indispensable tool for crop improvement. This field study was initiated to evaluate three potential mutant lines of lentil against their parent (M-85) and two check varieties (NIA-Masoor-05 and NIA-Masoor-16). The pooled data of the crop, after two years of evaluation, indicated the earliest maturity in the mutant AEL-40/30 (92.0 days). Plant height was observed to be low in all the studied mutant lines (AEL-40/30, AEL-13/30 and AEL-12/30) against t...

Haidar Ali1*, Malik Muhammad Shafi1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar

..., 2018 by using research tools such as interview schedule. A sample of 298 small farm households were selected using random sampling technique for this study. Analysis showed that small farmers of developed villages perform more off-farm employment than small farmers of underdeveloped villages. This could be associated to the developed means of transport and communications, better education facilities, market facilities as well as availability of off-farm jobs...
Muhammad Irfan Ullah1*, Muhammad Arshad1, Sajjad Ali2, Asad Abdullah1, Samina Khalid3, Hafiz Muhammad Aatif4, Syed Muhammad Ali Zahid1, Muhammad Afzal1 and Jaima Molina-Ochoa5
...rate leaf area measuring tool of foliar damage with minimum time and cost and can be used in various crops for damage assessment.

...
Muneer Abbas1*, Muhammad Ramzan1, Khalid Hussain1, Abdul Ghaffar1, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1 and Sohail Abbas2
... feasibility of five IPM tools viz. Pheromone traps, Light traps, Trichogramma chilonis, Bacillus thuringiensis, T-shaped bird perches and Handpicking. Results showed the cumulative effects of all IPM components having 4.81, 4.96, 6.22 % foliage, pod and grain damage, 0.71 larva/plant with 32.28 % yield increase over control treatment. But Marginal Cost Benefit Ratio was -0.46. Light traps proved more efficient and feasible having low environment...
Tasbihullah1, Sadeeq ur Rahman2,*, Tariq Ali3 , Umer Saddique1, Shakoor Ahmad1, Muhammad Shafiq4, Sultan Ayaz2, Hamayun Khan1, Ijaz Ahmad1 Asadullah2, Raheela Taj5, Hafiz Nidaullah6 and Alamgir Khan7
...f 200 table eggs and 50 stool samples from human were analyzed. Results showed that out of 80 E. coli isolates recovered from eggs, 20 (25%) were found to be ESBL-producers, while, of the 17 human-isolates, 4 (23.5%) were ESBL producers. PCR revealed that blaCTXM (blaCTXM-1=15 and blaCTXM-9=4) was carried by all 22 (91.6%) ESBL-producers with additional blaSHV2 (n=12) and bla...
Gulnaz Afzal1, Ghulam Mustafa2*, Shakila Mushtaq3 and Amer Jamil4
...s a rapid identification tool and for phylogenetic relationships of spiders. Despite being sympatric species, the origin and diversification of Araneid fauna in wheat fields are remarkably distinguished which may help to understand the biology, biogeography and the long-standing controversies of their systematic studies.
...

Amjad Usman1*, Arshad Khan1, Ruidar Ali Shah2 and Toheed Iqbal3 

... be used as an important tool in an integrated pest management model. 

...
Aftab Shaukat1,*, Sana Hanif2, Irfan Shaukat3, Muhammad Ahsan Naeem4,5, Shadab Shaukat6, Rizwan Shukat8, Shahid Ali Rajput9, Imran Shaukat10, Mubashar Hassan4, Khalid Mehmood7, Saqib Umar11 and Muhammad Ali Jamil1
...rgets via bioinformatics tools help to predict gene target site. Keeping this in view, a study has been planned to investigate PDCD1 gene regulatory miRNA targets, their sequences and their seed location in human using online server miRDB. We have identified 26 specific miRNAs (hsa-miR-939-3p, hsa-miR-661, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-23b-5p, hsa-miR-23a-5p, hsa-miR-4764-5p, hsa...

Muhammad1*, Muhammad Suleman Bacha2 and Syed Akhtar Ali Shah1 

... WTP can be an effective tool for urban planners and policymakers to incorporate the views of urban dwellers for sustainable SWM, food self-sufficiency and financial autonomy of the public utility company. 

...

Saeed Ahmed Shah Chishti1, Saba Aleem1*, Iram Sharif2, Kashif Nadeem1, Nusrat Parveen1 and Muhammad Najeebullah1 

...4-CPA could be used as a tool for getting economical tomato yield when night temperature falls below 10ËšC. 

...

Attique Ahmed1, Tariq Sultan1, Ghulam Qadir2, Obaid Afzal2*, Mukhtar Ahmed5, Shamim-Ul-Sibtain Shah3, Muhammad Asif4, Safdar Ali2 and Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood

...d therefore an important tool to increase maize production under prevailing conditions. 

...

Adewumi Olubusuyi Moses1,2*, Faleye Temitope Oluwasegun Cephas,1,3, Ope-Ewe Oludayo Oluwaseyi1, Ibitoye Ibipeju Henrietta1, Arowosaye Abiola Opeyemi1, Adelowo Oluwatosin Deji1 and Adeniji Johnson Adekunle1,2,4 

...es C (NPESC) members in stool samples. In all, 20% (8/40) of all the samples screened had NPESCs and 50% (8/16) of the EVs detected were NPESCs. However, the RD cell line missed all NPESCs. Hence, RD cell line alone should not be used for EV isolation if the desire is to also isolate NPESC.  

...

Fazal Haq*, Asia Parveen, Safdar Hussain and Arshad Hussain 

...d farmers were used as a tool for collecting primary data. The raw data is tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The analyzed data is used to develop the mathematical model. Simplex method is applied to find the optimal solution of the model, which showed 10.18% increase in the net revenue per year.  

...
Ayesha Iqbal1, Ghulam Sarwar1, Abdul Majid Khan1*, Muhammad Tahir Waseem1, Ayesha Iqbal1, Rana Manzoor Ahmad1,2, Muhammad Ameen1
...y has been utilized as a tool to discriminate between the different species of wild and domesticated suids. The studied material comprises of the three skulls. The straighter snouts and slenderer crania manifests that specimens under study were wild while the sex of species was determined by the permanent canine teeth morphology, as in females the upper canines extend in ventrolateral directions and continue to grow in lateral direction while in males the uppe...

Hassan Boulahyaoui1,2*, Sanaa Alaoui Amine1,3, Marouane Melloul4, Farida Hilali5, Elmostafa El-Fahime1,3, Saad Mrani1,2 and Nadia Touil1,5* 

...aC online classification tool. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method applying the Tamura 3-parameter model in MEGA 6.06 package and statistically supported by bootstrapping with 1000 replicates. The amino acid sequences of the antigenic regions of the outer capsid proteins VP8* were compared with vaccine and field strains. Here we show that the VP4 gene of the P[14] strains detected in this study exhibited close identity with ...
Imad Hassan1, Bilal-ur-Rehman2, Muhammad Amir2, Faheem Ali2*, Salman Ilahi2 and Amjad Ali3 
... ability of an efficient tool for controlling the flow of particulate pollutant matter from biomass combustion under particular conditions.
...

 Abdus Salam* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...the effectiveness of ICT tools in crop production, printed material; TV and Mobile Phone were used in districts Mansehra, Karak and Swabi respectively. Similarly, it was also inferred that ICT is very effective tool for communication between farmers and with extension workers. Hence, ICT is the most effective and useful tool for the improvement of overall extension delivery system, so agri...

Abdul Raqeeb1,3, Syed Moazzam Nizami2,4*, Aamir Saleem3, Lubna Ansari3, Saeed Gulzar3, Basit Ali3, Masooma Saleem5
 

...provides a comprehensive tool for estimating volume and biomass, thereby resulting in an accurate assessment of carbon sequestration and stocking in cedar dominated forest ecosystem in the region. 

...

A. S. M. El-Nuby1† , S. A. Montasser2 and I. A. El-Khadrawy

Control of root-knot nematodes using wild plants colonized Sinai, Egypt
...g offers a non-poisonous tool that can insert in combating nematode programs especially for small-holder growers colonized Sinai Peninsula.

...

Sahib Khan1, Muneeza Wahid2, Muhammad Abeer Irfan1, Muhammad Naeem3, Asma Gul4, Muhammad Haseeb Zafar2

ROW LEVEL IMAGE FORGERY DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING EMBEDDED DIGITAL SIGNATURES
...mages with image editing tools and software. This paper is presenting a new technique to detect any changes made in digital images. This technique ensures the integrity of digital image at row level and using embedded digital signatures. Using message digest 5 algorithm, digital signature is generated from selected pixels of each row using selected pixels for and embedded in the least significant bits of selected pixel of the corre- sponding row of digital ima...

Kifayat Ullah*1, Tahir Mahmood2, Naeem Jan3, Zeeshan Ali4 

A NOTE ON GEOMETRIC AGGREGATION OPERATORS IN T-SPHERICAL FUZZY ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MULTI-ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
...roperties of aggregation tools of TSFS (SFS) are discussed
and some ordered weighted geometric (OWG) and hybrid geometric (HG) operators are developed. It is discussed
that these aggregation operators are generalizations of the aggregation operators of IFSs and PFSs. Multi-attribute
decision making (MADM) process is comprehensively discussed in T-spherical fuzzy environment and elaborated with
a numerical example. The results obtain...

Sajjad Ali1, Muhammad Shahzad Khattak1, Daulat Khan1, Mohammed Sharif2, Hamad Khan1, Asmat Ullah3,
Abdul Malik1 

PREDICTING FUTURE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION OVER PAKISTAN IN THE 21ST CENTURY
...iods. An open source web tool
namely “climate wizard” was used to obtain temperature and precipitation departures projected by three different
GCMs under A1B, B1 and A2 emission scenarios. To ensure the maximum possible spatial coverage, a total of 16
climatic stations in Pakistan were selected. Results indicated a temperature departure in the range of 1.3-2.7°C for
the mid century period, and a temperature departure...

Hassan Nasir*, Rashid Rehan,** Rizwan Younis,*** Fazal Mabood,**** Salman Saeed,**, Muhammad Sagheer Aslam** 

MACHINERY SELECTION FOR DEMOLITION AND RECYCLING OF PAVEMENTS: A SIMULATION-BASED TOOL
...esources. Computer-based tools, such as simulation models, have the potential to greatly
benefit the construction mangers in their routine tasks. This paper presents a unique simulation tool based on the
system dynamics methodology to help the construction manager in investigating the cost and duration implications of
various combinations of machinery items. Utility of the developed model is illustrated ...

Mujahid Badshah, Saeed Badshah, Sakhi Jan 

HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN OF TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE AND THE EFFECT OF SOLIDITY ON PERFORMANCE
...Energy Laboratory (NREL) tool HARP_Opt was used to design a horizontal axis tidal current turbine (HATCT). The numerical method was validated with the experimental data and a good agreement was achieved. The designed turbine has a 3 bladed rotor of 4 meters diameter and rated mechanical power of 20 kW. Performance metrics of the rotor for steady and uniform flow was simulated at flow speeds from 0.5-3.5 m/s. The turbine achieved its rated power at a tip speed ...

Numan Habib, Naseer Ahmed, Riaz Muhammad, Himayat Ullah, Muftooh Ur Rehman, Kareem Akhtar 

ANALYSIS OF CHIP PRODUCED IN FREE MACHINING OF TI-6AL-7ZR-3NB-4MO-0.9ND AND TI-5AL-7ZR-7NB-0.7ND ALLOYS
...ing which tangled around tool, hence; reduce tool life and sometime leads to fracture during conventional turning (CT). In recent days new two alloys are developed named Ti-6Al-7Zr-3Nb-4Mo-0.9Nd and Ti-5Al-7Zr-7Nb-0.7Nd with better performance in machining. These two developed alloys contain 0.9% and 0.7% neodymium by weight, respectively. It produces discontinuous chips during metal cutting, which make possible the automati...

Hina Fatima1*, Sania Shaheen2, Lal Khan Almas3 and Sehrish Haroon4

Profit Efficiency among Transplanting and Direct Seeded Rice Producers (Case Study of Certain Rice Growing Areas of Province Punjab, Pakistan)
...alysis (SFA) serves as a tool of obtaining reliable estimations of profit efficiency of rice production. Findings from SFA reveal profit efficiency of rice farmers for TRP to be 57% and 83% for DRS farmers. The results further Bring to light the loss of 43% profit of TRP and 17% profit loss of DRS due to unsuitable combinations of inputs. Direct seeded rice farmers displayed more efficiency compared to the transplanted rice farmers. However, for DRS and TRP fa...

