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Massimo Pigliucci

Science, Religion and Culture
...nger (this issue) has responded to my recent criticism of the so-called New Atheism movement (2013). Here I endeavor to counter Stenger’s note and highlight several of the ways in which it goes astray. To begin with, however, let me summarize the main points of my earlier paper.

...

Zaheer Ahmed Deho1, Shamsuddin Tunio2, Qammaruddin Chachar2, Fateh Chand Oad2

...ied out.The varieties responded differently for opening of bolls at different timings of picking. Some varieties exhibited higher percent of boll opening, others did not show any response to different planting times. The variety Sadori exhibited higher values for most of the traits like sympodial branches plant-1 (14.28), seed cotton yield plant-1 (51.04g), seed cotton yield (2223kgha-1), ginning out turn (36.8%), seed index (7.4 g), and seed germination (58.5...

Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas Ullah Jan, Dawood Jan

...xpenditure and the corresponding quantity elasticities. Overall, the quality elasticities turned out to be positive (except tomato) with an estimated value of 0.0328, 0.019, 0.0712 and 0.1115 for potato, onion, cabbage & cauliflower and peas respectively implying that households in Pakistan purchase higher quality vegetables as their income rises. To be more specific, the quality elasticities for potato, cabbage & cauliflower and peas were lower for ru...

Hussein Rashid

... meant that they were responding to the publication by CH of cartoons deemed insulting to the Prophet Muhammad. Such an understanding seems to flow logically from the re- sponse of certain Muslims to the publication of Salman Rushdie’s Satanic Verses in 1989, and of cartoons of Muhammad printed in Jyllands-Postens, a Danish newspaper, in 2005. In addition, the release of a You- Tube film in 2011 called Innocence of Muslims is often cited as a proximate c...

Nayle Maria Oliveira da Silva1*, Ricardo do Carmo Zanella2

 

...ferent individuals to respond in different ways to the viral infection.

 

 

...

Faheem Khan*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...ed that 80 percent of respondents were illiterate while the 20 percent of respondents who were literate had achieved various levels of education. In the years 2012 and 2013, the average yield of educated sugarcane growers was 76 t/ha while illiterate sugarcane growers was 64 t/ha. It is recommended that sugarcane growers should be educated through Farmer Field School and other extension programs and extension agents should m...

Joseph Langston1*, Joseph Hammer2, Ryan T. Cragun3

...-seven percent of all respondents opted for the group goal of charitable contributions and humanitarian activities, while only 23% of all respondents selected “proselytizing” as a desirable group goal. Secular nonaffiliates’ strongest reason for not joining groups was that joining such groups was a low priority for them, followed by nonbelief not being a salient part of their identity. Notably, approximatel...

 David F. Bradley*, Julie J. Exline, Alex Uzdavines

...nd socially desirable responding) were not strong predictors of the characteristics nonbelievers assign to hypothetical gods. Seeing a hypothetical god as more loving, less cruel, and less distant was associated with more past positive emotional experiences with gods, less past anger at gods, less participation in explicitly nonreligious activities, and greater desire for gods to exist. Basing a hypothetical god on a previous personal image of god was associat...

Ghulam Ali Bajwa1, Faizah Abood2, Yusof Bin Ibrahim3

...otoperiod. Instar 3rd responded with 100% mortality at 5x107 conidia ml-1, while same level of mortality was recorded in 5th instar at 1x108 conidia ml-1. Instar 5 also showed the lowest mortality (33.3%) at 1x106 conidia ml-1. Median effective concentration (EC50) ranged between 9.87x105 and 21.30x105 conidia ml-1 for 3rd to 5th instars. Median effective time (ET50) ranged between 3.3 days and 8.2 days for different tested concentrations. A significant (p<...

Rehmat Ullah1*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan1 and Kalim Ullah2

...tudy, a sample of 306 respondents was selected based on Sekaran sampling technique while using descriptive research design. Well-prepared and pre-tested interview schedule was utilized for collection of data. Descriptive statistics i.e. frequency, percentages and rank order was calculated. Chi-square test was performed to find out association among demographic characteristics and MFSC registration duration and Rank Based Quotient was calculated for problem ide...

Moustafa Kardjadj

... system to detect and respond effectively to exotic infections. Emergence and re-emergence of FMD virus genotypes/lineages has been detected necessitating frequent replacement of the vaccine strains. The present review summarizes the knowledge generated in epidemiology, diagnosis and surveillance of the disease in the Maghreb countries.

...

 Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas-ullah Jan, Dawood Jan, Ghaffar Ali and Yousaf Hayat

 Gul Naz and Mohammad Akmal

...eld of the variety corresponds to higher thousand grains weight (46.98 g), spikes per meter square (263) and grains spike-1 (37.24). Variety Saleem-2000 showed the minimum number of spikes m-2 (242) and grains spike-1 (34.13). It can be concluded from results that application of 150 kg N ha-1 is optimum rate of N-fertilizer for irrigated spring wheat production in the area. Among the available spring wheat varieties, Pirsabak-2005 is relatively the best variet...

Hina Fatima, Muhammad Azeem Khan, Mahreen Zaid-Ullah, Abdul-Jabbar, Khurram Nawaz Saddozai

...selected as the  respondents  for the  study  that used to  cultivate Non-BT cotton and BT cotton  varieties. In Pakistan, the NonBT cotton varieties have been promptly substituted with the BT-cotton varieties. This substitution of imported BT-cotton seed is taking into account without considering the local environmental conditions of Pakistan. Thus the main objective of the research was on the comparative efficiency and the produ...

Ayanda Opeyemi Isaac,1,* Oniye Sonnie Joshua2 and Auta Jehu2

 

... paraquat. The fishes responded, exhibiting different behavioural abnormalities like hyperactivity, abnormal swimming, restlessness, loss of equilibrum and haemorrhage. Observation of opercular ventilation count (OVC), tail fin movemant rate (TMR) and air gulping index (AGI) showed a marked difference between control and exposed fishes, indicating that the herbicides negatively impact on these parameters. These behavioural and morphological anomalies became mo...

Giselle R.R. Ayres* and Brandão P.E

...sitive RNA genome, corresponding to the largest known RNA genome, with about 27kb for AvCoV. The first 5’ two thirds of this genome, correspondent to a wide ORF1 (also called replicase gene), code for non-structural proteins (nsps) that are enrolled in viral transcription, replication and pathogenesis. The last 3’ one-third of the genome codes the four structural and accessory proteins. Nsps act in a complex repl...

Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman1, Farzana Abbas1, Muhammad Ashraf1, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Khalid Javed Iqbal3, Ghulam Abbas4* and Syedah Andleeb5

...ked in duplicate earthen ponds (90×70×4ft) and fed on 40%, 35% and 30% protein diet @5% of their live body weight. In 40% protein diet treatment, male fish was injected 1st dose with ovaprim + HCG (0.3+0.3ml) and female fish was given 2nd dose after 24 hrs of intervals with ovaprim (0.2ml), while 1st dose ovaprim (0.7ml)+HCG (1.0ml) and 2nd dose ovaprim (0.7ml) was given to the females. The treatment which was given 35% protein diet received 1st HC...

G.E. Odo1*, E.J. Agwu1, N.I. Ossai2, C.O. Ezea3, J. Madu1 and V. Eneje2

...875 and 0.035 mg/L corresponding to 1/10, 1/20 and 1/50 of the 96 h LC50 value (1.75) of the pesticide. Behavioral responses which include colouration of the fish skin and opercula colouration were observed. Aluminium phosphide elicited effects on the haematological parameters of the fish such as a decrease in Hb when compared to the control; reduction of MCV, MCH and MCHC to all exposed concentration of aluminium phosphide, significant increase in neutrophil,...

Wang Tian1, Huayong Zhang1,*, Jian Zhang2, Lei Zhao1, Mingsheng Miao3 and Hai Huang1

...sults of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that water temperature, Secchi disk depth (SD), total phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass were the most significant factors that influenced zooplankton. Strong correlations between SD and Brachionus leydigi, Chrysophyta and Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, Cryptophyta and Theopilium, Ascomorpha ovalis, Hexarthra mira were observed during the CCA. These zooplankton species may be used as indicators of&nb...

Abdul Baset1, Qun Liu1,*, Muhammad Tariq Hanif1, 2, Baochao Liao1, Aamir Mahmood Memon1,3 and Muhammad Mohsin1

... 2009 was recorded correspondingly. The MSY was estimated using the initial proportion (IP) value of 1 because the starting catch was approximately 100% of the maximum catch. The estimated values of MSY using CEDA with the Fox model under three error assumptions of normal, log-normal and gamma were 25 860.07 t (R2 = 0.864), 26 812.65 t (R2 = 0.836) and 26 665 t (R2 = 0.85), respectively. The MSY values with Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models under two error a...

Fukuan Du1,2, Yan Li2, Zhixin Wen1, Ruguo Chen1 and Pao Xu2*

...60,960 clean reads corresponding to mRNAs were obtained, these reads covered a total of 34,780,598,273 bases. A total of 48,657 SSR loci were recognized, of which 10,310 unigene sequences contain more than one SSR. These genetic markers are ideal molecular markers for the following investigating genetic diversity, constructing genetic maps, and marker assisted selection.

...

Oluwasogo David Olorunfemi, Oluwasegun Adetokunbo Adekunle, Felix Olayinka Oladipo, Temitope Oluwaseun Oladele and Oladimeji Idowu Oladele

...one hundred and sixty respondents for the study. A purposive selection of two Local Government Areas each from the two Agricultural Development Programme administrative zones (Zones C and D) in Kwara State where fish farming is prominent and well-practiced was carried out. Forty fish farmers were then randomly selected from the fish farmers’ association chapter present in each selected Local Government Area. Interview-schedule was used to elicit informat...

Salma Shaheen, Mumtaz Khan, Muhammad Jamil Khan, Saleem Jilani, Zarina Bibi, Muhammad Munir and Mehwish Kiran

 

...as compared to its corresponding treatment without EM. Maximum Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations were found where pressmud + EM was applied. Dietary fiber, vitamin C and crude proteins were also increased in spinach with pressmud + EM application. It was concluded that EM-inoculated pressmud has higher potential to increases soil fertility as well as stimulate spinach growth and quality. Therefore, warrants further testing under field conditions.

...

Neelum Andaleeb and Munir Khan

... data from the female respondents through face to face interview. Cobb-Douglas production function and cost benefit analysis were used to arrive at the main conclusion. Results show that feed cost was the major component of total cost followed by labor cost. Average milk produced by buffalo and cow was 180 and 135 liters per month, respectively. Average total costs of milk production of buffalo and cow were Rs.12835 and Rs.10070 per month respectively whereas ...

Nusrat Habib, Safeena Inam and Abdul Hayee Qureshi

...as collected from 100 respondents of different categories comprised of 43 adopters and 57 non-adopters of sunflower. The probit estimates were carried out to find out factors contributing to non-adoption of sunflower. Factors contributing to non-adoption of sunflower were respondent experience, access to credit, total cost of sunflower, access to price information of market, distance from input shop and more profit from comp...

Muhammad Shahzad Ahmed and Dilnawaz Ahmed Gardezi

... and S-08-FSD-19) are responded flowering and viable fuzz production at new site. More germplasm need to be evaluated for selection of suitable parents that can be used for future breeding program.

...

Aqila Shaheen and Nadia Sabir

...tations significantly responded to tillage, residues and organic and inorganic fertilizers. These results suggest that deep tillage has the potential to increase crop yield and WUE of wheat-maize cropping system in mountainous and sub-humid conditions.

...
Eman Mahmoud El-Diasty1,Madeha Abd El-Halim Ibrahimand Ghada Kamal El Khalafawy2,*
...the generated bans corresponded to the predicted size.
...
Abdur Rahim1, Ghulam Abbas1,*, Sara Ferrando2, Lorenzo Gallus2 and Abdul Ghaffar3
...amined in brackish water ponds. Fish were stocked @ 1500 individuals per pond (2 treated and 2 control) of approximate dimensions, 13.72 m × 10.97 m × 1.52 m (229 m3). In treated ponds, fish were fed with artificial diet (protein 42%, lipid 20% and energy 25.2 kJ g-1) for 120 days in three equal meals. On the other hand, control po...
Fermín Lopez-Uriostegui1, Jesús T. Ponce-Palafox2,*, Fabiola Lango-Reynoso1, María del Refugio Castañeda-Chavez1, Virgilio Eugenio Arenas-Fuentes3 and Fernando Vega-Villasante4
...M. tenellum in caged-pond system were studied. A total of 120 caridean shrimp (60 M. americanum and 60 M. tenellum) had their stomach repletion analysis. Samples were taken four-hly over a 24 h cycle. In general it was found that stomach repletion index showed both species feed 24 h, but forage activity differs in intensity in the two species. In M. tenellum repletion index was greatest during the day and M. americanum in the ni...

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...lming majority of the respondents i.e., 88% were M.Sc degree holders. They have had an average work experience of 16 years. Significant differences were observed among the competencies of AEOs with their participation in training programs and their higher educational qualification. The differences were considered as training needs and the AEOs need in-service training to enhance their ability in agricultural mechanization. A significantly high competency level...

Neelum Andaleeb, Munir Khan and Syed Attaullah Shah

...lect data from female respondents through face to face interviews. A composite index was constructed to measure the extent of women’s participation, and a linear regression model was used to determine factors affecting women’s involvement in livestock farming. Results reveal that women were mostly involved in almost all farming activities. The average composite index value is 4.81 which indicate that women were on average involved for 4.81 hours pe...

A. K.Bhattacherjee and B. K. Pandey

Dissipation of carbendazim in mango after pre- and post-harvest treatments
...rate kinetics. The corresponding values in fruit pulp after 12 days were 0.57 and 1.26 mg kg . In another experiment, cold water dip treatment in carbendazim solution @0.05 and 0.1 percent was given for 10 min to a separate lot of fruit having no pre harvest spray. Dissipation of carbendazim in whole fruit again followed first order rate kinetics with 0.92 and 2.06 mg kg of the fungicide recovered after 10 days of storage from 0.05 and 0.1 percent doses, respe...

Shah Saud Ahmad and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan*

...d that majority (85%) respondents had joint families system. Almost (60%) respondents had landholdings up to five acres and majority (77%) respondents were involved on full time basis in agriculture whereas 80% of the respondents reported agriculture as their major source of income. FSC was the major source of agricultural information followed by agricul...
Mazher Abbas1, Irfan Mahmood1*, Arshed Bashir1, Tahir Mehmood2, Khalid Mahmood1 and Zubair Ikram1
... was consisted of 140 respondents. The binary regression model has been used to evaluate the effect of different socio-economic variables on the adoption response of different recommended production practice for citrus. Average age, education and experience of the citrus growers were estimated 43.92 years, 9.74 schooling years and 17.72 years respectively. The awareness and adoption of recommended citrus practices was generally good. The results of the logit m...
Yijin He1, Song Ma2, Bo Liu1,*, Ting Xue1, Qunlan Zhou1, Wu Jin1 and  Kui Chen2,*
...ene displayed with corresponding signal loci and functional domains of this gene family, and the result showed that the taste receptor translated by T2R1 gene belongs to G protein-coupled receptor super-family. T. fasciatus taste receptor T2R1 in various tissues appeared differentially expressed. The results showed T2R1 were expressed in gill, spleen, heart, lips, skin and tongue tissue, suggesting that it is not only act as taste r...
Fareeda Tasneem1, Farah Rauf Shakoori1 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori2,*

 

... H4 gene sequences corresponded to the results obtained by 18SrDNA sequences. Both markers proved the FT8 strain is a highly divergent species based on the phylogenetic relationships, opening new realms for the researchers of this field.
...

Raza Ullah1*, Qaisar Shah Safi2, Ghaffar Ali3 and Irfan Ullah

... total of 120 sampled respondents are selected using proportional allocation method. The findings revealed that majority of the farmers sold their orchards to the pre-harvest contractors. The most widely used marketing channel was producers selling their orchard to pre-harvest contractor who then harvest the orchard, pack the produce and transport it to the market where the produce is handed to wholesalers. Wholesalers then channel the produce to retailer from...
Usman Waheed1,*, Humayoon Shafique Satti2, Muhammad Arshad3, Ahmed Farooq3, Abdul Rauf4 and Hasan Abbas Zaheer1,5
... (CLIA). Of total 387 respondents, 149 subjects tested positive for syphilis (38.5%), whereas 37 tested positive for HIV (9.6%). Syphilis co-infection was found in 22 of the HIV infected subjects (59.5%; odd ratio 2.53; p=0.008). Co-infection was most prevalent among HSW group (90.9%; OR 8.67; P=0.005) followed by FSW group (20%) and IDUs (14.3%). There is a pressing need for HIV prevention plan that should emphasize on raising awareness and promote use of pre...

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan*, Shah Saud Ahmad and Asif Nawaz 

...er farmers. About 57% respondents were registered with FSC since last 4-6 years period. Also 57% of the respondents mentioned that the extension agent was the source of awareness about FSC. About 43% of the respondents were invited by FSC for general body meeting whereas only 26% participated in the process of election. Maximum respondents were provided ...
Rehmat Ullah1*, Kalim Ullah2, Inam Ullah3, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan1 and Asif Nawaz1 
...e new information (75 respondents). It was observed that FAs were available at their offices (70) and farmers were satisfied from the solution of problems they reported (92). Correlation coefficients demonstrate that education, frequency of FAs visits, accessibility of FAs office and establishment of demonstration have highly significant association with provision of new knowledge at (P≤0.01) level of probability. Analysis of variance confirms that most of ...

Inayatullah Jan*, Sajid Khan, Noor Paio Khan and Muhammad Ashfaq 

... that majority of the respondents were smallholders or tenants. After procuring and properly utilizing credit, the yield of the major crops such as wheat, maize, and sugarcane and the resultant income of the respondents exhibited significant increase, as confirmed by higher t-values. The study concludes that the socio-economic conditions of the farmers can be improved if credit programme is extended which could benefit all f...

Shaista Naz* and Noor Paio Khan 

...interviews from women respondents. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, percentages and rank orders. The results revealed that livestock was the second major source of household income with 19 percent share. Among the livestock types, cattle were the major one followed by goats and sheep. Livestock was found significant at household level in two aspects of income provision and of lowering household and farm budget. Livestock income wa...

Haidar Ali* and Malik Muhammad Shafi 

... level of the sampled respondent, age of the sample small farmer, were positively related to the off-farm employment. While farm area operated was negatively but significantly related to off-farm employment. Similarly the small farm households of developed villages perform more off-farm employment than the small farm households of underdeveloped villages. This could be associated to the developed means of transport and communications, better education faciliti...

Riaz Alam* and Muhammad Sajid 

...rly (July 1) layering responded poorly to all the studied attributes. The response of individual cultivar was dissimilar to different times of layering. Cultivars: Frontoio, Manzanilla and Pendolino took minimum days to root appearance, attained high rooting percentage, produced maximum number of roots, root length and root weight with more number of lengthy re-sprouts, when air-layered during mid August while Ottobratica and Picual, layered during mid and lat...

SHARIF UDDIN, MD. HASIBUL HASAN, MOHAMMED MAHBUB IQBAL, MOHAMMAD AMZAD HOSSAIN

...limbing Perch in earthen pond. The female fish elucidates rounded, swollen abdomen and reddish pelvic fin while the male fish also possess a reddish pelvis fins but generally smaller, narrower. The surfaces of male’s pectoral were little rough during the breeding season. The Gonado-somatic index (GSI) value of female Anabus testudineus was ranged from 12.71±0.73 (July) to 1.13±0.10 (October) while hepato-somatic index (HSI) value of female ...

Ayesha Aihetasham*, Faiza Qayyum and Muhammad Xaaceph

...t workers of C. heimi responded effectively to different exposure time. Percentage mortality in 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes exposure was 46.7%, 55.6%, 67.5%, 76%, 85.3%, 100%, respectively. And, control showed 0% mortality. There was marked reduction in consumption by termites subjected to different exposure time. Consumption in all groups was significantly lower than control.

...
Zia ur Rehman1, Naila Chand1, Rifat Ullah Khan2,*, Sarzamin Khan1 and Muhammad Subhan Qureshi3
...ke recorded on the corresponding days in HAT while weight gain in thermoneutral zone was 9.28, 15.25, 17.48, and 15.62 % higher than weight gain recorded on the corresponding days in HAT. On day 21, 28, 35 and 42 significantly (P<0.05) lower (good) FCR was recorded in TN zone as compared to HAT zone. Higher mortality was recorded in HAT zone as compared to thermoneutral zone. Significantly (P< 0.05) higher net return p...
Amjad Khan1,*, Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq1, Mansur ud Din Ahmad1, Jawad Nazir1, Zahida Fatima2, Asghar Khan3 and Shahid Hussain Farooqi3
...dquo;equines workings in ponds and rivers”, and “geography of the equine” were significantly (P<0.05) associated with seroprevalence of EIV. Our findings of the EIV occurrence in equine population in Pakistan, suggests an under-diagnosis of this virus in Pakistan and warrant additional investigation and continuous surveillance at the molecular level to identify circulating strains for control and prevention of future outbreaks.
...

Muhammad Zahid1*, Muhammad Ather Javed Khan2, Muhammad Idrees3 and Ahmad Kamran Khan4 

...dule was prepared and respondents (150 growers of farmer field school) were interviewed personally by the author. The findings revealed 98.7%, 100% and 98% cotton growers were aware of hoeing, leaf curl virus and biological control of insects-pests. Before integrated pest management all the farmers used pesticides haphazardly while 1.3% used after it. 90.7%, 86.7% and 97.3% farmers were aware of economic threshold level of harmful insects, use of pesticides at...

Muhammad Jamal Nasir*, Anwar Saeed Khan and Said Alam 

...nd livestock’s. Respondents were selected randomly but priority was given to elders and those possess land and practice agriculture. The study reveals that majority of the respondents are well aware of climate change and its effects on cropping calendar, crop variety, crop yield, crop diseases as well as an earlier blossoming of fruit trees. The respondents in all the fifteen village...

Muhammad Luqman1,3, Raheel Saqib2*, Xu Shiwei3 and Yu Wen3 

...rticipation of female respondents in different crops and livestock activities was comparatively high as compared to their male counterparts. It was found that average daily share of female in crops related activities was 42% and in livestock activities was 53%. Inspite of their participation in crops and livestock activities it was found that compared to female respondents, male family heads had access to agricultural extens...

Ronaq Zaman*, Shahid Ali and Inam Ullah 

...re collected from 134 respondents using multi-stage sampling technique through well-structure interview schedule. For the estimation of Stochastic frontier tans-log production function, maximum likelihood estimation technique was used. To ensure the abnormality of data set Chow test and Dummy variable test was employed for any possible structure break across the broiler farms. Results indicated that there were significant structural breaks across the sampled f...

Shahid Iqbal1*, Amir Nawaz Khan2, Mushtaq Ahmad Jadoon3 and Intikhab Alam3 

...iew schedule from 364 respondents belonging to 5 randomly selected villages of District Charsadda. The study findings reveal a significant difference in the area under wheat, maize and vegetables after the flood. At the same time, the area under sugarcane and fodder had also decreased to some extent. Similarly, the use of chemical fertilizers and farm yard manure was also decreased due to decrease in the income of the households after the floods-2010 while an ...
Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman1,Farzana Abbas2,Ghulam Abbas3,*, Arshad Javid4, Ali Hussain4, Syedah Andleeb5,Khalid Javed Iqbal6 and Muhammad Akmal1

 

...ly stocked in 12 earthen ponds (90 ft × 70 ft × 4 ft) @ 20 fish per pond. Fish were fed at 5% of their wet body weight two times per day. The net weight gained of broodstock was 103.65 g, 401.25 g, 484.85 g and 565.24 g in control, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Fish in T3 yielded the highest weight, which was significantly higher than T1,T2 and con...

Zahid Akram, Saif Ullah Ajmal, Ghulam Shabbir, Muhammad Munir and Nasir Mahmood Cheema

INHERITANCE MECHANISM OF SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN BREAD WHEAT
... traits exhibited the preponderance of
over dominance gene action. The estimates of average degree of dominance for spike length (1.139), 1000 grain weight (1.421), number of spikelets spike-1 (2.293), number of grains spike-1 (1.631) and grain yield plant-1 (1.111) evidenced the prevalence of non additive gene action controlling these traits. The present results, therefore, revealed that selection for these traits in early generation may not be us...

 Aneela Afzal, Tanvir Ali, Munir Ahmad, Humera Amin and Samina Saki*

...ect the data from 480 respondents from three tehsils of the district. The results show that a vast majority of women were illiterate, having annual family income less than one lac, living in joint family system and having small land farms. A large proportion of the respondents reported that they remained engaged in cleaning of seeds, sowing, harvesting, weeding, etc. for corn, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and vegetables’ pr...

 Mazher Abbas*, Muhammad Waqas Akram**, Ikram Saeed*** and Arshed Bashir*

... Punjab. Therefore 60 respondents were taken from Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh and Chiniot districts of Central Punjab. Percent area allocated to canola crop was comparatively higher at medium farms as compared to small and large farms. The results of the study showed higher yield of canola at large farms as compared to medium and small farms. Average gross revenue by small, medium and large farmers was Rs. 35913.10, Rs. 39635.54 and Rs. 39868.80 acre-1 respecti...

 Nadeem Akmal, Hassnain Shah*, Muhammad Azam Niazi** and Waqar Akhtar*

...ement. All the sample respondents were convinced of the benefits of crosses with Beetal buck and reported that the offsprings Beetal were of higher body weight (40% higher), good looking and well built. Regarding the suitability of Beetal with fodder and forage in the area, majority of the farmers (73%) considered it more suitable. There was a price difference of Rs. 1277 for male kids and Rs. 697 for female kids of the same age than the kids from local buck c...

 M. Yasin Mirza, Mubashir A. Khan, M. Akmal, Akbar S. Mohmand, Malik S. Nawaz, Nazakat Nawaz and Najeeb Ullah*

... ha-1 coupled with corresponding high estimates of genetic advance in percent of mean (17.23 and 18.33) for these traits indicated the predominance of additive gene effects. Mass selection based on these additively controlled traits is suggested for improvement of yield. Plant height, number of bolls plant-1 and 1000-seed weight showed genetic advance of 7.96, 8.85 and 17.23 % respectively with the prospects of improving seed yield up to the level of 18.33 %.<...
Promy Virk
...30 keV and 3.0 keV corresponded to the surface plasmon resonance property of gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. The green gold and silver (Au/Ag) nanocomposite showed a profound antihyperglycemic effect which was significantly better than all other treated groups. The results on serum ALT, creatinine levels and blood urea also showed a comparable ameliorative effect of both the bulk Trigonella seed extract (TBN) and the green nanocomposite (TN)...

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan1*, Rehmat Ullah1, Asif Nawaz1 and Ejaz Ashraf2 

...making a total of 400 respondents. Primary data were collected with the help of pre-tested interview schedule through personal interview method. The results of this research study revealed that affinity toward Farm Services Centers were bulk of the educated, middle aged and small landholding farmers. Maximum of the respondents had above 20 years of farming experience. A rapid increase in the registration of farmers with Farm...

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal1*, Azhar Abbas1, Raza Ullah1, Umar Ijaz Ahmed2, Ali Sher3 and Shoaib Akhtar4 

...om 480 cotton growing respondents from six districts of Punjab province of Pakistan and Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty index along with Gini coefficient were estimated to assess the impacts of non-farm income on household’s poverty and income inequality. The results indicated that non-farm income supports towards poverty reduction of households in the study area. However, it was observed that rise in non-farm income has slightly increased the ...

  Farhat Ullah Khan, Nowshad Khan and Zaibunnisa Abdullah*

Corresponding author: [email protected] (This is part of Ph.D. work of senior author)

IMPACT OFKINNOW (MANDARIN) YIELD LOSSES ON SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE FARMING COMMUNITY IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
...n randomly. Total 200 respondents were interviewed through interview schedule. Simple percentage and chi-square techniques were used for analysis. According to analysis 91.5% respondents reported that yield losses of kinnow fruits have negative impact on socio-economic conditions of the majority respondents of the project area. Chi-square test also shows negative link of the kinnow fruits ...

 Mazher Abbas*, Tahir Mehmood**, Arshed Bashir*, Muneeb Zafar*** and Aneela Afzal****

ECONOMICS OF LALLEMANTIA ROYLEANA (TUKHAM-EBALANGOO) PRODUCTION IN THE LOW INTENSITY CROPPING ZONE OF THE PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
... Punjab. Therefore 80 respondents were taken from Karror Laal Eson and Layyah tehsil of Layyah in Punjab. Percent area allocated to Lallemantia royleana crop was comparatively higher at small farms as compared to medium and large farms. The study showed higher yield of L. royleana at large farms as compared to medium and small farms. Average gross revenue by small, medium and large -1 farmers was Rs. 44175, Rs. 52483.02 and Rs. 55247.73 acre respectively. Aver...

 Muhammad Zubair Anwar, M. Azeem Khan, Ikram Saeed, Akhtar Ali*, Shafique Zahid and Abdul Majid**

SMALL FARMERS PERCEPTIONS REGARDING IMPROVED FODDER AND FORAGE VARIETIES: RESULTS OF PARTICIPATORY ON FARM RESEARCH
.... While in kharif 72% respondents pointed out 55% increase in grain yield and similarly majority of the farmers (68%) pointed out 50% increase in dry stalk yield. Majority of the respondents (83%) appreciated the newly introduced plant species while about 17% have shown their interest in fruit trees.

...

 A.A. Mengal* , M. U. Mallah, Z. A. Mirani* and B. N. Siddiqui**

AN ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN
... sample of 375 farmer respondents were taken with a systematic sampling procedure. The response rate was 82.67%. A detailed and comprehensive questionnaire was used for measuring the effectiveness of extension activities performed by public and private sector extension field staff. The results revealed that a number of farmers received visits from private extension field staff on a fortnightly, monthly and quarterly basis, but not from public extension staff d...

 Amir Khatam*, Sher Muhammad, and Ijaz Ashraf**

ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL CONTACT METHODS IN DISSEMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
...domly selected farmer respondents. Researchers collected the data with the help of a pretested and validated interview schedule using survey technique. The results show that majority of the farmer respondents is aware of the farm visits (66.43%), demonstrations being conducted (62.50%) and home visits made by the extension staff (60.71%) as extension methods for dissemination of agricultural technologies among the farming co...

 Amir Khatam*, Sher Muhammad and Ijaz Ashraf** 

ROLE OF FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS IN ENHANCING SKILLS OF FARMING COMMUNITY IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
...domly selected farmer respondents. The data collected were analyzed by applying simple descriptive statistics showing means, scores, ranking order and standard deviations. The results show that skills were highly enhanced in st the aspect of nursery raising techniques which was ranked 1 with mean value 3.40 closely followed by timely and balanced use of fertilizers and nd rd using recommended seed rate, which were ranked 2 and 3 with mean value 3.08 and 3.05, ...

 Muhammad Shahzad*, Akhter Ali**, Abdul Hayee Qureshi**, Naveed Jehan*, Imran Ullah* and Majid Khan*

ASSESSMENT OF POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF PLUM IN SWAT, PAKISTAN
...fferent categories of respondents and tehsils. Post harvest losses were estimated through percentage method. The most important reasons were poor harvesting methods, over maturity, insufficient cold storage facility, poor grading, low-quality packaging materials and poor infrastructure. Total post harvest losses in the marketing channel of the plum were 21.51% of which 5.12% occurred at farm level, 1.44% at wholesale level, 6.31% at retail level, and 8.64% at ...

 Amir Khatam*, Sher Muhammad**, Badar Naseem Siddiqui***, Muhammad Zakaria Yousuf Hassan****, Ijaz Ashraf**, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan***** and Aijaz Kuharoo******

COMMUNICATION OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION THROUGH GROUP CONTACT METHODS IN PAKISTAN
...on used by the farmer respondents were seed/ fertilizer dealers, workshops, panel discussions, role playing and brainstorming. However, seed/ fertilizer dealers proved to be the most effective source of agricultural information followed by workshops, panel discussions, role playing and brainstorming. However, 28.93 of the respondents never contacted seed/fertilizer dealers while 31.78% occasionally contacted, 26.43% rarely c...

 Sadia Tehrim*, M. Yasin Mirza** and G. Mustafa Sajid*

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT GROWTH REGULATORS FOR EFFICIENT PLANT REGENERATION IN GRAPES
...tlets, there was a corresponding increase in the number of shoots and root mass. Additionally, the shoot proliferation response to increasing level of BAP was found genotype dependent. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) also showed a positive effect on in vitro growth responses (shoot proliferation and root induction) when combined with BAP. The media containing NAA, BAP and kinetin accelerated the growth in terms of shoot mass in two accessions, 4494(1) Kowar Sufai...

 Rehmat Ullah*, Kalim Ullah** and Mohammad Zafarullah Khan*

EXTENSION SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L.) IN DISTRICT DERA ISMAIL KHAN
...d from a sample of 51 respondents selected from these villages. Agriculture was the major profession of the farmers (80.3%). It was found that 62.7% of the respondents were never visited by the extension workers while 60.7% of the respondents never attended any meeting with field staff or Agriculture Officers. A single field day was organized by extension workers almost two years ago in th...

 Samiullah*, Mehmood Shah*, Kalim Ullah**, Rehmat Ullah*** and Ibrarullah****

PROFITABILITY OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN DERA ISMAIL KHAN
...strict. A total of 50 respondents were probed by personal interview method from the sampled villages. Cost and return (gross return) data from the respondents were analyzed. Farm budgeting technique for estimating cost, gross return and profitability was applied. The analysis of data revealed that the average cost per acre was Rs. 24716.32. Similarly average production of wheat (output) was estimated to -1 -1 be 1618.40 kg a...

 Maimoona Bashir*, Imtiaz Ahmad Qamar*, Muhammad Fateh Ullah Khan* and Abdul Razzaq*

EFFECT OF MIXING LOW PALATABLE GRASSES AND IPIL IPIL LEAVES ON FORAGE QUALITY
...res had CP content corresponding to proportions of grasses and legume tree leaves. The CF values also varied significantly among the treatments. Grasses had in general higher CF content than legume leaves. It can be concluded that addition of Ipil ipil leaves to grasses improved overall nutrition especially CP of the feed.

...

 Mazher Abbas*, Irfan Mehmood*, Arshed Bashir*, Muhammad Ather Mehmood* and Sonila Hassan* 

WOMEN COTTON PICKERS PERCEPTIONS ABOUT HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO PESTICIDE USE IN IRRIGATED PUNJAB
...21%). Majority of the respondents (97.33%) reported that the mode of payments of cotton picking was in cash and the most of the respondents (83.70%) reported that they got wages in time. Only few respondents (8.70%) were aware of health hazards due to pesticides and only 10% women wear protective clothes during cotton picking. Majority of the respondents...

 Rashed Saeed*, Shoaib-ur-Rehman**, Muhammad Qasim*, Hafiz Zahid Mahmood*** and Irfan Mehmood*

ECONOMICS OF PERI-URBAN RADISH PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN FAISALABAD
...igations. Majority of respondents (94.2%) reported the local Meno as the best yielding variety. Imported and 40 day varieties were not popular as only 5.8% farmers were cultivating these varieties in the study area. On the basis of survey data, benefit cost and total factor productivity analyses depict that radish cultivation is a profitable enterprise in the study area. Productivity gap between current and potential yield of radish can be minimized by the ado...

 Muhammad Asif Jamil*, Nowshad Khan*, FarhatUllah Khan* and Muhammad Zakria*

EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES IN DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION TO THE FARMING COMMUNITY OF DISTRICT BHIMBER, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR
...e study revealed that respondent's acquaintance with extension staff was very low as only 18.00% of the respondents had personal acquaintance with the extension staff and 12.67% of them knew extension staff through their neighbour, while 38% of respondents from their friends. The farmers who knew extension staff through relatives were only 16%. It was also found that demonstration, persona...

 Junaid Alvi*, Ijaz Ashraf*, Khalid Mehmood Ch*, Muhammad Iftikhar* and Saleem Ashraf**

IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK IN UPLIFTING RURAL LIVELIHOOD
...ration. More than 22% respondents earned a maximum income of more than Rs.15000. Livestock have dominant effect on domestic needs fulfillment. Farmers were spending income on family chores, education, health and other aspects of life. Informal discussions and observation dictated the lower productivity than the potential and inadequate awareness and adoption of precise dairy farming practices. Livestock keepers demanded provision of location specific best mana...

 Khurram Nawaz Saddozai*, Umme Rubab* and Abass Ullah Jan* 

STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS OF MAIZE FARMERS IN AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN
... data from 80 sampled respondents in 2013-14. The maximum likelihood estimates of major inputs showed that seed, tractor hours, FYM and labor days have contributed significantly to increase the maize yield. However, the DAP and urea have shown no effect on maize yield. The mean technical efficiency was estimated at 83%, implying that the farmers can still enhance their technical efficiency by 11% within the given inputs and technology. The results have demonst...

 Anwar Hussain* and Muhammad Rahman**

ROLE OF TRAININGS ON FARMERS' PROFITABILITY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF DISTRICT SWAT, KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA
...venient sample of 100 respondents, engaged in MAPs in Chail Valley Madyan was taken. Information about revenue from MAPs, marketing, prices and quantities was collected through a structured questionnaire. The respondents were given training under Swiss Development Cooperation Project at the time of collection, harvesting, cleaning, drying, packing and marketing of MAPs. The overall findings revealed that the training had pos...

 Hafiz Saqib Habib*, Arshad Mahmood Malik*, Abid Ali** and Muhammad Aamir Khan***

SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD EXPENDITURES IN RAWALPINDI
...of Rawalpindi tehsil. Respondents were selected randomly and data were collected through questionnaire. A multiple double log regression model was used because it has an advantage that estimated parameter can easily be explained as expendi-tures elasticity. This model is used to give details of responses in socioeconomic factors to monthly household food expenditures. Regression analysis showed that 23 % of the changes in the food expenditures were due to expl...

 Muneeb Zafar*, Tahir Mehmood**, Irfan Ahmad Baig**, Abdul Saboor** Mazher Abbas***, Shumaila Sadiq** and Khalid Mahmood****

ANALYTICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF NON-OPTIMAL USE OF PESTICIDES AND HEALTH HAZARDS FOR VEGETABLE PICKERS
... Vehari. Data from 90 respondents were collected and analyzed. The most common health problems identified during the survey were headache, eye irritation, skin infection, cough and shortness of breath. Health cost consists of costs related to precautionary measure, medication, traveling, the opportunity cost of attended persons and productivity loss. The mean health cost of vegetable pickers in the study area was about Rs. 385 per picker per year. Health cost ...

 Raza Ullah*, Mariam Rehman*, Maria Anjum*, Muhammad Asif
Kamran**, Khuda Bakhsh***, Abdul Saboor****

NAVIGATING FARMING RISKS BY SIMULTANEOUS DIVERSIFICATION AND CREDIT THROUGH FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
...330 randomly selected respondents from four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Bivariate and multinomial probit models take into account the possibility of simultaneous adoption of the two risk management tools at the same time. The decisions to adopt diversification and agricultural credit for risk management are correlated and adopting one risk management tool may make it more likely to adopt the other tool at the same time. Moreover, acce...

 Nusrat Habib*

RELATIVE PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF SUNFLOWER IN DISTRICT SWABI AND MARDAN
.... Primary data of 100 respondents was collected and analyzed in SPSS (Special Package for Social Scientists) software. Estimated results revealed that there was a key difference among target three crops profitability such as revenue per crop day of tobacco, sugarcane and sunflower were rupees 285.61, rupees 158 .93 and rupees 82.64 respectively. On the whole tobacco and sugarcane both of these crops were more profitable for the farmers. As study results showed...

 Hina Ali* and Narjis Naz**

FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF PULPS AND PEELS OF SOME SELECTED VEGETABLES COMMONLY USED IN PAKISTAN
...ity, Lahore
Corresponding auther:[email protected] 

...

Sher Muhammad , Ijaz Ashraf*, Amir Khatam**, and Naima
Nawaz*** 

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES OF MODEL FARM SERVICES CENTERS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
...tenancy status of the respondents and their participation in various activities being carried out under MFSCs. It is recommended that relatively young, educated, big and owner farmers may be given priority for registration in MFSCs so that they could avail full benefits of MFSCs through active participation.

...

Samina Ashraf1*, Ghulam Haider2 and Maimoona Ashraf

...cognitively normal to respond interview. At first we identified the participants with the help of survey. A series of detailed and in- depth interview of 60 to 90 minutes were conducted from the participants. On the basis of collected data the researchers have given textural description and a structural description of the experiences, and ultimately provide understanding of the common experience of the participants. Finally from the structural and textural des...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2 and Zafarullah Baloch3 

...was used to select 90 respondents. The data revealed that average age of the farmers was 53.9 years with education from secondary to graduate level. The results of the study showed that many of the farmers on average have 10 acres of land under date palm cultivation with more than 57 date palm trees per acre on average. It is also observed that respondents generally get 76 kg of dates on average per tree. Many of the farmers...

Jesse M. Smith

...w Mormon leaders have responded, through discourse, to secular forces over the course of more than a century. I accomplish this by employing the techniques of ethnographic content analysis consistent with the inductive logic of a constructionist grounded theory. Combing elements of rhetorical theory with a sociological view of religious movement and marketplace, I identify the major themes and evolving narrative of this American religion in relation to secular...

Irfan Ullah, Shahid Ali*, Muhammad Fayaz and Abbas Ullah Jan 

...kistan. Data from 120 respondents was collected through multistage random sampling technique. Stochastic frontier cost function of Cobb- Douglas type was used for the estimation of allocative efficiency. The function was estimated using Maximum Likelihood estimation technique. Results revealed that the mean allocative efficiency of broiler farms was 0.84; implies that an average farm could have used 16% less inputs for given level of output if inputs were allo...
Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1,2,*, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza2, Muhammad Afzal2,Hafiz Salah-ud-Din2, Imtiaz Sarwar2, Muhammad Yahya2 and Khurram Shehzad3
...s these fauna readily respond to biotic and abiotic perturbations in soil profiles, different land-use systems have different community assemblages of macroinvertebrates. This study was conducted to determine the impact of different land-use types viz. natural (grassland, forest/silviculture, barren) and agricultural (lemon, guava, lychee orchards, rice-wheat crop) lands on soil macroinvertebrate fauna. Random sampling was done in winter 2015 and summer...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khuram Sharjeel1, Raheel Babar2, Muhammad Junaid1, Qamar Iqbal3, Rabia Rasheed1 and Nosheen Fatima1 

...of 155 people and 121 respondents appeared for interview. The non response rate was 21.94%. The analysis showed that training and visit program and demonstration methods were dominant approaches used in technology transfer. The mean of the results showed that low allocation of budget, massive operational area to give satisfactory coverage, less use of multimedia, unavailability of training facilities to EFS, manifold duties assigned to extension officers and t...

Ikramullah Khan1,2*, Muhammad Subhan Qureshi2, Sohail Akhtar2, Ijaz Ali3 and Ghufran Ullah4 

...T. The crossbred cows responded differently to heat stress and showed biochemical changesat 32 °C like HF and physiological changes at 42 °C like Bos Indicus. It appears that crossbred cows acquire some genes for low physiological response to thermal stress from Bos Indicus cows and acclimatization to the tropical conditions of Pakistan.Therefore, further study is needed on acquisition of genes from Bos Indicus for low physiological response in crossbr...
Jun-Ying Liu, He-He Liu*, Jie Kou, Yang-Mei Zhao, Ji-Wen Wang, Liang Li and Xiao-Hui Du
... investigate how TLR4 responds to LPS, the TLR4 transcription levels in duck liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were examined after a model for immune stress was implemented through LPS injection in Peking ducks. The results from this assay suggested that LPS injection significantly increased the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in bursa of Fabricius (P<0.05), along with an increase in the concentrations of immuno...
Hamayun Khan1,*, Abdul Wahab1, Navaid Kazi2, Younas Muhammad1,Summaya Kazi3, Salman Kazi4, Azmatullah Khan1, Ikramullah Khan5 and Shakoor Ahmad1
...ALT and AST at the corresponding days of pregnancy were 1.5±0.1, 1.6±0.2, 1.7±0.15mg/dl; 6.06±0.15, 4.6±1.2, 3.2±0.8mg/dl, 13.1±0.02, 14.2±0.3, 18.5±0.3mg/dl; 36.5±0.6, 32.8±0.5,17.3±1.2 IU/l; 7.9±1.3, 8.7±0.4, 14.8±1.9 IU/l. During current study, glucose, total protein, Albumin, triglyceride and ALT was significantly down regulated whereas creatinine, BUN,...

Shahid Ali1* and Salamat Ali2  

... selection of sampled respondents. 120 farmers, 60 farmers of open shed and 60 farmers of EC shed were interviewed during 2014. Dummy variable regression was applied for estimation and comparison of costs and revenues of open shed and EC shed broiler farms. Results revealed that there was statistically significant difference between the cost of production and net revenue of open shed and EC shed farms. Cost of production of open shed was PKR 247.22 per broiler...

Murad Khan1* and Muhammad Afzal2 

...xperience, age of the respondent and farm size while negatively affected by mortality of chicks. All the variables were significant except age of the respondents. Proper vaccination and medication is required to decrease the high mortality rate so that the losses due to mortality can be minimized. 

...

Muhammad Waqar Yasin*, Mobushir Riaz Khan and Muhammad Amin 

...gn: justify;">This study ponders the effect of changes in rainfall and temperature of Punjab, Pakistan on the production of five major crops viz. wheat (triticum), maize (zea mayes), cotton (gossypium), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and gram (Cicer arietinum). Firstly, changes in mean temperature and rainfall from 1951 to 2015 were assessed at district level. Secondly, the changes in crop performance were computed through remote sensing and crop reporting ...

Urooba Pervaiz1, Abdus Salam1, Dawood Jan2, Ayesha Khan1 and Mahmood Iqbal

...r interview, thus 104 respondents were interviewed for the study through well-structured interview schedule. Paired t-test was used for the comparison before and after training.The results show that 43% of the respondents were young, literate (85%), owner cultivator (49%), majority (81%) have total tomato cultivated area between 1-3 acres. Training was given to all the farmers, results of t-test showed that after getting tra...
Wael S. El-Tohamy1,*, Russell R. Hopcroft2 and Nagwa E.M. Abdel Aziz3
...g to the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), the variations in the species data were significantly (P< 0.05) related to salinity, temperature, phosphate concentration and phytoplankton biomass. The main spatial gradients along the estuary were associated with salinity. The high salinity zone in the estuary downstream was dominated by the calanoid paracalanidae and the harpacticoid Euterpina acutifrons. In the lower salinity transects, the tintin...
Sukirno Sukirno1,2, Muhammad Tufail1,3,*, Khawaja Ghulam Rasool1Said El Salamouny1, 4, Koko Dwi Sutanto1 and Abdulrahman Saad Aldawood1
...08 PIB, correspondingly. The field experiment data indicated that the mortality of the first instar larvae was highest at day 0 of the sunlight exposure. In virus alone treatments, after 7 days of sunlight exposure, the efficacy recorded was 88%. However, in clove-virus treatment, the mortality was higher (96%) than other treatments. These data also revealed that the second instar larvae were more resistance than the neonates. The efficacy of Spl...
Naveed Akhtar1, Humaira Zareen2* and Rubina Sarmad3
...a week. A total of 42 respondents (36.8%) were underweight while 41 (36%) were anemic. Positive association was found between eating habits and hemoglobin levels (p = 0.001). Relationship between regular intake of breakfast with BMI and MUAC was also positive (p = 0.003 and 0.02, respectively).
Conclusion: It is concluded that eating habits affect the nutritional status of adolescent females, while skipping breakfast is associated with ...
Muhammad Kashif Munir1*, Sana Rehman1, Rizwan Iqbal1, Muhammad Saqib Saeed2, Muhammad Aasim1
...patients who were not responding to standard regimen of first line anti-tubercular treatment. Smears were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method. All specimens were processed for culture and drug sensitivity by drug proportion method using Lowenstein Jensen medium as well as GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay.
Results: A total of 125 subjects were registered in present study including 64 (51.2%) males and 61 (48.8%) females of age 15 years and above with mean...
Naveed Rashid*1, Muhammad Aamer2, Uzma Malik3, Nimra Arif4, Muhammad Waqar Akram5 and Ayesha Irshad6
...ection were not in correspondence with the level of knowledge representing a discrepancy between knowledge and practice in some aspects of the of the AVF care. Knowledge scores when compared between different age groups, greater proportion of patients between age of 45-65 (p<0.017) possessed good knowledge as compared to age groups of 25-45, 65-85 years. 
Conclusion: Despite good understanding and adequate attitude, few practices wer...

Jahangir khan* and Abbas Ullah Jan 

...ults show that 93% of respondents are willing to pay a price premium of PKR. 14. Empirical findings reveal that socio-demographic characteristics like age, education and income have positive significant effects on households’ willingness to pay. Findings of the study also reveal a significant influence of employment status of the household’s head on WTP, whereas household’s size has a negative significant effect on willingness to pay for pest...
Rafa Almeer1,*, A. Alqarni1,2, S. Alqattan3, S. Abdi4,*, S. Alarifi1, Z.Hassan5 and A. Semlali6
...idr and Wild honey corresponds to their ability to modulate gene expression of MMPs and TIMPs in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Further investigations are required to understand the molecular mechanism of honey as an anticancer agent.
...

Sadiqa Begum1, Murad Khan2* and Noor Pao Khan

...nately from 93 sample respondents. Budget allocation technique is used for calculation of cost, revenue and profit and dummy approach is used for comparative analysis while multiple regression model is used to estimate the relationship between inputs and output of wheat. Per acre yield of wheat production in district Mardan was 1809.032 kgs. while in district Peshawar it was 2143.230 kgs. Total cost of wheat per acre in district Peshawar was more than that of ...
Azmat Hayat Khan Khattak1, Abdul Wasay2, Tariq Ali1,*, Muhammad Iqbal1, Khisrao Kalim1, Mohammad Farooque Hassan3, Muhammad Mobashar2, Nazir Ahmad2, Abid Iqbal2 and Muhammad Nauman ul Islam1
...g regimen with the corresponding age adjustments. The results showed that mean feed intake in weaning age groups-A, B and C was 5.71, 4.34 and 6.02 kg, respectively. Mean weight gain was 5.56, 5.02 and 6.70 (kg/15 days), respectively. Whereas, mean feed efficiency was 0.07, 0.13 and 0.09, respectively. Significant (P > 0.05) interaction was recorded for feed intake and feed efficiency between weaning age and feeding treatment. The economics of differ...

Ghulam Abbas1, Khalid Pervez Akhtar1, Muhammad Ahsan2, Muhammad Jawad Asghar1, Fiaz Ahmad1 and Muhammad Rizwan3* 

.... Tested recombinants responded differently to the disease. None of the tested genotypes was found to be disease free (field immune). However, combined data showed that 43 genotypes were highly resistant with 1.18 to 10 PDI while 29 were resistant with 10.24 to 24.85 PDI. Mung Kabuli (positive control) showed susceptible response with PDI value of 60 %. Thus 43 highly resistant genotypes proved to be a good source of resistance to YMD despite high disease pres...
Naeem Ahmad1,* and Zulqurnain2*
...hatchery) in two earthen ponds, fed with commercially available feed. Similar feeding regime and physical conditions were maintained for both treatments. It was found that there was no significant difference in final total length (TL) and standard length (SL) of the fish in both treatments (P>0.05). However, average monthly weight gain, final total wet weight (WW) and weight gain with increase in TL were higher in GIFT-Th as compared to GIFT-Tw (P<0.05)....

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2 and Mujahid Iqbal3  

...nsion Department. The respondents were than randomly assigned into two groups, one group was comprised of experimental group (to whom a set of advisory instructions were sent by mobile phone) and other was control (face-to-face). Two- population independent t-test was applied for comparison of the two methods of instructions. The results of the study revealed that both methods were equally applicable and effective regarding timely transfer of information or kn...

Anish Shrestha* and Samata Baral 

... with it. Among total respondent, only 15% of them stated that their source of awareness about climate change was extension worker, which indicates very minimal interaction between farmers and extension worker. Most significant impacts of the climate change were increased disease pest infestation, loss of appetite and decreased milk production. Vulnerability index of the area found to be 4.29, indicating higher vulnerability of the research area to climate cha...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Bushra Hassan2, Nadeem Anwar2, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel3 and Shafique-ur-Rehman

... from each village 15 respondents were selected randomly which makes a sample of 120 respondents. During the study, demographic factors such as age, Education, family structure, and professions of the respondents were assessed. Complete regression model was applied with independent factors of educational opportunities, agri-business opportunities and training opportunities. The results wer...
Asad Ullah1, Umar Sadique Khattak2, Sultan Ayaz1, Muhammad Subhan Qureshi2, Imad Khan1, Ibad Ullah Jan2, Irfan Khattak1, Raheela Taj3, Sahar Nigar4,    Naimat Ullah Khan1,Mumtaz Ali Khan5 and Muhammad Luqman Sohail6,*
...recognized by 4.7% of respondents including herd owners, herders and animal handlers. This study calls for instant measures for disease control among the animals and humans of the study area, and highlight the need for farmer education regarding bovine tuberculosis.
...

Muhammad Luqman1, Raheel Saqib2*, Mujahid Karim1, Khalid Nawab2, Abdur Rehman3 and Muhammad Yaseen1 

...jority (76.2%) of the respondents were young (26 to 40 years). A significant majority (76.3%) were illiterate and only 23.8% were literate (Having more than five years of schooling). Farming was the major income source for majority (69.4%) of respondents. Small farming is very common as more than 60.0% of the respondents had only up to 5 acres of land. Majority (65.6%) were perceived as po...

Shaista Naz1*, Noor Paio Khan1, Naveed Afsar2 and Ashfaq Ahmad Shah3

...ple size of 117 women respondents was selected through multistage sampling technique and data were collected from the selected respondents using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire through face to face interview. The collected data were subjected to analysis using descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, and rank orders. The results revealed that women were involved in buffalo, cattle, goats and sheep rearing...

Asif Nawaz* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 

...ing Technique and the respondents were distributed in four Agro-ecological zones of the province with the help of proportional allocation sampling method. Data from the respondents were collected through pretested and validated interview schedule. Data was analyzed using SPSS Ver.20. Mean, standard deviation, chi-square test and paired sample t-tests were calculated to achieve the study objectives. Results of the study revea...

Aneel Salman1, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain1, Inayatullah Jan2*, Muhammad Ashfaq2, Mudassar Rashid1 and Usman Shakoor1 

...he characteristics of respondents (age and income) that can affect their perceptions, their adaptation strategies, and obstacles faced in adaptation. The results of the study need to be interpreted with caution, as we did not focus on other determinants like education, role of media, and government policies that can affect farmers’ choices to adopt climate resilient farming practices.  

...

Amjad Ali1, Abbas Ullah Jan1, Lal Almas2, Noor Piao Khan1 and Khurran Nawaz Saddozai

...ts for cost function. Respondent age, farming experience, education, family size, off-farm income, farm to home distance, tenancy and extension contacts are determinants in allocative inefficiency model. Results of the study revealed that except farmyard manure and pesticides all other explanatory variables are significant influencing factors in total cost of sugarcane production in district Charsadda. In socio-economic characteristics family size and extensio...
Muhammad Mohsin1, Dai Guilin1,*, Chen Zhuo1, Yin Hengbin1 and Muhammad Noman2
...s) and 1409-1705 t correspondingly. The calculated MSY range by both the software significantly overlaps. However, ASPIC results showed higher values of R2. On the basis of obtained results, it is concluded that this fishery resource is overexploited which confers several economic disadvantages. In order to manage this fishery resource recommended target reference point (TRP) for MSY in Pakistani marine waters along the Sindh coast is between...

 Sumera Siddique1,†, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir1, Javed Iqbal Qazi1*, Amtul Bari Tabinda2, Muhammad Irfan1

Screening of some agri-wastes for economical cultivation of Candida tropicalis SS1
...ss up to 6g/L with corresponding absorbance(600 nm) of 3.49±0.05 after 48 h of incubation at 37 ºC, pH 7.0 and under non aerating conditions. These results indicate important biochemical attributes of the abundantly produced fruit wastes and their efficiency for economic production of C. tropicalis SS1 which could be used as SCP supplementing animal feed’s formulations.

...

 Mirfa Murtaza1, Sajid Abdullah1, Wardah Hassan1*, Khalid Abbas1, Huma Naz1, Muhammad Anjum Zia2

Studies on amylase and lipase activity in fishes fed with diet containing different feed ingredients
...t
fish species respond differently to various feed ingredients. Therefore it is important to follow the acceptability and
digestibility standards during the selection of ingredients and for preparation of feed for different fish species.

...

 Abir Ishtiaq, Muhammad Naeem*

Length-weight relationships and condition factor for farmed Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) from southern Punjab, Pakistan
...were collected from fish ponds and grouped into three categories on
the basis of the feed offered to them which contained 15%, 20% and 25% crude protein (CP). The regression
estimates for LWRs were highly significant (P <0.001) with coefficient of determination, r2-values being >0.930 in the
three studied groups and for overall data. The value of the regression coefficient (b) indicated negative allometric
growth (b= 2.87), is...

 Jhan Zeb, Muhammad Javed

Forecasting percentage contribution of plankton biomass towards increase in fish yield under composite culture conditions
...sh weight daily) earthen ponds (0.012 ha) for 365 days. There were five different fish species in
each of the triplicate group viz. Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella and
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in the ratio of 27:10:10:07:13, respectively. Each triplicate group of fish T1 to T6 were fed
supplementary diets at varying protein level viz., 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32% digestible protein (DP), respectively ...

 Waqas Ali, Arshad Javid, Ali Hussain, Syed Mohsin Bukhari

Public attitude towards amphibian and reptiles in district Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan
...istan. A total of 200 respondents, 50 from each tehsil were interviewed from all
the four tehsils namely Pattoki, Chunnian, Kot Radha Kishan and Kasur. The
people of the study area used to prepare traditional medicines from body parts of
Bungarus caeruleus, Naja naja, Ptyas mucosus, Eryx johnii, Varanus bengalensis
and Uromastyx hardwickii. Out of 200 respondents, more than 80% considered
a...

Mujib ur Rahman1, Munir Khan2*, Himayatullah Khan2, Malik Muhammad Shafi2 and Haidar Ali2  

...Valley. A total of 51 respondents from the three villages namely Utmanzai, Rajjar and Matta-Mughal-Khel were randomly selected. A comparative analysis of chadar and suit cloth was done regarding sale in Charsadda market and other cities of the country. In Charsadda market, 3/4 producing units sold their products, while 1/4 of the producers were involved in marketing of these products to other cities of the country. Profit per month of Chadar and Suit cloth in ...

Ateeq ur Rehman1, Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi1*, Ummad-ud-Din Umar1, Muhammad Irfan Zafar1, Faqeer Hussain2, Muhammad Asif Zulfiqar3 and Azhar Ali Khan3 

...rust pathosystems. Correspondingly, in the results of yellow rust some varieties were found resistant and some were found to be the most susceptible on the record. The epidemiological studies showed the correlation of the relative humidity of morning, evening and temperature positively in both of the rust disease. Fungicidal application showed great reduction in the management of the disease. 

...
Bei Liu1, Yanli Hong1, Huifang Zhou1,*, Zhenzhen Cao1, Shuang Zhang1, Jing Jin1, Miao Jiang1, Cunsi Shen2 and Jianjian Ji2
...ated (+) group and corresponding blocker-treated group were established. Secretion levels of related hormone and their mRNAs were detected in the supernatant of each group. The mRNA and protein levels of GnRHR, the hub genes and key transcription factors in the downstream cAMP-PKA signaling pathways in RPC cells were also detected. The secretion and transcription levels of FSH and LH in Cetrorelix group were significantly decreased, while the expression of GnR...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Nosheen Fatima1, Raheel Babar3 and Ikramul Haq4  

...wareness level of the respondents regarding biodiversity conservation. The results showed that farmers were relatively aware of regarding species diversity; however, they do not know the modern techniques to uphold crop and species diversity. Biodiversity concept of farmers is at very basic level and they know only limited conventional ways to maintain it. The statistical analysis showed weak significant association between factors responsible for biodiversity...

Syed Amjad Kamal Jan* and Naushad Khan 

...acre averagely of the respondents. According to analysis Farm Size, Tractor hours, Fertilizers, Number of irrigations, Farmer’s education were found significant at 5% level while , Seed Variety, Pesticides, Farming experience, Number of labors were found non-significant at 5% level. The R-Square value was 0.92 which means that 92% variation is explained by the independent variables on the dependent variable in the model. It seems very good fitted model a...
Tongliang Wang1, Lele Jia1, Xiaofei Zhai1, Jianguo Cui2 and Jichao Wang1,*
...ations and hearing corresponded to the matched filter hypothesis, suggesting that male call spectral structure and hearing sensitivity in males and females may have co-evolved under sexual selection in D. melanostictus.
...

Muhammad Ali1,2*, Norsida Man2 and Farrah Melissa Muharam2 

...measure motivation of respondents, likert scale items comprising 1 as strongly disagree to 5 as strongly agree were used. The research findings reveal that farmers were motivated to manage their agricultural risks and overall their motivation level was high. Nevertheless, still efforts are required by all stakeholders to keep the motivation level high of farming community at local, regional and international level. Agricultural extension workers as change agen...

Rehmat Ullah* and Khalid Nawab 

...ected. A total of 384 respondents were selected through unknown population sampling formulae i.e. 96 from each Union Council. Data were collected using well-structured interview schedule through personal interview method whereas binary logistic regression model was utilized (binary responses (1 if exists 0 otherwise) both of dependent and independent variables) to find out the effect of precautionary measures and Personal Protection Equipment on self-reported ...
Fariha Latif* and Muhammad Javed
... ecological needs and respond differently to the environmental stress conditions. Thus, the sensitivity, bioaccumulation and antioxidant capacities of three major carps Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala towards metals mixture (Cd+Cr+Cu+Pb) were determined during present research work. Sensitivity of the three fish species (120-day old) towards metals mixture was measured in term of 96 h LC50 and lethal concentration...
Ayesha Chaudhary1, Fouzia Mumtaz1, Muhammad Yaseen2* and Muhammad Younis Afzal3 
 
...In the last stage, 30 respondents from each village were selected randomly. The total sample thus comprised of 180 farmers. A significant association was observed between the level of education and awareness of the farmers, which shows that educated farmers had adequate knowledge of climate change.
...
Liyan Zhang1,2, Zhidong Zhou1,3, Haiping Li1,2, Yanlong Qiao4, 5 and Yueping Zhang1,3,*
...ogenetic structure corresponding to geographic location was observed from the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree and haplotype network analyses, and gene flow and exact P test results revealed that a wide range of gene flow occurred among the four S. japonicus populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Fst analysis showed that genetic variation was mainly derived from within populations, and genetic divergence was very weak...
Catherine J. Allen
...olitical discourse correspond to indigenous notions of well-being experienced in the socio-culturally diverse communities of the Andean region? I begin by focusing on inhabitants of Sonqo, a rural Quechua-speaking community in the highlands of southern Peru, where I have carried out research since 1975. I explore notions of well-being through vocabulary drawn from Southern Peruvian Quechua, including allin kawsay (well-being), pacha (wo...
James Maffie
...(tlamatinimeh) responded with what they called toltecayotl or “the art of living wisely and well.” Toltecayotl enjoined humans to pursue balance in all matters, ranging from how they treated themselves and other humans to how they treated the countless other-than-human agents populating their living world. Humans attained balance in two principal ways, both of which Aztec philosophers understood in terms of the indigenous concept of a...

 Ellen Y. Zhang

... so that a person can respond to the world of flux more effectively and happily.

...

 Jennifer Mei Sze Ang

... how we apprehend and respond to the world positively and meaningfully. 

...

Dilshad Ahmad1* and Muhammad Afzal2 

...udy for selecting the respondents in both districts of cotton area. Pre-tested questionnaire was developed for the collection of data 320 cotton farmers’ respondents for the year of 2015-16 including 160-credit user and 160 non-credit users. The study employed stochastic production frontiers function for the empirical estimates of credit on cotton production. Empirical estimates of study have denoted, significant and p...

Saeed Ullah1, Muhammad Israr1*, Shakeel Ahmad2, Nafees Ahmad3 and Asif Yaseen

...rted by 63.33% of the respondents. Chi-square P-values pointed that age, HH size and farming experience have positive relationship with the LD. Land possession was 6-15 acre for the 53.33% of the farmers and growing both cash and food crops. In the area, the farmers perceived for the high level of LD and the causes for this was soil erosion, soil fertility loss, overgrazing, over population growth, soil salinization, tillage erosion, poor land management pract...
SiRui Wang1,2, Fekede Regasa Joka1,2, XiaoLong Wang1,2,* and SuYing Bai2,*
...a Ser residue that corresponds to amino acid position 631, the virus resistance site, in the chicken Mx gene. The third locus in all tested amino acid sequences are Ser and corresponds to the chicken 631 amino acid position, the virus resistance site. Ten haplotypes were found with 60 nucleotide mutations. Phylogenetic analysis by MEGA 7.0 revealed that the evolution of the tested genes is consistent with the evolutio...

Anum Khursheed1, Malik Muhammad Shafi2 and Haidar Ali2* 

...bad. From 111 sampled respondents primary data were collected through pre-tested questionnaire. Three villages namely; Kundipiran, Kariandarar and Kulpana from union council Kahori were purposively selected. The study indicated that the majority of the sampled respondents were female. To compare the size of livestock holding paired t-test was used. Productivity of livestock kept by sampled respond

Arshad Farooq* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 

...iew schedule from 285 respondents in D.I. Khan and Mardan districts during sugarcane cropping season, 2018. Knowledge gap index was applied as a measuring tool. The empirical results indicated that no knowledge gap was found among farmers of D.I. Khan district regarding land preparation, sowing and harvesting time while in case of Mardan district no knowledge gap was observed in sowing and harvesting time. Farmers of D.I. Khan dis...
Bushra Siddique1,*, Muhammad Tariq1, Muhammad Naeem1 and Muhammad Ali2
...mical cues help to correspond in diversity of associations between prey and host plant species. Recent studies exhibited that the use of natural enemy is an ecofriendly measure to control pests. The Seven spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata play a prominent role in aphid management. It exploits several different cues released by plants to increase the efficiency of foraging. Aphid endoparasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hyme...
...as provided by the corresponding author at the time of online submission of the manuscript. The editorial team was flabbergasted by the responses of scientists whose names were exploited and proven the intentional fraudulent act of the (corresponding) author. 
 
Based on the mutual consent of the Chief-Editor o...

Tariq Shah1*, Umar Hayat1, Muhammad Suleman Bacha2 and Muhammad3 

...vince. A total of 480 respondents from four districts, namely Swat, Mardan, Abbotabad and Dera Ismail Khan were randomly selected for interview purpose. Descriptive statistical techniques along with independent sample t-test and dummy variable regression were used for analysis. It is observed during the study that livestock extension department and private livestock doctors are the key sources where farmers get advice regarding livestock production. Majority o...

Muhammad Nasrullah1*, Liu Chang1, Khurram Nawaz Saddozai2, Asaad Osman Khalid1, Rachel Bayisenge1 and Gulnaz Hameed3 

...rts. Land rent of the respondent area was 61,750 rupees per hectare; nursery raising cost was estimated at 11,828 rupees per hectare. The bed preparation cost for tobacco is 12,300 rupees per hectare while planting cost was 61,476.68 and processing cost was 95,535 rupees per hectare. The highest cost incurred was 61,750 rupees for land followed by Fuel wood which was 39,957 rupees per hectare. Total product of tobacco was calculated as 44 mounds per hectare. T...
Muhammad Ahmad, Zohaib Noor*, Karim Johar Khan, Waqar Younas and Ajmal Hussain
...conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocked with three different fish species at the rate of 800/Acre in the semi intensive polyculture system by supplementing inorganic and organic fertilizers in the ponds. Fish were stocked at the ratio of 35:40:25 in both the ponds designated as group 1 and group 2. Group 1 pond was...
Yuyu Wang, Gangchun Xu*, Zhijuan Nie, Quanjie Li, Nailin Shao and Pao Xu*
...des) reared in an in-pond raceway system (IPRS). Fish (initial average body weight: 35.68±2.12g) were randomly allotted to in-pond raceways (26.2m×5m×2.5m) stocked at two stocking densities (68 and 114 fish/m3, respectively). Fish were fed twice daily (08:00 and 17:00), and the daily ration feed was 4% of the body weight. No significant differences were observed in growth, digestive enzyme a...

Ayat Ullah* and Ayesha Khan 

...re collected from 395 respondents according to Yamane’s formula. The study uses the Kruskal–Wallis H test for checking differences among farmers knowledge with differences in their contact with extension service providers. The results revealed significant differences in farmers’ knowledge of chemical, biological and cultural control methods of pest with differences in the frequency of extension-farmers’ contacts. With the increase in ex...
Abid Hussain Shahzad1, Abdul Sattar1,*, Nasim Ahmad1, Ijaz Ahmad2, Deniz Nak3 and Yavuz Nak3
...y (P=0.48). Corresponding pregnancy rate on d60 (P=0.39) and d90 (P=0.61) was 36.20, 32.80% in OVP0, 43.80, 41.80% in OVP5 and 37% in OVP7 group. Overall pregnancy loss was 17 (OVP0), 08 (OVP5) and 13% (OVP7), respectively (P=0.62). In conclusion, although pregnancy rate has non-significant difference among all three breeding protocols but numerically, improved pregnancy rate and reduced pregnancy loss was observed in OVP5 group.&nb...
Pin Lyu1, Xiangxian Chen2* andQinlong Liu3*
...erior, followed by corresponding rehabilitation methods. The injured muscular tissues and blood samples were collected pre-injury and post-injury on day 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 15. The exercise and massage group showed the fastest recovery reflected by muscular histological structure and C-reactive protein levels, followed by the other three groups. C-reactive protein decrease in exercise and massage, massage only or exercise only groups was significantly differ...

Munazza Yousra1*, Sair Sarwar1, Muhammad Mahmood Ul Hassan1, Muhammad Zameer khan1, Abdul khaliq2, Shahbaz Ahmad1 and Shamim Ul Sibtain Shah3 

...f treatments and crop responded well to Zn fertilizer application. The results showed a consistent increase in Zn concentration with the increasing Zn doses in both varieties. The maximum Zn concentration recorded was 67.6 and 79.5 mg kg-1 @ 8 mg Zn kg-1 by using both Zn sources, respectively. The highest dry matter production of 65 and 76 g plant-1 was recorded using Zn treatment @ 8 mg Zn kg-1 by ZnSO4.H2O and Zn-EDTA in both varieties, respectively. Similar...

Ayub Khan* and Ghaffar Ali 

...or the elicitation of respondents’ WTP. For this purpose, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to elicit households WTP. A sample of 109 households was randomly selected from 14 randomly selected villages two from each tehsil. The study results revealed that most of the respondents perceived the problem of soil erosion and their willingness to pay for the suggested forestation based soil conservation practices ...
Yan-Bin Zhu1, Wang-Dui Basang1, Zhan-Dui Pingcuo1, Yang-Ji Cidan1, Sang Luo1, Dun-Zhu Luosang1, Yang-La Dawa1 and Guang-Xin E2,3,* 
...RE software, which corresponded to previous knowledge about different molecular genetic markers. Therefore, unexpectedly, our study indicated that the diversity of some of the populations was decreased, leaving us to improve and refine our conversional strategy. In addition, this resulted in a greater understanding of human yak phylogenetic differentiation as well as providing data support for understanding the evolution and migration of yak population in futu...
Khalid P. Loneand Irfana Liaqat*
...ly 500 fish were kept in ponds and sampled every month for the histology of the testis. After taking data regarding other somatic traits, the testes were fixed in buffered formalin and processed for routine histology and light microscopy. The annual maturity stages can easily be divided into five gross stages namely, immature and developing, maturing and developed, ripe and running, post spawning and spent-regressed. The testis in Labeo rohita were unre...
Khansa Nazir1,*, Tariq Mukhtar1 and Humayun Javed2
...ation, there was a corresponding increase in the mortality of juveniles showing a direct relationship between mortality and concentration of nanoparticles. The effect of time on mortality was also found significant. With the increase in time, there was a corresponding increase in mortality and the relationship was found to be directly proportional. Similarly, the maximum hatching inhibition of M. incognita eggs...

Sanaullah and Urooba Pervaiz* 

...ected from 166 sample respondents who got training from Bajaur Area Development Program (BADP) using a well-structured interview schedule; through personal interview method. Result showed that 63.9% of the respondents were illiterate, 31.3% respondents were in age group between 25-35 years. Yield, income, plant spacing, seed rate, irrigation interval, and use of pesticide before and after ...

 Aftab Khan1, Shahid Ali1, Murtaza1, Sufyan Ullah Khan2 and Syed Attaullah Shah1

...as collected from 200 respondents using a well–designed interview schedule. Cobb-Douglas type production function was modelled to estimated allocative efficiencies of individual inputs used in maize production. The estimated allocative efficiencies of Urea and DAP were 3.24 and 2.04, respectively. This implies that these inputs were underutilized that might be due to poor farming skills of the sampled respondents, lack...

Abir Ishtiaq and Muhammad Naeem* 

...cked in outdoors earthen ponds at 2000 fish/acre were fed at 4% of body weight, 2 times a day, for 180 days. The investigation was spread over three different sites, each providing four earthen ponds. The results revealed that the survival rate, mean individual harvesting weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and production of C. catla were significantly (p< 0.05) affected by different dietary protein levels. However, absol...
Muhammad Waseem1, Ahmed Raza1, Hamera Aisha1, Muhammad Naeem Awan1, Tariq Ahmad2, Rabia Nazir2 and Tariq Mahmood2,*
...cking techniques (42% respondents). Summer is the best season for poaching the pangolins (44% respondents). Forest is best preferred habitat of pangolin (54% respondents) and pangolins selling and buying points are located outside the villages (63% respondents). Nomads, semi-settled people at different locations in the Potohar Plateau are actively involv...
Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Umar Mumtaz1, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan3 and Abdul Naveed4
...inally, 425 potential respondents were identified from which sample of 120 respondents was randomly selected. The data were collected by using interview schedule. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were employed for interpretation of the desired results. Significant association was observed between age groups of the senior farmers and capacity building approaches or styles used by the senior farmers to train and e...
Taimoor Khalid*, Asad Ullah and Mussawar Shah
... A sample size of 357 respondents was proportionally allocated to the mentioned three union councils of the study area and selected by simple random sampling technique. Perception of the respondents regarding illegality in forest management (independent variable) and forest governance (dependent variable) were measured on three level likert scale. Chi-square test was applied to test the association between the study variable...
Po Bunnika, Khalid Khan and Guo Xiangyu*
...vis TE, AE, and OE correspondingly. The results of the study indicated that around 66.77%, 20.20%, and 13.11% of the cooperatives are functioning under the increasing, constant and decreasing return to scales, respectively. As a result, a cooperative tend to cut costs by concentrating on TE, AE, and OE instead of lowering costs. Furthermore, the study has introduced the ordinary least squares (OLS) model to examine the relationship between profitability ratios...
Zahra Eftekhar1, Morteza Naderi2,*, Mohammad Kaboli3, Hamid R. Rezaei4 and Nematollah Khorasani3
...ons. Such findings correspond to those of previous molecular and niche analyses. Our research also confirms an ideal capability of morphological approaches in species evolutionary assessments.
...

Wajid Shah Yousafzai1, Irfan Ullah1*, Amjad Ali1, Mahmood Iqbal2 and Salman Khan1 

...ected from 105 sample respondents in three villages (Aboha, Manyar and Parrai) of Tehsil Barikot, district Swat. Simple Linear Regression Model was employed to individual input contribution in total output. The concept of Marginal Value Products and Marginal Factor Cost was used to calculate Allocative Efficiency. Ordinary Least Square technique was used to drive linear production function. The results revealed that Tractor (hrs), Labor (M-days), FYM (kg), che...

Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Iqbal Javed3, Abdur Rehman4, Muhammad Yaseen2, Saleem Ashraf5 and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed2 

...sets possessed by the respondents was not satisfactory. Majority of the households had limited human, financial, physical, social and natural capitals. In the scenario of climate change, households adopted diverse nature of farm and non-farm related strategies to secure their livelihoods. Findings of chi-square statistics showed highly significant association (P<0.05) between agricultural diversification strategies being adopted by households in the situati...

Shahid Ali1*, Farhan1, Murtaza1, Neelum Andaleeb2 and Amjad Ali1 

...collect data from 160 respondents. Stochastic frontier production (SFP) function was used to analyze the technical efficiency of wheat growers. The Maximum Likelihood estimates of the model-1 showed that seed quantity, urea, chemicals (Pesticides and weedicides), labor and tractor hours were statistically significant with the coefficients of -0.027, 0.090, 0.060, 0.223 and 0.056, respectively. The estimated results of SFP model-2 revealed that household’...

Urooba Pervaiz1*, Madeeha Iqbal1 and Dawood Jan2 

...s. Half of the sample respondents reported satisfaction from different extension activities/facilities like location of extension office, availability of extension personal, result and method demonstration, farm/home visit and personal meetings. Whereas, the rest were not satisfied with radio programs, television programs, exhibitions, pamphlets, and farmer day. It was concluded that production of maize in the study area was increased up to 910 kg/acre after e...

Shazia Akhtar1, Abdul Samad1*, Afshan Gohar1, Muhammad Munir Shahid2, Muhammad Ishtiaq1, Arslan Sarwer1, Adnan Khan1 and Karam Ahad1 

...the survey that 98.6% respondents were unaware when to apply pesticides and they apply them on all growth stages of peach tree. Moreover, exposure to pesticides occur from skin absorption and through inhalation. This emphasizes on the launching of extension programs on pesticide alternatives. It is concluded that field workers in Swat Malakand, extensively uses pesticides and in spite of their awareness about pesticides effects their protective measures are v...
Hafrijal Syandri1*, Ainul Mardiah2, Azrita3 and Netti Aryani4

 

...o in the synthetic sheet pond. Fish were stocked at densities of 10, 15 and 20 fish/m3 in synthetic sheet pond with three replicate. Fish were fed with commercial feed containing 29% crude protein and gross energy of 3,340.50 kkal/kg of feed and cultured for 90 days. The physicochemical parameters of water were always at satisfactory levels for fish culture throughout the experiments except for NH3-N ...
Nihat Tekel1, Ilkay Baritci1, Halit Deniz Sireli1, Muhittin Tutkun1, Ecevit Eyduran2 and Mohammad Masood Tariq3,*
...und similar to the corresponding values of Awassi breed.
...
Jun Zhang, Kui Zhang, Zuozhi Chen*, Yane Jiang, Yancong Cai, Yuyan Gong and Wenming Yu
...eldii) and the corresponding a values ranged between 3.98×10-6 (H. hartzfeldii) to 6.00×10-4 (P. millepunctata). In five coral reefs, the means of b was significantly smaller than 3. There was significant negative linear correlation between lga and b
...

Shahzad Khan1*, Inayatullah Jan1 and Syed Fahad Shah2 

... study. A total of 30 respondents were interviewed with the help of a pre-tested questionnaire. The findings of the study reveal that skillful and experienced tenants were given preference by the landlord. But due to non-availability of extension department and its trainings, illiterate and untrained tenants are involved in agricultural practices. The physical inputs and investment efforts lead to long term duration for the tenants which usually make interest ...

Saleem Ashraf1, Raheel Saqib2*, Zakaria Yousuf Hassan3, Muhammad Luqman4 and Abdur Rehman5  

...s as perceived by the respondents. Correlation analysis unveiled that most of constraints impeding growers’ benefits were inter-correlated. This implies that resolving one barrier could limit another. This study urges a need to regulate middleman in marketing system through legislation and government should develop systematic marketing channels and support to develop fruits industry or value addition. 

...

Muhammad Ilyas1, Sardar Ali Khan1, Shahid Iqbal Awan1, Shafiq-ur-Rehman1, Waqar Ahmed1, Muhammad Riaz Khan2, Raja Mohib Muazzam Naz2, