Histopathological Alterations in Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L. Exposed to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Concentration-Dependent Study
Histopathological Alterations in Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L. Exposed to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Concentration-Dependent Study
Mustafa S. Arif1*, Sanaa. A. Mustafa1
ABSTRACT
The increasing industrial application of nanotechnology has led to the incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) in several products and resources. These nanoparticles often enter aquatic ecosystems through sewage and wastewater, contributing to contamination that poses significant risk to aquatic organisms. This study was designed to understand and clarify the histological changes of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. treated with variable concentrations of TiO2NPS. Firstly, the TiO2NPS powder sample was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) Analysis. A total of 100 fish (weighing 50 g) were randomly distributed into five treated groups in duplicate (10 fish per tank), as follows: the first group serve as control (C); T1, T2, T3 and T4 were exposed to 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L of TiO2NPs. Following 21 days of exposure, the histopathological samples were collected from gill, liver and kidney. Our findings showed that TiO2NPs cause histological alterations in gill, liver and kidney. In gill it causes epithelial lifting, hyperplasia and fusion of the secondary lamellae. Liver exhibit dilation of sinusoids, nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic vacuolation and hepatic necrosis. Kidney displays hydropic degeneration, aggregation of melano macrophage with hemosiderosis. These changes were more severe at high concentration of TiO2NPs (i.e., T4). In conclusion, these findings underscore the toxicological risks posed by TiO₂NP contamination in aquatic ecosystems, threatening both fish health and the stability of aquatic ecosystem and also human health. The study emphasizes the urgent requirement for stringent regulations and sustainable management methods to mitigate nanoparticle contamination and protect aquatic biodiversity.
Keywords | Histopathology, Gill, Carp, Titanium, Liver, Kidney
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