Ihsan Rabbi*, Sehat Ullah**, Aftab Alam**

MARKER BASED TRACKING IN AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS USING ARTOOLKIT: A CASE STUDY

 Mujahid Badshah*1, Saeed Badshah1, Sakhi Jan1

HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN OF TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE AND THE EFFECT OF SOLIDITY ON PERFORMANCE
...Energy Laboratory (NREL) tool HARP_Opt was used to design a horizontal axis tidal
current turbine (HATCT). The numerical method was validated with the experimental data and a good agreement
was achieved. The designed turbine has a 3 bladed rotor of 4 meters diameter and rated mechanical power of 20
kW. Performance metrics of the rotor for steady and uniform flow was simulated at flow speeds from 0.5-3.5 m/s.
The ...

 Numan Habib1, Naseer Ahmed1, Riaz Muhammad1*, Himayat Ullah2, Muftooh Ur Rehman1, Kareem Akhtar3

ANALYSIS OF CHIP PRODUCED IN FREE MACHINING OF TI-6AL-7ZR-3NB- 4MO-0.9ND AND TI-5AL-7ZR-7NB-0.7ND ALLOYS
...ngled around
tool, hence; reduce tool life and sometime leads to fracture during conventional turning (CT). In recent days new
two alloys are developed named Ti-6Al-7Zr-3Nb-4Mo-0.9Nd and Ti-5Al-7Zr-7Nb-0.7Nd with better performance
in machining. These two developed alloys contain 0.9% and 0.7% neodymium by weight, respectively. It produces
discontinuous chips during metal cutti...

Sajid Ullah Butt, Aamer Ahmed Baqai, Syeda Naela Fatima, Hasan Aftab Saeed

MATERIAL HANDLING COST CONSIDERATION IN PROCESS PLAN SELECTION FOR RECONFIGURABLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
...luded are machine usage, tool usage, machine change, tool change costs etc. All the parameters related to these costs become a part of the process plans. The focus of this research is to include material handling equipment such as transport and positioning equipment in the process plans and hence, to include their usage cost in the overall mathematical model. This will lead to a more accurate design of process plan particula...
Amjad Hussain1, Ata Ur Rehman2, Zia Ur Rehman Tahir3, Aftab Ahmad1, Fahad Noor3, Qasar Wasique Ahmad1
INVESTIGATION OF EMPLOYEES’ PERCEPTION ABOUT LEAN IMPLEMENTATION
...Very commonly known lean tool ‘Kaizen’ (Continuous Improvement) has been selected for this purpose where data has been collected through a questionnaire (α=0.85) from four textile organizations (N=339; white collars and blue collars employees working at the shop floor); level and maturity of lean implementation in each organization was done before conducting the study. It has been concluded that white collar work group perceptions about Kaize...

 Amir Naveed1, Unsia Habib1, Fouzia Parveen2, Syed Naveed Ul Hasan1, Muddasar Habib1, Irfan Shah1

AN INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL DEPOSITS OF MAKARWAL PAKISTAN AND THEIR POSSIBLE IMPACTS ON SURROUNDING WATER-CASE STUDY
...can be used as a helping tool for the prediction of environmental risks associated with coal mining in Makarwal area. Further, the water samples of Makarwal area were also analyzed and found to be contaminated with heavy metal pollutants.

...

 Muhammad Shahzad1, Arif Iqbal Umar1, Syed Hamad Shirazi1, Muhammad Tariq Pervez2*, Zakir Khan1, Waqas Yousaf1

HCDP: HEPATITIS C DATA BANK OF PAKISTAN
...onverter/Fasta generator tool user can convert sequence with formats of PhyLip, NEXUS, MSF, CLUSTAL and PIR into standard FASTA. It is also observed that genotype 3a (76%) is more prevalent followed by genotype 3 (13%). Geographic distribution reveals that rate of occurrence of HCV in Sindh and KPK is high with respect to other provinces. An annotated database of HCV genome sequences allows the researcher to investigate the structural and geneti...

Abdul Shakoor1, R.A. Sayed2, Khizar Azam2

KNOWLEDGE BASE TECHNOLOGIES AS A NEW PARADIGM IN DATA DRIVEN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
...process and cutting tools by defining the constraint values into the system. The KBS is designed using E2KS, the state of the art software and knowledge capturing techniques. The machining examples are used to demonstrate the implementation of the system and how it will provide a basis for knowledge sharing in PLM environment. The Manufacturing knowledge is captured in order to provide manufacturing consequences.
...

 Usman Ali Naeem*, Hashim Nisar*, Habib-ur-Rehman** and Naeem Ejaz*

DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD DISCHARGE MODELS USING GIS
... fashioning an essential tool for running and setting up of water resources for state.
...

Arshad Habib Malik*, Aftab Ahmed Memon** and Muhammad Rafiq Khan***

DYNAMIC MODELING AND CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
... computed using LMI tool for MATLAB. An advanced fast output sampling controller is evaluated for power maneuvering from 270 MWth to 310 MWth on the nuclear power plant in Pakistan and found highly efficient and satisfactory within the control design constraints.
...
Samet Hasan Abaci1,*, Hasan Onder1, Mustafa Sahin2 and Esra Yavuz3
...ves are one of the basic tools in animal breeding. Therefore, modeling lactation curves with appropriate and precise equations are of great importance for obtaining estimates. Lactation curves have different tendencies in different breeds. To examine the tendencies and differences Jersey (J), Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein Friesian (HF) breeds which are commonly raised in Turkey were used in this study. This study aimed to statistically determine the optimal po...

Tao He1,2,3, Cheng-jing Chen4, Jian-guang Qin3, Yun Li1,2, Rong-hua Wu1,2 and Tian-xiang Gao4,*

... used as a complementary tool along with body morphology to distinguish L. haematocheilus stocks.
...
Sehrish Firyal1,*, Ali Raza Awan1, Muhammad Umair Latif1, Muhammad Tayyab1, Muhammad Wasim1, Shagufta Saeed1 and Imaad Rashid2

 

...) analysis is a powerful tool for taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis. These are bi-allelic molecular markers, easy to interpret and uniformly distributed within genomes. In this study cytochrome b (Cytb) gene based SNPs analysis was employed to genetically characterize the Pakistani domestic breed Lathy pigeon. Cytb haplotype for local domestic breed was developed. Homology analysis of Cytb gene revealed Columbia livia as closest h...

Muhammad Nazar1, Chaudhary Muhammad Ayyub2, Mujahid Ali3*, Malik Abdul Rehman4, Shoib ur Rehman5 and Saqib Ayyub2

Amelioration of Thermo-Tolerance Ability in Spinacia oleracea L. Cultivars by Foliar Application of Chitosan
...n was a very significant tool. Three cultivars of spinach (All Pure Green, Desi Local, and Lahori Palak) were grown at normal temperature 18/20°C (day/night temperature) and then after four weeks after emergence 40/32°C (day/night temperature) was given by gradually enhancing 2°C per day. After one week of heat stress (40/32°C), four treatments (25, 50, 75, 100 ppm) of chitosan were applied as a foliar spray on spinach cultivars in comparison t...
Hamida Sarwar1, Kousar Perveen1,Rida Mazhar2, Muhammad Afzal1, Syed Amir Gilani3
...f authorized measurement tools. Removed reference statistical evaluation was performed by using SPSS version 2.6. The data was analyzed to assess the severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, distress, and insomnia; and then conferred as numbers and percentages. A significant proportion of doctors, nurses, and paramedics reported symptoms of anxiety (38.3%), depression (58.9%), insomnia (45.2%), and distress (61.64%). Overall data collected showed that the ...
Zhi Chen1, Toshifumi Minamoto2, Longshan Lin3 and Tianxiang Gao4,*
...) analysis is a powerful tool within ecology for the distribution or abundance study of aquatic species. DNA extracting was an indispensable process to employ this method. In eDNA extracting of macro-organisms, DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit was commonly used, but its price was about 80 RMB/sample, which was too expensive. Cheaper eDNA extraction kit was a potential aspect for improvement to expand further application of eDNA analysis. In order to examine some ch...
Jianjun Fu1, Shili Liu2, 3, Wenbin Zhu1, Yongyi Jia2, 3, Lanmei Wang1, Yufen Yang4, Zhimin Gu2, 3*and Zaijie Dong1*
...h can be used as a basic tool for family selection breeding of this species. 
...

Muhammad Abdullah1, Syed Attaullah Shah1, Khurram Nawaz Saddozai1, Jahangir Khan1*, Mohammad Fayaz1, Irfan Ullah1* and Sabeeh Ullah2

Analysis of Agricultural Land Price Determinants and Policy Implications for Controlling Residential and Commercial Encroachments: Facts from District Swabi (Pakistan)
... Descriptive statistical tools were used to summarize data on agricultural land characteristics. A linear Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) was used to estimate agricultural land prices based on physical, location and agricultural characteristics. Results show that agricultural land parcels in Central Swabi district have comparatively high prices, and this is due to their high residential and commercial potential. Developmental projects for roads, hospitals, univers...

Muhammad Ali Shah, Faiz Ur Rehman, Abbas Mehmood, Fareed Ullah, Sayed Irfan Shah and Syed Majid Rasheed*

Combining Ability, Heritability and Gene Action Assessment in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for Yield and Yield Attributes
...integrated as a valuable tool in breeding strategies to choose genotypes of B. napus L. for high yielding traits. 

...

Sidra Shehzadi, Sher Bahadar Khan*, Umar Sadique and Saqib Nawaz

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Clostridium perfringens Type D in Goats in District Peshawar
...gnostic and confirmatory tool for the toxinogenic typing of C. perfringens  type D infection.

...

Imran Ahmad Rana*, Muhammad Ali Yab and Ch. Abdul Rehman

Quality Engineering Tools Implementation a Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Business Organizations
...y engineering management tools implementations as well as how to motivate employees on waste reduction and productivity enhancement projects. This may facilitate training managers to better target advance quality programs for the countries by going through analysis of selected aspects and recommendations for deploying and implementing DMAIC methodology. 

...

Delower Hossain1,5, Shuvo Singha2,5, Chelsea Marie Van Thof3, Sanna Gough3 and AHM Musleh Uddin4,5*

Effect of Somatic Cells on Milk Quality and Human Health
... is used as an authentic tool for dairy farm operations in order to improve the milk quality. Broadly dimension of SCs of milk well represents the comfort and welfare of dairy cows and helps deciding efficient mastitis control strategies. Again, the safety margin evaluated though SCs ensures safe and healthy milk at consumer level devoid of bacterial presence in milk. This review highlights a brief overview of the importance and demand of estimating somatic ce...

Shishir Sharma* and Laxmi Prasad Joshi

Current Insights on Stemphylium Blight of Lentil with its Management Strategies
...s and weather prediction tools may be crucial in avoiding severe SB outbreaks. A comprehensive review article discusses the morphological as well as molecular dimension of pathogens, their effects, pathogenicity, integrated disease management approaches, and future views.

...
Ammara Gull-e-Fareen1,2, Imran Bodlah1,*, Muhammad Adnan Bodlah3, Muhammad Tariq Rasheed1, Habib Ali4 and Muhammad Asif5
...been given using Arc GIS tools.
...
Eman Khalifa1*, Riad Khalil2 and Haitham Elaadli3
...ons and novel diagnostic tools should be used for prevention and detection of tuberculous mastitis in buffaloes’ farms. The general public health should also be intensely warned from consuming raw or unpasteurized milk. All these prophylactic measures will eventually lead to a positive impact on public health.
...
Ryan Septa Kurnia1* and Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto2
 

... be used as pre-clinical tools for new-agent screening prior to clinical testing, there is a growing awareness of the limitations of animal research and its inability to make reliable predictions for human clinical trials. Recently, 3D cell culture produced by researchers to improve better mimic tissue physiology of better in vitro cell culture model. It is may enable microbiologists to create infection models that combine respiratory tissue culture eng...

Uwem E. George1, Oluwadamilola A. Arowolo2, Oluseyi A. Olayinka3, Ijeoma M. Ifeorah4, Temitope O.C. Faleye3,5, Bolaji Oluremi6, Arthur O. Oragwa7, Ewean C. Omoruyi8, Emmanuel E. Udoh9, Oluwadamilola G. Osasona1,10, Emmanuel Donbraye11, Olufunke P. Adeniji12, Olubusuyi M. Adewumi3,13* and Johnson A. Adeniji3,13,14

...using the KmerResistance tool v2.2. From the 2,763,954 reads generated, 14 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Precisely, 90.5% (12/14) of the ARGs detected target drugs that inhibit translation, of which 66.6% (8/12) were tetracycline resistance (TC-r) genes, while remaining 9.5% (2/14) inhibit cell wall synthesis (cfxA3_1 and cfxA6_1). Eight (aph(3’)-III_1, cfxA3_1, cfxA6_1, erm(B)_10, tet(Q)_1, tet(Q)_2, tet(Q)_4, tet(W)_5) of t...
Saima Siddiqui1, Ghulam Hussain Abro1, Tajwar Sultana Syed 1Abdul Sattar Buriro2, Sohail Ahmad3, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed4 and Muhammad Asam Riaz4*

 

...stance is an alternative tool to control cotton insect-pests. The current research was aimed to identify the cotton physio-morphological marker to manage pressure of sucking pests such as jassid (Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla Ishida), thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen.) on cotton. To this end, the present research was conducted on various cotton varieties classified on the basis of their genetic characteristics su...

Oluseyi A. Olayinka1, Temitope O.C. Faleye2, Oladipo O. Omotosho3, Oladapo A. Odukaye3, Bolaji Oluremi4, Ibipeju H. Ibitoye1, Oludayo O. Ope-Ewe1, Uwem E. George5, Oluwadamilola A. Arowolo6, Ijeoma M. Ifeorah7, Ewean C. Omoruyi8, Emmanuel Donbraye9, Olufunke P. Adeniji10, Olubusuyi M. Adewumi1,11* and Johnson A. Adeniji1,11,12

...sing the Kmer Resistance tool v2.2. From the 2,974,257 reads generated, 21 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Almost all targeted broad-spectrum antibiotics with over 50% targeting Tetracyclines. Five (ant(6)-Ia_3, tet(40)_1, tet(Q)_1, tet(W)_5 and tet(O/W)_4) of the ARGs were predicted to be plasmid-borne. Our findings show that the Swine industry in the region might be both a mixing pot and reservoir of ARGs. It is therefore crucial t...
Hesham Saeed1*, Manal Abdel-Fattah1, Ahmad Eldoksh1, Farid S. Ataya2 and Manal Shalaby3
...c local alignment search tool (BLAST) sequence analysis revealed that C. dromedarius IFNα gene shares high sequence identity with IFNα genes of other species, including C. ferus, Vicugna pacos, and Homo sapiens. Expression of C. dromedarius IFNα cDNA in Escherichia coli revealed a fusion protein with a weight of 22.5 kDa after induction of expression with IPTG for 5 h. The recombinant IFNα was e...
Iqra Muzammil1, Muhammad Ijaz Saleem1, Amjad Islam Aqib2,*, Ambreen Ashar3Syed Ashar Mahfooz1, Sajjad ur Rahman4, Muhammad Shoaib4, Muhammad Aamir Naseer1, Imran Khan Sohrani1, Javeed Ahmad1, Razaullah Saqi1, Fizzah Laeeq Lodhi1 and
Qaisar Tanveer5
...-probability statistical tools conferred 42% (84/200, CI=35.37-48.93) prevalence of subclinical mastitis, 38.1% S. aureus (32/84, CI=28.45-48.79), 15.6% MRSA (5/32, CI=6.87-31.76), 46.9% haemolytic S. aureus (15/32, CI=30.87-63.56) and 34.4 % biofilm producing S. aureus (11/32, CI=20.41-51.69). Earthen floor type (OR=1.75, p=0.0996), poor drainage system (OR=7.33, p=0.002), pond as source of drinking water (OR=2.05, p=...

Mohammad Tariq Aziz* and Ayesha Khan

...corded as 15.2% as a ICT tool. In the research area 7.1% of the respondent avail information through TV program, 9.9% through radio broadcasts, 13.4% through mobile, 11.6% through internet, 14.3% through agriculture extension agents, 5.4% through private companies while 7.9% through fellow farmers. Only 41.1% of the respondents were aware of the programs about agriculture programs on mobile or internet in which more than half of the respondents (54.8%) got awa...

Mian Muhammad Arif* and Malik Muhammad Shafi

...poultry farms. The ANOVA tool was used to know the variations in cost, revenue and profit of various size of commercial broiler poultry farms. Due to wide spread variations in cost and return pattern of various broiler poultry farms, subsequently, the farms have been divided into three major groups i.e. small, medium, and large size farms. It is evident from the results of partial budgeting that the average total cost per flock of small size broiler poultry fa...
Assefa Tessema Tecklie1*, Abebe Getahun Gubale1, Seyoum Mengistou Yilma1, Tadesse Fetahi Hailu1 and Eshete Dejen Diresilign2
...fore, fishery management tools such as mesh size regulation, closing season and ground and fishery regulatory systems enacted by the federal and regional governments should be implemented through application of community-based fishery management system.
...

Muhammad Qaddafi Khan Wali, Arif Alam* and Ikram Shah

...tured questionnaire as a tool for collecting data and used for various factors responsible for food security status and the affect they have on food security at the household level. We used binary regression analysis to identify factors affecting food security in the target area. This investigation discloses that 90 % of the sampled households are suffering from food insecurity. From the exponential values of coefficient binary logistic regression, it is concl...

Muhammad Sarfraz1*, Muhammad Amjad Qureshi2, Muhammad Arshad Ullah3, Shahzada Munawar Mehdi4, Abdul Rasool Naseem1, Sarfraz Hussain1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1 and Muhammad Rizwan1

...er is becoming important tool to improve the crop production as well as to decrease the disposal of such water. More land can be brought into cultivation by using poor quality ground water. Poor quality water can be used for cultivation of crops with appropriate management viz. chemicals like gypsum, H2SO4, calcium chloride, sulfur or organic additions like manures, muds, biogas slurry, composts etc. The marginal soils irrigated with saline water have deterior...

Enas K. Abo-Elmagd,Kouka S. Abd El-Wahab,Azza H. El- Salakawy

...ection of RV antigen in stool specimens collected from Egyptian infants and young children with ELISA, and nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, to study the frequency of RV infection in Egyptian infants and young children during the summer season 2012 and the effect of certain risk factors including age and gender on the extent and impact of RV infection. The study included 73 infants and young children attending the pe...
RehamM. El-Bakrey1, Shimaa M.G. Mansour2, Mohammed A. El Sisi1 AndAmal A.M. Eid1
...fective and considerable tool for the control of HPAIV in commercial chickens. Maximizing the beneficial role of recombinant and reassortant vaccines in single product could be utilized.

...

Hanaa A. Ahmed1 and Eman M. AboHatab2

...ive and rapid diagnostic tool of LSD reflecting their importance in controlling the rapid spread of disease in Egypt.

...

Amira A. Mazyad1; A. A. Kheder1; Ahmed K. El-Attar1; W. Amer.2; Mahasen, H. Ismail.2; Amal, A.F.1

...l coat protein gene as a tool for molecular diagnosis. The PCR detection was confirmed with direct DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for the coat protein gene. Further insurance of SLRSV infection was performed using light microscopy which showed presence of amorphous inclusion bodies, electron microscopy and chemical analysis.

...

Sahar Abd El Rahman1; Mohamed Eladl2 and Mohamed M. El-Diasty3

..., sensitive and specific tool for bovine ephemeral fever disease diagnosis.

...

Lamya A. F. Ateya1, Said A. Ahmed 2, Mansour H. Ayman3, Khamees K. Ashraf 4, Heba A. Abdel-Hady 5

...ive and rapid diagnostic tool of LSD reflecting their importance in controlling the rapid spread of disease in Egypt.

...
Ruqayya Bint Khalid1, Asif Nadeem1,2*, Maryam Javed1, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir3 and Masroor Ellahi Babar4
...ng temperatures. PRALINE tool, MEGA 6.0 and POPGENE tool were utilized for phylogenetic tree construction and statistical analysis, respectively. Characterization of physical and chemical properties of β-casein protein was performed by ProtParam and SWISS MODEL was utilized for protein model prediction. Sequencing results of amplified PCR products revealed total 9 SNPs including 1 in exonic and 8 in intronic regions of ...
Abeera Razzaq1, Sajid Abdullah1, Huma Naz2*, Khalid Abbas1, Laiba Shafique3 and Qingyou Liu3
Nagwa K. Meselhy1, Mohamed A. Abo El-khair1, Basem M. Ahmed2, Sherif A. El-Soally3,
Abdelhamid M. Fares1, Mohamed A. Nayel1 and Hussein A. Hussein2
...d
diagnostic tool for use in veterinary laboratories. Thus it will enhance the detection and
characterization of the circulating EHV-1 in Egypt. Control strategy for EHV-1 viruses in vaccinated
and non-vaccinated animals needs to be addressed.
...

Ahmed K. El-Attar1, Samah A. Mokbel1 and Om-Hashem M. EL-Banna2

... disease. The diagnostic tools
used were the transmission electron microscope for rapid diagnosis, host reactions, serological
double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and nucleotide
sequence determination. Ultra-structural responses of basil leaf cells infected with a
morphologically distinct RNA virus, AMV, were studied. Molecular characterization and
phylogenetic analysi...
Hadeer M. Mossa, Ausama A. Yousif, Emad A. Aboelsoud, Mahmoud El Gamal, Ahmed El-
Sanousi
...iv>
bioinformatics tools to directly represent the genetic content of entire communities of organisms in the
given harvest.
Results: In this study a 3rd generation sequencing (TGS) was applied using a Nanopore technology
(MinION) based on identification of DNA bases by measuring the changes in electrical conductivity
generated as DNA strands pass through a biological pore (nanopore). Its portability, afford...

Muhammad Nasir1, Muhammad Usman Asif2*, Abdul Hayee Abid1, Qurat ul Ain Haneef1 and Muhammad Awais2

...rs as a pest forecasting tool for initiating management strategies at appropriate time during the cotton season.

...

Reema Zia* and Noor Paio Khan

...er (SRP), the celebrated tools of political economy, to gauge government intervention in Pakistan’s rice sector and draw policy implications for possible adjustments in policies and future strategy. The quantitative analyses of PSE and SRP reveals overall transfers from rice producers to society. The analysis depicts Pakistan’s stronger position towards WTO trade liberalization in the rice sector. Pakistan would not need to change any of its polici...
Bingjie Zhou1, Hitesh Bhagavanbhai Mangukiya1, Siva Bharath Merugu1, Fakhar-un-Nisa Yunus1, Yuchen Fan1, Zhenghua Wu1,* and Dawei Li1,2,*
...powerful visual tracking tool to trace the external function of AGR2. This bioactive and auto-fluorescent his-tag recombinant AGR2-DsRed (hAD) protein was constructed by linking human AGR2 C-terminus with the red fluorescent protein derived from Discosoma sp. (DsRed) througha flexible linker. It was expressed successfully in Escherichia coli (E. coli) with optimized strain and cultivation parameters. This protein was expressed and purified...
Maimoona Imran1,2, Soumble Zulfiqar2, Hafsa Saeed2 and Farah Rauf Shakoori1*
...niae KW an efficient tool for cleaning Cu++ rich industrial effluents.
...
Arshad Khan1, Mohammad Ihsan1, Ali Hazrat1*, Mohammad Nisar1, Muhammad Laiq1, Maryam Bibi1, Nasir Ali2, Ulfat Naz1, Muhammad Zakria1, Nausheen Nazir3, Adam Khan4 and Muhammad Asif Nawaz5
...ing the most appropriate tools that are adaptable to various environments.

...
Mona Kadry, Sara Mohamed Nader*, Esraa A. Elshafiee and Zeinab S. Ahmed
...eggshells and 160 human stool specimens were included in this study. The presence of salmonellae spp. was examined using bacteriological isolation and serological identification. PCR amplification of the ESBL and carbapenemase-encoding genes was performed. The bacteriological examination of the samples showed that 6 Salmonella strains [S. Typhimurium (3), S. enteritidis (2) and S. Infantis (1)] were isolated from chicken meat and eggshell ...
Kang Chen1,2, Dekui He1, Chengzhi Ding3,4, Yintao Jia1 and Yifeng Chen1*
...ity is investigated as a tool for fish stock discrimination. Despite increasing studies of otoliths in marine ecosystems, feasibility of otolith shape as an investigative tool in freshwater fish assemblages needs to be validated. The aim of this study was to test stocks of Gymnocypris selincuoensis that may be distinguished using otolith shape from three rivers and eight lakes in northern Tibet. Shape indices (SDs) (f...
Romaan Hayat Khattak, Zhensheng Liu* and Liwei Teng*
...n important conservation tool. Besides conservation, it also provides opportunities for education, research, and recreational activities. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, several wild ungulate species are raised in captivity. However, there is a lack of detailed information about the ex-situ conservation status of these species. The present study gives a piece of benchmark information on wild ungulate species, breeding practices and the challenges that e...
Mona Mohammed EL-Derbawy1, Eman Naser Hafez2*, 
Mona Abdel Daym Abd Rabbo1, Nagwa Ibrahim Toaleb3,
 Saedia Abdel Hady Sayed El-Ahl1 and Bahaa Eldkeen Wade EL-Aswad4 
.... S0 it can be used as a tool for diagnosis of chronic schistosomiasis.
...

Malik Muhammad Shafi, Rabia Habib and Haidar Ali*

...n was used as a research tools. Through random sampling technique, a sample size of 90 households from 452 farm households were taken. Total consumption expenditures, total income, and land size were the variables which showed significant results. Because their overall p-values indicates significant results at 5% significant value. Results of these variables revealed a positive relationship between household (farmers) savings and total income with coefficient ...

Saadu Mustapha1,2, Norsida Man1*,  Jasmin Arif Shah1, Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman1 and Ahmadu Abubakar Tafida3

...lassify the types of ICT tools adopted by the respondents and identify factors influencing the adoption of ICT in extension service delivery among the respondents. Primary data were obtained using multi-stage cluster sampling technique, using organized questionnaires administered to 254 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used. The research used Rogers’ Theory of Innovation Diffusion, Rogers and Burde’s Theory of Social Change. ...

Mohamed S. Khalil

...ts are the most utilized tools to manage the root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Environmental and health defects were notice with using synthetic nematicides. Thus, in this work an attempt was conducted to provide alternative approach could be listed in control measures of RKNs. Two pot experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of the milbemectin on galls and egg masses formation of M. javanica in roots of eggplants. Milbemectin (Milbeknock 1% EC) was applied...

Md. Sanjid Hasan1, A K M Humayun Kober1, Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana2, Md Saiful Bari1,3,4* 

...bservation were the main tools for determining the udder lesions whereas California Mastitis Tests (CMT) were used for the diagnosis of SCM. Milk samples from CMT positive cows and swab samples from cows’ udder surface with lesions were collected for laboratory analysis. Laboratory analysis including bacterial culture and biochemical tests were done to identify the causal agents of SCM and udder lesions. The overall prevalence of SCM and udder lesions we...
Longjun Guo*, Jiaqi Teng, Juan Wang and Yukun Chen
...e with DTI, an important tool for non-invasive analysis of the internal brain structure, is playing an increasingly important role in medical clinical and basic research.
...
Syed Sikandar Habib1*, Saira Naz2, Sadia Nawaz1, Iqra Ameer1, Ameer Khatoon1, Hameed Ur Rehman3, Sahibzada Muhammad Jawad4 and Haider Ali5
... blood count is powerful tool for the aquaculturist to monitor quality of water, related soil and to ensure the health status in response to feed, disease therapy and confirming the maturity. So the present study was designed to determine the hematological parameters of farm and river Chenab (wild) selected fish species including (Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish species select...

Stephen Chijioke Emencheta1, Chinelo Charity Eze1, Anthony Amaechi Attama2, Damian Ejike Agbo1 and Ebele Benedette Onuigbo1*

...is a promising molecular tool in combating the global antimicrobial resistance threat.

...

Mustafa Ozan Atasoy

...n considered a versatile tool owing to its non-pathogenic characteristic, relatively higher transgenic capacity, and enabling the DIVA strategy. Numerous bivalent and multivalent HVT constructs have been generated by various methods and some of these constructs have been made commercially available so far. The efficacy of HVT-vectored vaccines has been assessed either individually or in combination with other vaccine formulations; hence, the optimal competence...

Shaokun Lu1,2, Ronghua Li1,2*, Chunlin Wang1,2, Changkao Mu1,2 and Weiwei Song1

...P markers will be useful tools for fisheries management and conservation programme of P.trituberculatus.
...

Neven Waheeb1*, Sherif Marouf2, Essam Nasr3, Shaymaa Abdelmalek2 

...with H. Pylori in human stool and fasces of dogs and cats. Two hundred stool samples from humans and eighty-eight fecal samples from dogs and cats were collected with gastric disorders. The presence of H. Pylori infection in stool and fecal samples were tested by ELISA and PCR methods. In ELISA the test utilizes H. pylori antibodies to selectively detect H. pylori Antigen in human s

Masouras P.K.1, Nikolaou K.1,2, Laliotis G.P.1*, Koutsouli P.1, Bizelis I.1 

...er a valuable and facile tool for predicting IMF content by marbling values, enforcing the implementation of such an approach in larger data sets.

Keywords | Marbling, Intramuscular fat, Meat quality, Carcass, Beef, Cattle breeds 

...

Murat Kulekçi1, Ecevit Eyduran2, Ayaz Yusuf Altın2 and Mohammad Masood Tariq3*

... were a good statistical tool to reveal tendency of beekeepers in the observed location and produced some considerable hints in increasing honey yield.

...

Chukwudi Njoku1*, Inyang Etim-Inyang2, Prince-Charles Itu1 and Arinze Uzoezie1

...ssential decision-making tool for individuals and organizations in agro-business, fishermen and especially. It can also be key to stimulating sustainable water resource use and management. The study illuminates the need for site suitability assessment by small and large-scale aquaculture farmers and the application of geospatial tools and findings for real-world decision making in Nigeria’s aquaculture and agriculture ...

Saima Parveen1, Altaf Mahmood2*, Ayesha Azad3, Sajid Umar4, Nosheen Shoukat6, Mirza Muhammad Arsalan Azam5, Qurat-Ul-Ain5 and Nausheen Akhtar Malik1

...lation and is a valuable tool for planning of prevention strategy and research priorities.
...

Saydat Saad1, Doaa Abdel-Fattah1, Tarek Khamis2, Aya El-Sobky1* 

...or. It can introduce new tools for molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, veterinary physiology, animal genetics, and reproduction. Nano-propolis is beneficial to veterinary medicine in different aspects by varying the size of propolis using various techniques, nano-propolis can be more effective without compromising its qualities. Propolis has numerous benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antifungal properties. Low bioav...

Nafisa Shoaib* and Aisha Majid Ali

...proved to be a sensitive tool for the assessment of genetic damage.
...

Sharjeel Saif1, Asghar Ali Kamboh1*, Ghulam Mustafa Solangi2, Rehana Burriro3, Hasina Baloch1, Atta Muhammad Memon2  

... studies using molecular tools are warranted to validate these findings.

Keywords | Dairy buffalo, M. bovis, Mastitis, Mycoplasma, Survey 

...

Sonali Menamvar1,2,3, Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar1, Veeregowda Muniveerappa Belamaranahally2, Yella Narasimha Reddy3, Rathnamma Doddamane2, Shrikrishna Isloor2, Ramesh Poojari Thimmaiah2, Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj1, Bibek Ranjan Shome1, Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan1* 

...efined survey instrument tool.

Keywords | Bovine leptospirosis, Risk factors, Microscopic Agglutination Test, PCR, Seroprevalence 

...

Jan Clyden B. Tenorio

...importance as a holistic tool for inclusive development. With a prevailing pandemic that is caused by a zoonotic viral agent, One Health truly is the keyword of the times. Similarly, the numerous Neglected Tropical Diseases prevalent throughout the world also calls upon a One Health approach for their control, elimination and prevention. Public health veterinarians seek to keep communities safe and healthy by promoting human and environmental health through pr...

Muhammad F Tajol Ariffin1, Chai M Hian1, Muhammad Z Sukiman1, Mohd F Ghazali1, Siti M Zainal Ariffin2* 

...valuation as alternative tools for early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in goats. Also, there was a significant relationship between milk Hp and SCC, thus reflecting the intensity of the inflammatory response to mammary tissue.

Keywords | Acute phase proteins, Subclinical mastitis, Serum, Milk, Goats. 

...

Yaruq Jabeen1, Nida Ansari1, Haroon Rasheed1, Muhammad Asif Rasheed1,*, Muhammad Awais2, Muhammad Ibrahim1, Sumaira Kanwal1, Aqsa Khalid3, Manzoor Ahmad Zahid4 and Farrukh Jamil1,*

...w years, several docking tools have been developed for molecular dockings such as LeDock, rDock, AutoDock Vina, AutoDock, UCSF DOCK, GOLD, Glide, Surflex-Dock, LigandFit and MOE-Dock. Among these, AutoDock Vina has been widely used by academia for molecular docking. This tool performs docking of a ligand into a protein by seven steps. For docking analysis of several ligands, AutoDock Vina is a time-consuming
Thobela Louis Tyasi1*, Lebo Trudy Rashijane1, Kwena Mokoena1, Kagisho Madikadike Molabe1, Madumetja Cyril Mathapo1, Victoria Rankotsan Hlokoe1, Lebelo Joyceline Selala1, Masixole Maswana1 and Lubabalo Bila2
...An egg is a reproduction tool in chickens and a valuable food source for humans. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of egg weight (EW) on egg quality traits such as egg length (EL), egg diameter (ED), yolk weight (YW), albumen weight (AW), shell weight (SW), shell index (SI), yolk ratio (YR), albumen ratio (AR) and shell ratio (SR). Potchefstroom Koekoek layer genotype eggs (n = 200) were used. Pearson correlation and analysis of variance (A...

Abida Shehzadi*, Muhammad Shafique and Ahmad Ali Shahid

...enerated by using online tools at YHRD database. The data from this study could have significant importance in forensic applications, population studies and in strengthening the Y-STR database.

...

Stephen Chijioke Emencheta1, Anthony Amaechi Attama2, Ezinwanne Nneoma Ezeibe1, Adaora Angela Agubata1 and Ebele Benedette Onuigbo1*

...is a promising molecular tool for E. coli tracking in the environment.

...

Thobela Louis Tyasi1*, Lubabalo Bila2, Nkgaugelo Kgasago3, Siza Mthi4 

...een used as a management tool to predict live body weight, feedstuff consumptions and carcass parameters in farm animals at lesser costs with a high relative accuracy and consistency. This research was performed at the University of Limpopo experimental farm (Syferkuil) to examine the effect of sex on the interrelationship between body weight and linear body measurements in South African non-descript goat kids. A total of 46 new-born South African non-descript...

Asim Faraz1*, Bernard Faye2, Cem Tirink3, Ayman Balla Mustafa4, Amal AlKharusi5, Morteza Bitaraf Sani6, Nasir Ali Tauqir7, Muhammad Arslan Akbar8, Muhammad Usman Saleem9, Rana Muhammad Bilal7, Abdul Waheed1, Muhammad Shahid Nabeel10

...ts of forced mating as a tool in the reduction of age at puberty and calving interval in She-camels. For this purpose, thirteen female camels (3 female young stock –FYS, 10 parturient) belonged to Camel Breeding and Research Station (CBRS) Rakh Mahni Bhakkar Punjab, Pakistan were enrolled in this study. Available rutting male from the same herd were forced the female young stock and parturient She-camels for mating month after parturition. The results sh...

Jawad Abdullah Butt1*, Yasmin Nergis1, Ahmad Hussain2 and Mughal Sharif1 

... be taken to utilize the tools to reduce the pollution volume of coal and its harmful impacts on the environment. Innovative tools with advanced efficacy and fewer environmental impacts are essential to handle these low-rank coals and to transform them into energy e.g., Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC) and other Clean Coal Technologies (CCT).
...

Nour H. Abdel-Hamid1*, Walid Elmonir2, Eman I. M. Beleta1, Rania I. Ismail1, Momtaz Shahein1, Mahmoud E. R. Hamdy1 

...es, as alternative rapid tools for epidemiological tracing and investigation of brucellosis in Egypt. We recovered Brucella isolates (n=29) from different host species and governorates. The isolates were identified by the bacteriological and molecular techniques (AMOS-PCR) as Brucella (B) melitensis biovar 3 (n=24) and B. abortus bv1 (n=5). The ERIC and RAPD primers (ERIC2 and Operon 18/ RAPD4) used in this study created polymorphic band patterns in all B...

Phassakon Nuntapanich1*, Hathaichanok Nuntapanich2 and Woraman Maicharoen3

... local wisdom. It is the tools considering as an appropriate technology, which enables the ecosystem to continually provide services to the farmer (e.g., local food security, household income, surface water supply for rice production and enhance soil nutrients for rice crop) without damaging the ecosystem’s capacity to provide the services. The marketing channel can be divided into three types are 1) travel-customer, 2) tourist-customer and 3) middlemen ...

Ghassan Zahid1, 2*, Sara Iftikhar3, Muhammad Umer Farooq4 and Shakeel Ahmed Soomro5

...c polymorphism detection tools at specific loci and the genome level. This review focuses on exploring the application, recent advancements and future implications of DNA-based molecular markers with the context of their role in the genetic improvement of fruit germplasm that is widely grown in Pakistan like citrus, apples, mangoes, guavas, bananas, date palms and peaches, etc. Furthermore, by offering a piece of scientific information and addressing developme...

Muneeza Zafar1,2,3, Fazli Rabbi Awan2,*, Munazza Raza Mirza3,*, Sumaira Nishat2,4, Sajid Ali Rajput5 and Imran Riaz Malik1,*

... different computational tools and further evaluated the structural impact of these convergent deleterious SNPs on APOB through HOPE. We found 9 missenses, 15 intronic or regulatory region SNPs and 2 were found in miRNA target sites of APOB. Out of these variant, the rs13306194 (Arg532Trp) was found in the conserved region of protein domain, which can potentially disrupt overall chemical structure and function of the APOB. Six missense SNPs in the coding, and ...

Abdul Majid1*, Farah Naz1, Nasrullah Laghari1, Sanaullah Abbasi1, Sham Lal2 and Safdar Ujjan3

...that lysozyme could be a tool for designing the novel drug delivery vehicles along its already published potential application.

...

Nawal Abd-elhafez Hassanain1, Raafat Mohamed Shaapan1*, Ahmed Maher1, Ahmed Badwi Yousif2, Gomaa Desoky Emam2 

...test, blood culture and stool analysis) and brucellosis (Rose Bengal test ‘RBT’ and also standard agglutination test ‘SAT’) a similar time. The results showed that 29 of 504 examined cases (5.75%) were RDTs positive while all examined blood samples were negative for malaria by microscopic blood film examination. Out of the 29 positive RDTs cases 11 were positive for brucellosis (2.18%) and 18 for typhoid fever (3.57%). Our finding concl...

Oluwaseun Adetarami1*, Oluwatoyin Olagunju2, Babatunde Adebayo Oyebamiji1, Adegboyega Abel Odeyemi3 and Sina Basil Johnson4

...ta analysis, statistical tools such as budgeting technique and logitistic regression were used. Results of the budgeting technique showed that each farmer of the FBS approach had a mean profit of ₦ 81,134.65 with a cost benefit ratio of 1.09. The results of logistic regression revealed that the age of cocoa farmer, level of education, extension contact, farm size and cocoa annual income are major determinants influencing the utilization of FBS approach. The ...

Ayesha Khan*, Mohammad Tariq Aziz, Urooba Pervaiz and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...er’s access to ICT tools for productivity enhancement in district Charsadda, the universe of the study. For selection of sample multi stage sampling method was used and respondents were selected from three villages namely Hajizai, Katozai and Batagram of tehsil Shabqadar. A sample of 112 respondents was drawn through proportional allocation technique based on 10% of total 1120 registered farmers. A pre-tested and well-developed interview schedule was use...

Muhammad Jamil1*, Kamran Javed1 and Imran Akhtar2

... hierarchical clustering tools were employed. Twenty-four recently bred upland cotton strains bearing diversified origin were configured in triplicate following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The data for novel attributes were recorded. Analysis of variance results indicated that a significant level of variation was existing among the strains for disease index, plant population and micronaire value at (p<0.05), while means for all other study trai...

Xiangli Dong1,2, Shilin Mikhail Borisovich2, Jiji Li1,*, Jianyu He1, Zeqin Fu1, Yingying Ye1, Julia N. Lukina3, Olga V. Apalikova4 and Jianshe Zhang1

...ential molecular biology tools for the study of L. crocea MRC1 and MRC2 protein structure and function. These tools will enable us to better understand the biological functions of MRC1 and MRC2 in defending against pathogenic bacteria challenge and the innate immune response in the large yellow croaker. These findings also provide a foundation for the preparation of a Vibrio vaccine.

...

Zayed M.A1, M.F. Shehata1, I.M. Ismail1, Mona Mohammady1, M.A. Radwan2*  

...or, such as a diagnostic tool and a tool in animal science and veterinary research. So, the present study was performed to study the effect of different weaning weights on growth performance, ultrasound measurements, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Barki ram-lambs. Moreover, this investigation aimed to examine the relationship among ultrasound measurements, body measurements, carcass characteristics and meat qual...

Shandana* and Ayesha Khan

...tion Technologies (ICTs) tools, farmers can get timely, up-to-date, relevant, accurate technical information and advice and extension agents can effectively answer farmers’ abundant information needs. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the usage of ICT tools in agricultural extension services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the study three districts (i.e. Swat, Haripur and Mardan) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa wer...

Muhammad Ikram Ullah

...as analyzed by the pymol tool to predict the effect on the mutant protein. A novel missense mutation c. 2710A>T; p.904Tyr>Ser was detected, and co-segregation analysis was established in the complex neurological family. The pymol analysis detected the loss of hydrogen bonding between Thr at 904 with Arg at 916 in mutant MAN2B1. It is concluded that a novel mutation is identified in MAN2B1 associated with a complex neurological disease. The results indica...

Pharaoh C. Sianangama1*, Brian Tembo2, Sylvia J. Harrison1, Rubaijaniza Abigaba1,3 

...ple pregnancy diagnostic tool, for application in dairy cattle especially among smallholder farmers. The study involved four treatment groups: distilled water (DW), urine from artificially inseminated cows (AIC), non-inseminated cows (non-AIC), and non-inseminated heifers (non-AIH). Free-catch urine samples, from 18 randomly selected dairy animals, were collected on day 15, 22, 30, and 35 after insemination and used at a dilution rate of 1:4. Maize seeds were ...

Murad Ali Rahat1*, Muhammad Israr2, Hakim Khan1, Ishtiaq Hassan1, Mohammad Islam1 and Muzafar Shah3

...own eye color, so online tool of IrisPlex system needed more SNPs inclusion for the prediction of accurate intermediate eye color prediction. Therefore, the Irisplex system represents a useful tool for immediate application in accredited forensic laboratories, predicting blue and brown human eye color from DNA samples, hence, may be a useful tool in forensic investigation.

...

Man Wang1 and Fengmei Yang2*

...AN, cbioportal and other tools were used to analyze the correlation between TOP2A gene expression and methylation, prognosis and immune cell infiltration in databases. The expressions of TOP2A gene and protein in tumor tissues were higher than those in normal tissues, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); TOP2A gene expression was positively correlated with immune cells infiltration (P<0.05); the overall survival, disease-free surv...

Sherif Abdelghany1, Hossam Mahrous Ebeid2*, Ahmed Abdelkader Aboamer2, Mohamed Ali Radwan1, Rania Agamy1 

...ommercialized diagnostic tools for feeding practices in rural areas.

Keywords | Rural Regions, Dairy Farms, Feeding Practices, Milk Analysis, Milk urea nitrogen, Smallholders 

...

Arif Mehmood1*, Muhammad Asam Riaz1, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza1, Waqas Raza2, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1

...n is always an efficient tool in precise control of mosquitoes in the form of epidemic occurrence.

...

Khalid Hussain1, Muneer Abbas1*, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1, Zubeda Parveen1, Sohail Abbas2, Ali Raza3 and Abdul Ghaffar1

...icky traps are important tools of integrated pest management (IPM), which act as indicators of population trends and fluctuation of flying insects. These traps were evaluated at different growth stages of wheat (seedling, tillering and dough stage) and trap height (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meter) on the basis of mean aphid collection and species richness. Results indicated that population appeared in the standard week (SW) 52 of 1st year to SW 18 of 2nd year in both t...

Khalid Hussain1, Muneer Abbas1*, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1, Zubeda Parveen1, Sohail Abbas2, Ali Raza3 and Abdul Ghaffar1

...icky traps are important tools of integrated pest management (IPM), which act as indicators of population trends and fluctuation of flying insects. These traps were evaluated at different growth stages of wheat (seedling, tillering and dough stage) and trap height (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meter) on the basis of mean aphid collection and species richness. Results indicated that population appeared in the standard week (SW) 52 of 1st year to SW 18 of 2nd year in both t...

Ibrahim El-Ratel1*, Mostafa El-Moghazy2, Amira El-Gaml2, Ibrahim Abu El-Naser2 

...be used, as an effective tool, to improve antioxidants capacity, immunity, and quality and fertilizability of fresh and cryopreserved semen of rabbit bucks under HS conditions.

Keywords | Rabbits, Propolis, Semen quality, Flow cytometry, Fertility 

...

Monis Hussain Shah1*, Rizwan Rafique2,6, Munawar Almas1, Muhammad Usman3, Sadia Yasin4 and Sajida Bibi5

... use of Biotechnological tools for crop improvement should be adopted for better yield and production.

...

Umair Faheem1*, Madiha Mobeen Khan2, Qurban Ali3, Muhammad Jamil4, Wajiha Anum2, Mashal Rehman2, Imran Akhtar2, Mussurrat Hussain1, Qaisar Abbas1, Ghayour Ahmad5 and Abrar Ahmad6

...s one of the most useful tools for the management of aphids in Brassica crop. This trial was executed at the farm of Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur to report the impact of aphid damage on yield and yield parameters on Brassica juncea. Five varieties/strains i.e. BRJ-9070, BRJ-9072, BRJ-1004, BRJ-1104 and KP Raya were grown in two sets with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and there were three replications. No pesticides used on unt...

Yar Muhammad Jalbani1,2*, Muhammad Farooque Hassan2, Kiran Nazish2 and Yang Shuming1

...mbined with chemometrics tool of data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy. The meat samples from day 0 were selected as target class and checked against other day samples. All the samples were accepted for training data set with 4 PCs while for test data set the constructed model accepted 100% samples and 100% rejection for other day samples. Three PCs were depicted for target class 3 and model accepted all the training samples, while for test se...

Ergi Bahrioglu1, Mustafa Hac Isa2, Sibel Cengiz2 and Ertan Ercan2*

...nually, using dissection tools. Proximate composition of the produced white worms was measured with regard to given ratios of the protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources provided from the feed materials. The plant-based diet yielded the highest worm density of the study (2220 worms/unit) while the garden soil was used as substrate. In comparison, the fish feed-based diet fed white worms reached a significantly lower density (627 worms/unit) although the optima...

Muhammad Saif-ur Rehman1, Faiz-ul Hassan1* and Muhammad Sajjad Khan2

...by using latest genomics tools to get insights into the evolution and domestication of indigenous cattle breeds.

...

Saba Rehman1, Faisal Salih Hayat1, Sadia Norin2, Abdul Aziz1, Siddiq Ur Rahman1* and Noor ul Haq1*

...d through bioinformatics tools and several databases have been used to identify suitable natural inhibitors. The OMICRON variant was analyzed to identify suitable vaccine candidates by identifying B-Cell epitopes. To design a drug, REPAGLINIDE and ENT-NATEGLINIDE were identified as natural inhibitors based on docking score. To design a vaccine the B-cell epitope i.e., CLIGAEYVNNSYECD was found to the highest antigenicity score. The present study identifies nat...
Chunlan Shan1, Chaoying Liu1, Qin Lu1, Guowen Fu2, Syed Aftab Hussain Shah3, Rana Waseem Akhtar4, Ru Zhao2, Libo Gao2, Chang Liu2, Shushu Miao2, Hongdan Wang2 and Hong Gao2*

 

...ted using bioinformatics tools. These proteins had differences in random curls, α-helix and slight amount of β-sheet. After validation, 10 iron deficient isolates expressed the ferritin HMWPs similar to those of Yersinia. Later on, Kunming mice were infected with E. coli HPI+ and HPI- strains, respectively for the histopathology examination. The higher organ damage was observed by E. coli HPI+ than HPI- strain in mice. This study postulates the pred...

Umar M. Bello1*, Samuel A. Ojo1, Abdurrahman Ghaji1, Ambrose A. Voh (Jr)2, Muazu N. Bappah3, Casmir O. Igbokwe4  

...an be used as an adjunct tool during oestrus detection and for predicting time of ovulation in this breed; and furthermore, either of diurnal temperature rhythms, MRT or MVT can be used, in combination with other diagnostic tools, as a potential on-farm indicator of oestrous stage in Nigerian indigenous breeds of Red Sokoto does.

Keywords | Exfoliative vaginal cytology, Oestrus cycle, Red Sokoto does, Rectal temperat...

Huma Abbas1*, Nazir Javed1, Muhammad Kamran2, Sajid Aleem Khan1, Abdul Jabbar1, Akhtar Hameed1, Hira Abbas3, Azhar Iqbal2 and Ehetisham-ul-Haq2
...rs could be a successful tool in management strategies of root knot nematode.

...
Istkhar† and A. K. Chaubey†
...n
additional tool. Presence of two horn-like structures on head region of 3rd stage infective juveniles (IJs) placed the
nematode in bicornutum group and differentiated from other compared Steinernema spp. The morphological
characters of 3rd stage infective juveniles and 1st generation males showed close resemblance with S. abbasi, S.
thermophilum and S. pakistanense however, the body length was varied (583mm vs ...

Mohsin Shad1, Muhammad Usman2 and Qurratulann Afza Gardner1*

...ersity and is a valuable tool for the identification of species. Mutations in the cyt b gene produce abnormal protein leading to deficiencies in the complex III (coenzyme Q), resulting in defective oxidative phosphorylation and consequently effects other metabolic pathways. In the present article, we comprehensively compare the biodiversity of cyt b in bc1 and b6f complexes using in silico structural analysis tools, emphasiz...

Hina Safdar1,2*, Nazir Javed2, Sajid Aleem Khan2, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed3, Arif Mehmood3 and Muhammad Arshad4

...tive biorational control tools against S. litura.

...

Ayaz Ahmed1*, Muhammad Zulfiqar1 and Saadutullah Khan2

...y areas and also provide tools and trainings to local collectors.

...

M.M. Mikailov1*, O. Yu. Chernykh2, E.A. Yanikova1, G.A. Nurlygayanova3, O.D. Sklyarov4 

...of the tested diagnostic tools was carried out using 46 blood serum samples from cows immunized with a vaccine from the B. abortus 82 strain from a farm that is unfavorable for brucellosis. Studies have shown that RNGA is one of the most sensitive tests, which allows to identify in a dysfunctional economy a high percentage of animals with brucellosis (39.1% of those studied) in the early stages after infection and surpasses the results of most other serologica...

W. Khan, N. U. Nisa, A. Khan and S. M. H. M. Naqvi

... age in Swat, Pakistan. Stool samples were randomly collected during January 2006 to December 2008 and examined from a total of 420 individuals including 238 and 182 under and above 15 years age, respectively from Urban and Rural area of Swat, Pakistan. The techniques used were wet mount (WMT), sedimentation and centrifugation. A number of 171 individuals were found infected with any single species of parasite, 81 cases were found infected with double species ...

Trisiwi Wahyu Widayati1*, Aris Triyono Syahputra2, Andoyo Supriyantono1, Onesimus Yoku1, Deny Anjelus Iyai1, Priyo Sambodo1, Iriani Sumpe1 

...application of laleken. Stool samples come from fresh feces. Water samples were collected from pools around the farmer’s house in both systems, vegetable samples were collected from three points ± 0 m, ± 1 m, and ± 2 m apart from the fence and soil samples were collected at three points ± 1 m apart, ± 10 m apart, ±25 m from the house with three replications. The second stage of collection was carried out on day 0...

Zubair Ali, Muhammad Sohail*, Yasir Ameen, Hamidullah, Ishtiaq Ahmed and Mehwish Malik

Jameel Ahmed1,2*, Mohammad Masood Tariq1, Nadeem Rashid1, Asim Faraz3*, 
Majed Rafeeq1, Irfan Shehzad Sheikh1, Mudassar Jahan1,2, Abdul Fatih1,2
Masroor Ahmad Bajwa1, Ifrah Jameel1, Muhammad Ali1 and Saira Iftikhar4
...versity could be used as tool for making future breeding plans but large scale enumeration is required for the Bibrik sheep.

...

Hanaa M. Abdelkhalek1, Hanan E. Nagib1, Randa S. Elias1, Saad S. Mansour1, Walid S. Mousa2*

...he mPCR was an efficient tool for detection of virulence genes (exoT, toxA, oprL, and isaI) at 152, 396, 504, 606 bp respectively. In addition, all the P. aeruginosa were found to carry the resistance genes (qnrS, qnrA, aadB). The combination of norfloxacin plus amikacin suppressed the resistance pattern P. aeruginosa isolates. Therefore, their combination showed synergistic bacterial potential antimicrobial activity in treatment of mastitis due to P. aerugino...

Shaimaa M. Ahmed1, Gehan M.A. Kassem1*, Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez2, Heba H.S. Abdel-Naeem1 

...logy could be a valuable tool for understanding the growth behavior of S. aureus in artificially inoculated TSB broth and chicken meat. 

...

E. K. Allam.1; B. A. Othman.1; Hayam S. Abdelkader2; and Noher A. Mahmoud2

...etection methods provide tools assisting in the understanding of the epidemiology and diversity of nepoviruses as well as to facilitate resistance breeding, cultivar selection, and development of control strategies.

...

Hayam S. Abdelkader1; Gamalat M. Allam1; T. A. Moustafa2; and M. El-Hanunady2

...e transcribed using Retrotool reverse transcriptase enzyme and the PCR reactions were performed for 30 min in a capillary thermal cycler.  RFLP analysis of the PCR products was performed using Msel restriction enzyme. The results showed a dimorphic restriction digestion profile that "as suitable for identifying the two isolates. The method described here is rapid. reliable and highly recommended to be used in such virological and pathological studies...
Muhammad Rizwan1*, Bilal Atta1,  Muhammad Arshad2, Sohail Akhter3
Muhammad Tahir3, Misbah Rizwan1, Muddassir Ali1 and Arshad Makhdoon Sabir1
...Insecticides are a quick tool to suppress insect pests and an important element of integrated pest management (IPM). λ cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid, is commonly used to manage economic insect pests in agricultural crops since long. An assay was designed to evaluate the efficacy of λ cyhalothrin on biological parameters of generalist predator, Coccinella septempunctata. Results indicated that λ cyhalothin has no significant impact on developme...

Sar Zamin Khan1*, Muhammad Waqas1 and Sagar M. Goyal2

...evelopment of diagnostic tools are important for the formulation of effective prevention and control programs. This review deals with the global prevalence of IBV along with its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control. In summary, we have discovered that measures to combat infectious bronchitis is not fully effective and the continued attention of the scientific community and funding agencies can help protect the global poultry industry from this challenge.

...

Fakhra Nazir1*, Sahar Fazal1 and Fakhar-i-Abbas2

...roved to be an effective tool for species molecular identification and their phylogenetic analysis during this study which may help in identification and biogeographic studies of birds in future.

...

Yufang Liu1,2, Guiling Cao3, Yujing Xie3 and Mingxing Chu1*

...nsulin secretion. Online tool was used to predict the function of DEGs, the results showed that the CYP11A1 gene might regulate the GDF9 and other prolificacy-associated markers in ovary organs of goats, thereby affecting the development of puberty. The expression of various genes and the transduction of hormone secretion signals, improving the reproduction of goats.

...

Skenndri Safae1*, Charrat Nadia2, Jmiai Mehdi3, Nassik Saadia1 

...lers, we used a panel of tools and techniques, ranging from numerical tools used to gather data from the farms to bacteriological material geared toward pathogens detection. The microscopic lesions found on most of the farms of the P group on day 35 indicated the ongoing of a regenerative process, contrarily to the farms of the D and G groups, in which the guts still underwent inflammation on day 35. Coccidiosis infection wa...
Umer Farooq1,2, Nimra Murtaza2, Abubakar Siddique1, Bilal Saleem1, Obaid Ur Rehman1, Nageen Zahra1, Muhammad Uzair1, Muhammad Naeem Riaz1,3* and Muhammad Ramzan Khan1*
...ture based computational tools SIFT, we identified 154 deleterious variants in 134 genes. Gene enrichment highlighted the presence of these genes in different biological processes including developmental, signaling, transport, metabolic and homeostasis. These findings are useful resource for further exploration into the molecular processes associated with these variances.

...
Maria Azam1, Tahir Mahmood Qureshi1, Saddam Hussain2, Amjad Islam Aqib3*, Shanza Rauf Khan4, Kashif Akram1, Misbah Ijaz5, Maheen Murtaza6, Afshan Muneer6 and Sammina Mahmood7
...-probability statistical tools were applied using SPSS version 22 of statistical software at 5% probability. The current study showed 24.56% of S. aureus positive from commercial dairy while the resistance of these isolates against gentamicin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin was found to be 50, 40, 30, 30%, respectively. On the other hand, a disc diffusion assay was concluded with 24.525±0.806 mm (ZnO) followed by 16.475±0.950mm (MgO) ...

Sumei Zeng and Yong Zhang*

...terms of data collection tools. The results showed that Detection of Insemination Time (DIT) and Early Detection of Diseases (EDD) applications are more important, respectively.

...

Asif Sadam1*, Rahmat Ullah Khan2, Karim Gabol2*, Muhammad Awais3,4, Mohammad Ismail1, Sajid Mahmood1, Muhammad Aslam4 and Hamidullah5

... of trapping and hunting tools including traditional traps made up of clothes, smaller pinch traps and bamboo cages, air rifles, shotguns (single and double barrel) and sometimes for full entertainment Kalashnikovs were also used for the killing of medium-sized and large mammals (golden jackal and wild boar) in the study area. Summer appeared to be the best season for hunting. The interviews with locals revealed that the main purpose of trading and hunting of ...

Asifa Majeed*, Amir Rashid, Palvasha Waheed, Asma Faryal, Aden Razaq and Ayesha Maryam

Muhammad Umar Farooq1, Kashif Ishaq1*, Muhammad Imran Khan1, Muhammad Farooq Iqbal1, Tanveer Ahmad1, Jamil Akbar1, Asim Fraz2, Sara Naeem1 and Aansa Latif1

...ng a compensatory growth tool. A total of twelve male Beetal kids with an average weight of 20±2 kg and approximately 6 months old were randomly selected and kept for 85 days including 15 days of an adjustment period. There were two phases of the experiment. During the restriction phase; the animals were divided into three groups i.e. T1=feeding @2% of body weight (BW), T2=feeding @3% of BW, and T3=feeding @4% of BW. In the re-alimentation phase; all th...

Shafi Muhammad1, Bibi Nazia Murtaza2, Aftab Ahmad1, Muhammad Shafiq3, Nurul Kabir4 and Hamid Ali1*

...IA and STRING online web tools. IL-17A serum levels were significantly higher in fibrotic patients compared to chronic HCV patients and showed a positive correlation with age. The constructed gene network revealed interactions between IL-17A and various other genes, especially chemokines. IHC analysis revealed significant changes in the architecture of liver especially an abnormal expression of alpha (α)-SMA and the activation and transmigration of Kupff...

Irfan Safdar Durrani*, Noreen Asim and Ammar Sohail

...ng NCBI Nucleotide Blast tool showed 99% similarity between subject sequence (Nipponbare) and query sequence (Dilrosh-97). Localization of Transcription factors motif sequences indicate that the motifs including Homeodomain; TALE, NF-YB and GGAAAt in Nipponbare promoter and Alpha-amylase and B3 in Dilrosh-97 promoter were observed abundantly close to the transcriptional initiation site. Expression analysis using TENOR identified that OsGLP12-3 gene show high t...

Ahmed H. El-Anwar, Eid A. Mabrouk, Khaled M. Ali, Nermeen A. Helmy, Rehab M. Reda* 

... acts as an ameliorative tool for production and reproduction in growing V-line male rabbits however, the n-ZnO is more effective. 

...
Moustafa A. Zaghloul1*, Mohamed F. Azooz1, Saleh E. Ali1*, Heba M. Soliman1, Maha M. Sayed1, Mohamed H. Kafafy2 and Alaa R. Morsy1
... three B-cell prediction tools. Twelve promising and top linear B epitopes passed the antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity tests. Fifty-seven MHC I epitopes were the most promising, while (49) were from MHC II. Thirteen peptides for MHC II were chosen as the best targets for the vaccine. Seventeen MHC I epitopes were the most promising because they were able to bind to the greatest number of MHC Ialleles and passed the antigenicity, allergenicity and toxic...

Ibrahim l , Madiha Salah and Ikuta 2, Kazuyoshi

... be a potentially useful tool for the direct and rapid detection of H5N1 in clinical specimens due to its high specificity. Additionally, an advantage over the other kit is specifically reacting with viruses of avian origin but not human or even swine origin, thus proving worthy for discriminating influenza A infections.

...
Hagag, N.M.*•, Arafa, A.*; Shalaby, M. A. ** El-Sanousi, A. A. **and Aly, M. M. 
...compared as a diagnostic tool for H5N1 virus detection. All these formats of PCRs appeared within the same specificity for H5 gene detection, while they showed difference in sensitivity as the one step conventional RT-PCR showed to be more sensitive than two steps conventional RT-PCR by 10 folds, one step RRT-PCR TaqMan probe was more sensitive than two steps RRT-PCR TaqMan probe by 10 folds, two steps RRT-PCR hybridization probe is more sensitive than two ste...

Iftikhar Alam1*, Sumbal Ali1, Anwar Ali Shad2, Aneela Tahmeed1, Hafsa Nawaz1, Shumail Bakht1 and Muhammad Farooq3*

...while there are numerous tools available to evaluate the scientific evidence presented in health story, no tool is available that can assess the literary parameters of a health story. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop and validate an innovative tool that may be used for the assessment of a health story for its literary attributes. Following a comprehensive literature search, an...

El-Sayed • l , Eman H; Mahfouze , Sherin A.; Shaltout ,A. D.; El-Dougdoug3 ,Kh. A. and Sayed1 , R. A.

...ns have become important tool to enhance agronomic fraits of banana crop. It is being used to produce virus resistance in various susceptible banana crop to improve it yield and quality traits against BBTV and BMV viruses. There are several mutagens available for banana crop improvement and each mutagen has its important role as positive or negative effects on banana plants. The chemical mutagens such as create mutations in the genome of plants. Selection of p...

El-Sabagh, I.M.; Hussein, H.A.; Amer, H.M.; El-Sanousi, A.A.; Reda,I.M. and M.A. Shalaby

...can provide an effective tool for development of new diagnostic measures and novel vaccine candidate for improved diagnosis and control rotavirus infection in young calves.
...

A. A. El-Kholy1, S. Vilcek2 and A. M. Daoud1

...lecular epizootiological tool to group local BVDVs in a herd-specific manner at a geographic region to recognize new virus introduction and thus to improve local vaccines and diagnostic assays for effective control policies.

...

Muhammad Wasif Gulzar* and Jawad Hussain

...ficial intelligence (AI) tools in veterinary medicine and infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, and parasitic), in contrast to the heavily regulated field of the development of medical devices (which include AI) in human medicine. When introducing such potent technology that might affect the welfare of both humans and animals, we must acknowledge the significance of exercising prudence and accountability. As veterinary experts, it is therefore our responsibil...
Zeynep Karapinar1* and Mehmet Özkan Timurkan2
...ed in 7 (36.84%) of the stool samples collected from 19 cats with diarrhea and vomiting symptoms. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples were performed. It was observed that five of the FPLV positive samples obtained were in the G3, one sample was in the G1, and one sample was in the CPV-2b group. FPV was investigated for the first time in Balıkesir province and the data of the feline parvovirus sequence was defined to Genbank. Current p...
Asad Ullah1, Hayat Ullah2, Muhammad Lateef3, Imrana Niaz Sultan4, Afrasiab Khan Tareen4 and Muhammad Waseem Khan4,5*
... as preferred diagnostic tool for TB.

...

Siqiang Li1,2, Tiantian Wang1, Peng Sun1, Airong Gao1, Xin Gong1, Yuanhong Xu2, Baogen Wang2, Jun Wu1* and Bo Liu1*

...e I (MDS I) is a desired tool enzyme to modify oligosaccharides and their analogues in structurally homogeneous and defined forms in vitro. This study was aimed to explore the acquisition of an effective MDS I in vitro. For this purpose a Pichia pastoris strain GS115 harboring a recombinant MDS I derived from Trichoderma reesei was constructed via conventional molecular cloning methods, and expressed in a 5-liter fermentation tank. The target protein was purif...

1*AFIRA WAQAR, 2ADNAN RAUF, 3BUSHRA CHAUDHRY &4IKRAM-UL HAQ

...e into the most powerful tool for probing the complex human diseases. There are many different approaches for the identification of genetic risk factors of the complex diseases. New pharmacological therapies may get established by understanding the underpinning of biological genetic effects. We focus here on the applications and strategies that are currently best suitable for genetic studies which provide preliminary genetic information for subsequent statisti...

Karima Akool Al-Salihi1*, Luay Jumaah Jihad2, Abbas Najm Aldin Saleh3

..., Zoom, and FCC were the tools for lectures and communication with lecturers. A variation appeared in the assessment of the online education Theoretical and Practical Veterinary subjects evaluations, including 6.40%, 13.40%, 19.77%, 25.67%, 34.76%, and 3.30%, 5.30%,18.70%, 25.60%, and 47.10% respectively for scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (poorly, slightly, reasonably, noticeably, significantly affected). In conclusion, this study approved that COVID-19 lockdown adverse...

Anisa Mushtaq1, Murtaz ul Hasan1*, Asim Shamim2, Muhammad Ali Abdullah Shah1, Muhmamad Arif Zafar3, Abdul Asim Farooq4, Aayesha Riaz1, Muhammad Kamran1 and Saif ur Rehman

...firmed through molecular tools amplifying ITS-2 gene. Ticks DNA were then examined by PCR employing a genetic marker that target (18S rRNA gene), for the presence of Babesia and Theileria species in identified ticks. The most common pathogen species observed in ticks was Theileria annulata. This study exposed different hard tick species are prevalent in the study area and these ticks are playing major role in transmission of protozoa (Theileria annulata). On t...

Teedzai Chitura*

...obiotics as a management tool for improving poultry performance while ensuring the production of safe meat and other poultry products. It was hypothesized that probiotic supplementation can successfully replace the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry diets without causing adverse effects on growth performance and products quality. A literature search was conducted to cover the scope of growth performance and meat attributes of poultry species fed...

Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin1, Ateeq Ullah2*, Raheela Nawaz3, Yagoob Garedaghi4, Abbas M.A. Al-Azab5 and Mashael Abdullah Aldamigh6

...indices assessment. The stool samples were collected and preserved in 10% formalin solution and safely transported to Parasitology Laboratory, University of Malakand for parasite examination. Each of the samples was processed in direct smear methods and examined under microscope first under low power objectives and then higher power Lense. Evidence of infection was noted by the presence of helminth eggs. Out of 200 samples 65% (n=130) were found to be infected...

Arif Mehmood1*, Muhammad Naeem2, Abu Bakkar Muhammad Raza1, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1, Muhammad Irfan Ullah1, Muhammad Asam Riaz1, Ikram ul Haq1 and Waqas Raza1

...t web structures are the tools which can be helpful in controlling disease vector in case of epidemic. In this study, microhabitats were specified, surveys were conducted to explore specified microhabitats in Chakwal district of Pothwar region, Punjab, Pakistan. After qualitative and quantitative sorting, checklist of mosquitoes along with diversity indices and quantitative habitat web were prepared, which point out the hotspots of different mosquito species. ...
Luqman1, Zahid Hussain1, Mohammad Ilyas2, Azmat Ali Awan3, Javed Rahman 2,
Mazhar Ali2 and Tamana Bakht4
...r use as weed management tools. Therefore, the
herbicide use and hand weeding should be used only on casual basis or in emergency; and
the mulching methods should be adopted in the long run as mulching method is not only
good for weed control but also for maintaining the soil fertility, moisture conservation, and
environmental safety.
...

Fitrimawati*, James Hellyward

... rules and technological tools development. The number of laborers in the livestock sectors should be a major concern at this time.
 
Keywords | Competitiveness, Commodity, Leading, Livestock
...

Amir Afzal1*, Sairah Syed1, Hafiz Husnain Nawaz2, Ruqeah Mustafa1, Marjan Aziz1, Madeeha Khan1, Azra Khan3, Uzma Javed1, Attiq Ur Rehman4, Rubab Altaf 5 and Qamar Shakil6

...e discussed as effective tools for tracking Pst populations, identifying new introductions and monitoring their evolution over time. A combination of traditional and molecular techniques has generated valuable data for understanding populations virulence of Pst.

...
Sangita Shrestha , Glenn C. Graham , Donald S. Loch , Stephen W. Adkins

Yasameen Waleed Al-Abedi1, Murtadha Kadhim Hasan2*, Alaa Abdalhadi Halboti3, Ali Abdulhussein Saleh Alsaeedi3, Rafed Abbas Kadhum1

... a revolutionary genetic tool, has been efficient in achieving such levels of gene regulation. This study is aimed at clarifying the mechanism of action and exploring optimal cases for modified epigenetics through CRISPR-Cas integration in biological engineering and medicine. Therefore, it enriches the body of knowledge concerning the application of CRISPR-Cas in valuable discoveries in biotechnology and medicine.

...

Basheer Ahmad, Nowsherwan Zarif, Saif Ullah Khan, Salman Ahmad and Anwar Ali*

... effective communication tools. To further promote agroforestry in Pakistan, this review suggests implementing corrective measures to rationalize prevailing systems and develop upcoming sustainable plans and methods.

...

I Ketut Puja1*, I Nyoman Sulabda2, Ni Nyoman Trinayani3, Ni Wayan Patmawati3, Made Rahayu Kusumadewi3, Putu Bulan Sasmita Dewi3, I Wayan Sukernayasa4, Anak Agung Gede Oka Dharmayudha5, Putu Devi Jayanti5, I Wayan Nico Fajar Gunawan5 

...he blood as a diagnostic tool for pregnancy in cows. A study was carried out on 37 Bali cows with previous experience giving birth. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein on the 45th day after artificial insemination and stored at -20°C until PAG testing using the ELISA method. The sensitivity of the test for pregnancy detection was 0.33 ng/mL. As a control, samples from non-pregnant cows were used. The PAG concentration in pregnant Bali cows was 0...
Salman Ahmad1, Anwar Ali1, Basheer Ahmad1, Nowsherwan Zarif1* and Saif Ullah Khan1
... the right communication tools, together with the right message, messenger, and target audience, are additional requirements for successful promotion. To improve agroforestry in Pakistan, corrective steps to simplify the current systems and develop long-term sustainable methods and methodologies are recommended. This study was conducted in District Malakand to learn the effects of agroforestry practices on farmers and the significant reasons for planting as we...
Ghayyas Ahmad1, Arifullah Awan2 and Muhammad Imran3
...pact on the tree health, tools used in lopping, species preferred and the role of gender were investigated. It was found that the practice was quite prevailing in the area. Main purpose of lopping was to meet the domestic need for fuel wood. Local people were largely unaware of its legal status or lopping's adverse affect on the tree's health. Axe was the main tool used for lopping. The preferred species was Oak but since it...
Tanvir Hussain, Zahid Rauf and G. M. Nasir
...icultural implements and tool handles. Further, the wood of Fraxinus xynthoxyloides and Alnus nitida can also be used as raw material for pulp and paper manufacture, however Quercus wood may not be suitable....
Saif-ur-Rehman Saif Abbasi & Saeed Akbar
...ily usage i.e. charpoy, stool, baskets, furniture etc. The use of cheep and easily available forest vegetation, based on indigenous knowledge, has reduced household expenses on one hand but has also put tremendous pressure on forest vegetation on the other hand. There is need to create awareness on sustainable forest resource management and also provide job opportunities and other alternate facilities which lessen their dependence on forest vegetation.

K...

Hakim Shah1, Mamoona Wali Muhammad1 Muhammad Afrasiyab2 and Javed Iqba3
...n. MCDA was found useful tool in breaking down the problem of identification and classification of the sites for afforestation in the management of hill forests.

Key words: Afforestation, Confluence Points, MCDA, AHP, Deforestation, AOI.

...
Asad Ullah, Abdur Rashid and Sher Aman
...ry, 12(60%) Agricultural tools, 10(50%) Fodder, 10(50%) Plants yielding fruits, 8(40%) Thatching/sheltering, 8(40%) Fencing, 3(15%) Condiment/spice, 8 (40%) Furniture, 7(35%) Ornamental, 6(30%) honey bee flora, 3(15%) Beverage, 1(5%) Bark used for writing, 1(5%) Bark used for huts/rooms, 1(5%) wool dye. Being a far flung area, the locals totally depend upon the Plant Natural Resources (PNR) for their livelihood. Biotic pressure and unsustainable utilization ha...
Abdul Qayyum Khan, Bashir Ahmad Wani, Hakim Shah and S. Irfanullah
...ry Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used to carry out this survey. According to the survey results, firewood emerged as the largest source of energy used for cooking and heating. The consumption of firewood was 2.35 maunds/household/week. Annually each person consumes 1.13 tons of firewood for cooking and heating. Among the other sources of energy, kerosene oil and natural gas were being consumed at the rate of 1.83 liters and 3.29 kilograms/household/week. A ...
Ghayyas Ahmad
... are powerful and useful tools for biodiversity assessment, mapping and conservation planning at the ecosystem or landscape scale.

...
M. Ayaz
...introduction of improved tools, techniques, mechanization and vocational training of contract workers, are very low. Replacement of contract system is only possible when the forestry works are done departmentally, through the direct engagement and payment of forest workers. For this work an appropriate wage system is an important pre-requisite. At present there is no incentive oriented wage system (piece-rates) in forestry, which is developed on time a...
M. Ayaz
...nventional and improved tools in timber harvesting on the basis of technical labour productivity under an equal and maximum work stress. Result of the study reveal that the technical labour productivity of conventional and improved tools at maximum work stress is 0.47 and 0.61m3 of timber and firewood per man hour respectively. Improved tools were found to have (30%) high...
G. Stoehr, K. Brunner, J. A. Khan and I. Mahmood
...sults of tests on wooden tool handles made from 8 local and two imported species of hickory and ash, in terms of their breaking strength and stiffness. Of the 8 local timber species, white bakain was found to give best overall performance for tool handles. The effect of various factors such as orientation of growth rings in relation to the direction of loading in strength tests on handles and the mechanical properties...
K. M. Siddiqui
...organizations were using tools and methods of forest contractors because there were no arrangements within the country to train the staff in improved methods of tree felling, conversion and transportation and for conducting research to find out the best methods for the local conditions....
Abeli, W. S., Issara, D. G., Malilah, P.K. and Mrosso, D. K.
...stocking and the cutting tool. For instance in the THF where an axe was used as a cutting tool, productivity was 9.1m3/day while in Miombo woodland forests where 2-man crosscut saw and a chainsaw were used for cutting, productivities were 4.2m3/day and 29.2m3/day respectively.

Skidding production depended on the skidding method, means, distance and volume per trip. Exponential growth curv...

M. Ayaz
...tional and improved hand tools in tree felling and conversion was tested in Changa Manga Plantation in the basis of labour productively and workload. The results of time and heart rate studies showed that the improved tools demanded 12.4 minutes less of work time per cubic meter of timber and firewood converted. The technical labor productivity for work with improved tools also high...
Raja Mohammad Ashfaque
... effective and practical tool in range improvement. The use of fire is frightening and many desirable prescribed burns do not get started mainly due to two fears; liability consequences and one's career at stake if fire gets away (Wright, 1974). Fire is an art not a science. As the skill in use of fire in range, wildlife and forest management develops fears and hesitations in adopting it as a tool, will gradually diminish....
Mohammad Ayaz and K. M. Siddiqui
...Pakistan is done by hand tools; axes and saws. These, besides being primitive are inefficient, thus causing low labour productivity, and delays in exploitation and subsequent regeneration operations in the forests. Introduction of power chain saws for felling and conversion of trees is essential to speed up timber harvesting operations so that enough time is available for regeneration work as well as to increase the labour productivity. It has been obse...

Hanan Yousif Jasim1*, Rasha Munther Othman2, Wasan Moaed Shaker3

...sequence using the BLAST tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The sequencing results of the 16s rDNA gene was shown that 9 (69.24%) bacterial isolates were diagnosed as Staphylococcus aureus while the 4 (30.76%) other samples were diagnosed as Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus succinus, Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus epidermidis. On the other hand, the mecA gene was examined and detected in all isolates of Staphylococcus sp. using specific primer...

Pavana Jyothi Vanjavaka1, Mouradam Veerasami2, Mohana Subramanian Bhaskaran2*, Vijay A.K.B. Gundi1*

... has become an essential tool in comprehending the evolution of viruses. For studying the molecular level changes, 28 field isolates were collected from various regions in India and subjected to PCR for amplification, with sequencing of a partial region of the VP2 gene. Among these isolates, 27 samples were positive for CPV, of which one was CPV 2b while the remaining were CPV 2a, and one isolate was CPV negative. The obtained sequences were submitted to NCBI ...

Abdul Basit1 and 2Sana Ullah*

...ries management is a key tool which provides healthy plant resources in the
context to plant distribution and urban biodiversity visualization for human being. The
current survey study was carried out at Peshawar Development Authority Nurseries
Hayatabad Peshawar-Pakistan. This survey was based on the current situation and various
methods practiced by the gardeners to manage their nurseries, and distribution of

Komal Hingoro1, Muhammad Saleem Chang1,2* and Ghulam Sarwar Gachal1

...ofiling as a nutritional tool to monitor health and disease in both wild and freshwater turtles.

...

Toyin B. Ajibade1*, Mukhtar A. Yusuf1, Sijuwade A. Adebayo2, Uswat T. Adeyemi1 and Olubunmi A. Omotesho1

...er 1980-2019. Analytical tools employed include unit root test, co-integration, and the error correction mechanism. We found that the sea surface temperature, wind speed, current year marine litter plastic waste, and magnitude of marine litter plastic wastes from the previous year negatively influenced the artisanal fish capture quantity in the period under review (p<0.05). We conclude that climate change and marine plastic pollution are major issues with n...

Chukwujekwu A. Obianefo1,2*, Ngozi J. Obiekwe1, Nma O. Okoroji3, Zahoor A. Shah4, Uzochukwu V. Uchemba5 and Ebele G. Osegbue5

...-extension techniques or tools by advisors when contacting farmers. The ability of extension staff to disseminate agricultural information using electronic tools should always be evaluated. A structured questionnaire was used to randomly select 150 agricultural development program officers. Simple descriptive statistics, multinomial regression, and principal factor analysis were used for data analysis. According to the surve...

Tanvir Hussain*, Zahid Rauf, Mansoor Ali Khan and Khalid Hussain 

...y to serve as a valuable tool for understanding the past climatic conditions and predicting future trends of the region. Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana ) with well-defined annual growth rings offers a reliable record of previous circumstances of environment . The objective of current study was to evaluate its dendroclimatic potential under Shangla’s wet temperate climate in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . In order to conduct study, wood samples in the form of cores w...

Maysoon S. Abbas, Shaimaa N. Yassein 

...samples from birds, 150 stool samples, and 50 hand swabs from owners. In the present study, V. cholerae accounted for 54 out of 400 samples (13.5%), V. parahaemolyticus for 38 out of 400 samples (9.5%), V. vulnificus for 14 out of 400 samples (3.5%), and V. alginolyticus for 23 out of 400 samples (5.75%). Four virulence factors were studied for nine isolates of V. cholerae. Phospholipase activity showed a positive result in 6 out of 9 isolates (66.66%), protei...

Bilal Ahmed Qazi, Nowsherwan Zarif, Anwar Ali*, Faizan Ahmed, Asim Karim and Ali Nawaz 

...forestation is a primary tool for controlling soil erosion, land degradation, and desertification. Pakistan is predominantly a dry country, where 51.5% of the area is arid and 36.9% is semi-arid. The two-thirds of the livelihood of Pakistan is growing rapidly over a population of 184 million people, who directly depend on goods and services provided by dryland natural resources, especially natural forests. In the dry zone areas, the natural forests have comple...

Mukondwa Olivia1, Rugare Joyful Tatenda1, Mabasa Stanford1 and Mandumbu Ronald2*

...t residues can work as a tool in the integrated weed management for the rural farmers in Zimbabwe.

...

Muhammad Ehsan Safdar1*, Muhammad Sikander Hayyat, Muhammad Zeshan Maajid, Mubashar Nadeem and Amjed Ali

...pecific crop serves as a tool for employing its cost-effective management. Studies were carried out to find out competitive effect of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) on wheat at research area of College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan during winter season 2014-15. Experimental treatments included varying densities (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 plant m-2) of Convolvulus arvensis. The weed densities were maintained by thinning the excess weed...

Rael Jepkogei Masai 

...g participants provided stool samples that were processed by formal-ether concentration techniques and results recorded as either positive or negative. Capillary blood samples was collected for slide preparations and subjected to microscopy to determine presence of P.falciparum. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on study subjects’ area of residence. Results were processed using SSPS and significance levels were obtained using chi square and ...

Enany M.E.1, Fadel Hanaa M.2, Abo-Shama U.H.3, Ahmed Mona M.1, Kholief M.E.A.4*

...samples of stomachs and stool of felines, gastric and milk of sheep. These were previously confirmed by amplification of 16srRNA H. pylori to be detected by multiplex polymerase reaction against vacA, cagA, and hrgA and bio-typed based on urease and nitrate reduction testes, finding non-nitrate reductive isolates from apparently healthy felines 20% and, nitrate reductive isolates from clinical felines and normal sheep 40% and 20%, respectively as total virulen...

Shah Fahad* and Akhtar Ali 

...w schedule was used as a tool for the collection of primary data. The data results indicates that majority of the respondents were having age between 20-30 years. The illiteracy ratio was 58% while 42% were literate, 28% of the respondents were having primary level of education. The family size was above 5 members. Nineteen percent respondents were involved in agriculture activities and 81% number of respondents were involved their business. Only 19% of the re...

Iqra Almas, Samia Afzal*, Muhammad Idrees, Muhammad Shahid, Iram Amin and Kausar Malik

...ne, Geno2pheno (HBV) 2.0 tool and GHOST platform were used to analyze the genotype, mutations (natural and escape) and quasispecies analysis of the HBV. All samples in family were infected with genotype HBV/D1 and had high viral load (10e8 IU). An vaccine escape mutation “C137W” was identified in mother and a son. Mother sample were shown more number of haplotypes and total diversity as compared to sons. The quasispecies analysis showed the mother ...

Al-Moataz Bellah Mahfouz Shaarawy1, Mahmoud Yassin Mohamed1*, Mahmoud Sayed Sayah2,1, Ashraf Ali Mehany1, Ezzat Arafa Ahmed El-Beltagi1, Shimaa M. Ali1

...ful early-life selection tool for selecting high-performing individuals and predicting improved animal performance in the distant future throughout different ages (from 105 d to 540 d of age).
 
Keywords | Friesian, Leptin, Growth hormone, Growth performance, Reproduction
...

Saima Younas and Aleena Sumrin*

...fied by using Geno2Pheno tool. Hepatitis c virus genotype 3a was most prevalent genotype in the study group. Successfully sequenced patients were divided into two group based on their treatment history, as treatment naive and experienced groups. Both groups were analyzed for detection of amino acid mutations at positions 28, 30, 31, 58 and 93. A30T was detected in 7.6%, Y93H in 15.6% P58T as 7.6% while S98G was found in 23% treated patients. However, these mut...

Muhammad Tahir1, Muhammad Saqib1, Shahbaz ul Haq2, Shahrood Ahmed Siddiqui3,4, Khurram Ashfaq1, Urfa Bin Tahir5, Mughees Aizaz Alvi1*, Shujaat Hussain6, Talha Javaid1, Raheela Taj7, Muneeb Islam8, Imad Khan9, Asad Ullah9* and Shakirullah Khan10

Nguyen Phi Bang1,2*, Nguyen Thi Hanh Chi1,2, Ngo Thuy Bao Tran1,2, Nguyen Thi Bich Hanh1,2, Nguyen Ba Trung1,2, Le Thi Thuy Hang1,2

...ccine has been a crucial tool in controlling this hazardous disease globally. Its effectiveness is influenced by various factors, including the vaccine’s quality, the animals’ health, and the vaccination method. In An Giang (Vietnam), state veterinary officials use the Rabisin vaccine, which prevents rabies in pets when given to healthy canines by manufacturer’s recommendations (stored at 2-8°C, 1 ml subcutaneous injection each dosage). S...

Mahmoud Ezzat1, Fatma Youssef2, Ahmed Eid1, Marwa E. Abo Hashem1*

...chicken feces, 50 human stool). Bacteriological examination, serotyping, antibiogram, virulence (invA, stn) and antibiotic resistance genes (ermB, aadB) PCR screening for detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance of strains and stn gene sequencing in S. Typhimurium of poultry (STP), S. Enteritidis of poultry (SEP) and S. Typhimurium of human (STH) were accomplished. Salmonella prevalence was 4% for both chicken (12/300) and human samples (2/50). Chic...

Mohsin Raza1, Zeshan Hussain2, Fazil Abbas2, Muhammad Atiq Ashraf3, Hadj Henni Imene4 and Talha Riaz5

...ing molecular diagnostic tools. While traditional methods such as biological indexing, serological testing, and electron microscopy remain crucial for epidemiological research, molecular techniques provide a promising approach to producing virus-free seed potatoes. Implementing robust viral detection strategies will significantly contribute to sustainable agriculture, improve potato health monitoring, and equip researchers with vital t...

Saiqa Jehan1*, Tahir Sarwar1, Naveedullah1, Shahzad Khan Khattak2 and M. Jamal Khan3 

...pen-ended questions as a tool. This study was conducted in the three villages of Upper, middle and lower Chitral (Buni, Garam Chashma and Darkhanandeh) respectively. Of district Chitral, which were most affected by the floods. For field survey, random sampling method was used. A total of 212 respondents including farmers, personnel from government departments and NGOs were interviewed. The results of the survey revealed that almost all respondents were aware o...

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture

September

Vol.40, Iss. 3, Pages 680-1101

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