Prevalence, Risk Factors and Host Biomarkers of Ovine Theileriosis

Naimat Ullah1,3,*, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Muhammad Avais1, Nisar Ahmad2, Sana Ullah3, Muhammad Shuaib Khan3, Khalid Mehmood5, Mumtaz Ali Khan1 and Ikramul Haq1

1Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000

2Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore

3Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, D.I. Khan 29050

5University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100

ABSTRACT

Theileriosis is a common blood protozoan disease of sheep in tropical and subtropical areas. The current study was designed to inspect the prevalence and its correlation with various risk factors and host biomarkers concerned with the occurrence of theileriosis in sheep. Total 600 blood samples were taken each 200 from districts Bannu, Tank and Dera Ismail Khan of southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan and screened through blood microscopy. The current study revealed an overall prevalence of ovine theileriosis as 27.5%, 13% and 19.5% in districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Tank and Bannu, respectively. Sex, tick infestation, animal keeping conditions, herd size, season and feeding pattern were observed as significant factors associated with the disease occurrence. On the other hand, the effect of age and breed on the occurrence of disease was observed as non-significant. Biochemical examination revealed a significant increase in Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, serum creatinine, urea whereas decrease in glucose level in diseased animals. The current study concluded that paying close attention to animal feeding, housing and keeping may reduce the occurrence of theileriosis in sheep.

Article Information

Received 11 May 2017

Revised 12 January 2018

Accepted 05 March 2018

Available online 11 May 2018

Authors’ Contribution

AZD, MA and NA devised and supervised the study plan. NU, SU, IH and MSK collected the samples and performed the laboratory work. NU, KM and MAK analyzed the data and drafted the article.

Key words

Ovine theileriosis, Risk factors, Biomarker, Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.4.1211.1216

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2018/0004-1211 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2018 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Introduction

 

Pakistan is 12th largest country for sheep and 3rd for goat production all over the world (Khan et al., 2007). Hence livestock especially sheep and goat deeply impact on the economy of Pakistan (Faye and Konuspayeva, 2012; Gebrekidan et al., 2014). Livestock industry is more important in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) as compared to other provinces owing to principal donor in the economy of the province. It contributes 55% as compared to agriculture which contribute 45% in gross domestic product (GDP). But due to a number of diseases faced by the animals caused by various factors like nutrient deficiency, tick infestation and mismanagement, KP has not yet attained achievement in livestock yields to fulfill the necessities of rising human population (Aktas et al., 2005; Idrees et al., 2007).

Hemoprotozoan infections are one of the most devastating ailments of livestock especially small ruminants causing huge economical losses. Ovine theileriosis is the most common hemoprotozoan disease of sheep occurring in sub-acute, acute or chronic forms. It is characterized by raised body temperature, off feed, dyspnoea, lacrimation, lymphodenopathy, emaciation, anemia, weakness and transitory hemoglobinurea (Naz et al., 2012; Shahzad et al., 2013).

Ticks of different genera Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Boophilus act as vectors for the disease transmission in tropical and subtropical regions of the world plus our country (Durrani et al., 2011; Rjeibi et al., 2016). As subtropical climatic surroundings of Pakistan are extremely suitable for ticks and tick borne diseases especially ovine theileriosis so here these are the major problem face to the small ruminants (Ghosh et al., 2007; Farooqi et al., 2017). Different factors like husbandry practices, sex, nutritional deficiencies, breed, health status, herd size, habitat type, climatic conditions (humidity, temperature) and contagious infections directly affect the health of sheep (Irshad et al., 2010; Zulfiqar et al., 2012; Jalali et al., 2013).

The screening of a disease is done through various diagnostic techniques such as serological and molecular tests. But microscopic examination is foremost diagnostic technique due to little cost of reagents and speedy results. It is widely practiced in 3rd world less developed, having low income countries (Checkley et al., 2015).

The study was designed with the objectives to inspect the status of prevalence of ovine theileriosis and its association with various risk factors and host biomarkers in the southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

 

Materials and methods

Study area

The study was conducted in three districts of southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa namely Dera Ismail Khan, Tank and Bannu having distinct varied climatic conditions and small ruminant population. According to global positioning system, Dera Ismail Khan is located at 31º 15’ to 32 º 32’N and 70º 11’ to 71 º20’ E while Tank and Bannu are neighboring districts to Dera Ismail Khan and positioned at 31º15’ to 30º-31 N, 70 º-22’ E and 32.99 º N, 70.61º E, respectively.

Inclusion criteria

The animals having age less than six months (< 6M) were sort as young, between 7 months to two years as adult, higher than 2 years (>2Y) as old. Characteristic of herd size was measured in three types, small (1-30 animals), medium (31-60) and large (>60 animals) herds.

Collection of blood samples and data

The study plan was carried out as per recommendations of Animal Ethical Committee (Reference No. 5103, dated 04/03/2016). A total six hundreds blood samples were collected each two hundreds from every district through jugular vein with a sterile syringe and stored in sterile vacutainers pre-coated with EDTA.

To find out the association of different risk factors with the occurrence of the disease, data regarding location, season, sex, breed, tick infestation, age, herd size and feeding pattern was recorded through a dichotomous questionnaire.

Processing of samples

During the study, the research work was done in laboratories of Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery as well as at main University Diagnostic Laboratory (UDL), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan.

Blood microscopy

Thin blood smears were prepared from each sample and dried in air. Then dried smears were fixed with absolute ethanol for 1 min. Then it were stained with 10% Geimsa solution for 20 min. The stained slides were washed with tap water and dried in air and examined under microscope at oil immersion lens of 100x magnification by placing a drop of cedar wood oil on the smear for checking the presence of blood parasites (Li et al., 2010). Theileria parasite was identified morphologically as sting-ring, oval, comma or rod forms according to the key described by Soulsby (1982), Urquhart et al. (2002) and Williums (2001).

Biochemical examination

For evaluation of biochemical markers, the sera from ovine blood samples (infected and non-infected sheep) were separated by centrifugation for 20 min at 1500 rpm. The separated sera were stored at -20 ºC in sterile labeled Eppendorf tubes. Liver function test was done (AST and ALT levels) by chemistry analyzer (Mindray BA-88A, Shenzhen Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.) through appropriate kits (Bio-Diagnostics, Cairo, Egypt) whereas serum blood urea and creatinine concentrations were estimated by suitable test kits (Human, Germany) as per manufacturer directions. The blood glucose level was examined through Glucometer (Accu Chek®, Roche, USA) by strips (CodefreeTM, Korea).

Statistical analysis

The disease prevalence was determined by using formula described by Thrusfield (2002). Chi-square test was used to calculate the association of prevalence of the disease with various risk factors whereas student t-test was used to analyze the biochemical findings using probability level less than 0.05 through Statistical Package for Social Services (SPSS) version 20.0.

 

Results and discussion

 

The current study revealed an overall prevalence of ovine theileriosis as 27.5%, 13% and 19.5% in districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Tank and Bannu, respectively. This location based variation is in agreement with the studies conducted in Pakistan (Fatima et al., 2015; Saeed et al., 2015) as well as in abroad (Cao et al., 2013; Gebrekidan et al., 2014), and may be due to variation in rainfall, humidity and other ecological conditions of the studied areas (Ghosh et al., 2007).

Table I shows association of various risk factors with the prevalence of ovine theileriosis. Maximum prevalence of the disease was revealed in males (22.92%) as compared to females (16.78%), showing significant relationship between sex and prevalence of the disease in sheep. This higher susceptibility in males is in line with the findings of Saeed et al. (2015) but different to Durrani et al. (2012). The males are preferred for sale than females. So they are frequently taken to sale markets and thus higher susceptibility in males (rams) might be due to transporting sickness which depressed their immunity against the disease.

Further a highest prevalence in old animals (22.62%) and lowest in young (14.29%) was revealed, which was statistically a non-significant (P > 0.05) relationship with prevalence of the disease. A non-significant (P< 0.05) effect of age on the occurrence of ovine theileriosis is authenticated by Hegab et al. (2016) and Durrani et al. (2012).

Amongst different ovine breeds, the maximum disease prevalence was found in Damani (29.27%) and lowest in Waziri (11.59%) breeds of sheep. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in prevalence of the disease between Hashtnagri and Waziri and non-significant (P > 0.05) in other breeds of sheep. Microscopic examination revealed a higher prevalence of the disease in tick infested (43.1%) as compared to tick free sheep (6.8%). It was found to be statistically significant association of tick infestation with the prevalence of ovine theileriosis. The observations of the current study are endorsed by Ullah et al. (2018) and Iqbal et al. (2014). It might be because of the active and significant role of the ticks as a vector for the causative agent (Fatima et al., 2015).

The current study also revealed that the animals kept hygienically (9.35%) were less susceptible to the disease as compared to ones in unhygienic conditions (27.40%). Higher prevalence of the disease in unhygienic conditions might be due to their dirty and humid surroundings which enhance growth and breeding of the vectors responsible for the occurrence of the disease (Iqbal et al., 2013, 2014).

The study also showed that the ovine theileriosis was maximum in summer (25.33%) and minimum in winter (2.66%). A significant highest prevalence of the disease in summer might be due to optimum conditions of ecological temperature, humidity and precipitation which facilitates breeding and propagation of ticks (Haque et al., 2010; Magona et al., 2011).

 

Table I.- Association of various risk factors with the prevalence of ovine theileriosis in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Risk factor	Determinants	No. of samples	Positive	Prevalence	P-value	χ2-value	Odds ratio	95% C.I
Sex	Females	286	48	16.78%	0.037	3.53	0.678	0.45−1.02
	Males	314	72	22.92%
Age	Young	56	8	14.29 %	Ref
	Adult	376	74	19.68 %	0.337	0.92	0.68	0.31−1.50
	Old	168	38	22.62 %	0.181	1.79	0.57	0.25−1.31
Breed	Hashtnagri	145	30	20.69%	Ref
	Damani	164	48	29.27%	0.083	3.00	0.63	0.37−1.06
	Balkhi	153	26	16.99%	0.414	0.667	1.27	0.71−2.28
	Waziri	138	16	11.59%	0.038	4.30	1.99	1.03−3.84
Tick infestation	Present	218	94	43.1%	0.000	114.38	10.38	6.42−16.8
	Absent	382	26	6.8%
Keeping conditions	Hygienic	246	23	9.35%	0.000	29.56	0.27	0.17−0.45
	Unhygienic	354	97	27.40%
Season	Spring	150	38	25.33%	Ref
	Summer	150	56	37.33%	0.025	5.02	0.57	0.35−0.93
	Autumn	150	22	14.67%	0.021	5.33	1.97	1.10−3.54
	Winter	150	4	2.67%	0.000	32.00	12.38	4.29−35.7
Herd Size	Small	193	25	12.95%	Ref
	Medium	180	34	18.89%	0.116	2.46	0.639	0.36−1.12
	Large	227	61	26.87%	0.000	12.41	0.405	0.24−0.68
Feeding pattern	Stall fed	289	72	24.91%	0.004	8.41	1.82	1.21−2.73
	Nomadic	311	48	15.43%

 

Likewise, the animals of large sized herds (26.87%) were significantly at highest risk as compared to that of small (12.95%) and medium sized (18.89%) herds. This is in agreement with the findings of a number of researchers (Durrani et al., 2012; Saeed et al., 2015) but inverse to Fatima et al. (2015). The phenomenon of highest susceptibility might be due to overcrowded and filthy stall situations which facilitate stressful environment optimum for the disease occurrence. This incidence might be reduced by enhancing hygienic conditions of herd and increasing farm area (Saeed et al., 2015).

Moreover, the stall fed animals (24.91%) were found to be more prone to the infection as compared to nomadic (15.43%). The nomadic sheep were observed at lower risk which might be due to presence of medicinal herbs in their pasture which minimized the disease occurrence. The higher incidence in the stall fed sheep might be due to heavy tick load on them (Ullah et al., 2018; Iqbal et al., 2014).

Table II shows the effect of theileriosis on some biochemical component of sheep blood serum. ALT, AST blood urea and creatinine of the infected animals were found to be lighter compared to the type of healthy ones. Conversely, glucose level decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in the diseased animals. These increased levels of ALT and AST in theileria infected sheep are due to damage of hepatic tissue whereas of serum creatinine and urea are due to renal tissue damage (Ullah et al., 2018). On the other hand decreased level of glucose is associated with severity of anemia. These findings are endorsed by Baghshani et al. (2011), Gunes et al. (2016), Pasa (2008) and Dede et al. (2014).

 

Table II.- Effect of ovine theileriosis on physiological biomarkers of sheep.

Physiological biomarkers	Infection status
	Negative	Positive
ALT (u/L)	15.37±0.92a	36.82±2.81b*
AST (u/L)	44.82±1.32a	62.47±1.50b*
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.29±0.03a	3.89±0.51b*
Urea(mg/dL)	18.37±1.34a	48.62±2.16b*
Glucose (mg/dL)	82.16±2.11a	59.25±1.26b*

*Values (Mean±Standard error) having different superscripts (a and b) in rows are significantly (P < 0.05) different in each parameter.

 

Conclusions

 

The study enlightens the various factors associated with the occurrence of theileriosis in southern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The recent work show an evidence of relationship of these factors such as sex, age, tick infestation, season, feeding pattern, breed, location and animal keeping with the prevalence of the disease. Ignorance to these factors would secure its occurrence. Therefore by emphasis on tick control in specific seasons, rising of immune breeds, management (housing, feeding and keeping) may reduce the number of cases of ovine theileriosis.

 

Acknowledgement

 

We are grateful to Higher Education Commission funded Project No. 3550, Veterinary Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University D.I. Khan, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University diagnostic laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore for financial and technical support for completing the project.

 

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors affirm no conflict of interest regarding article publication.

 

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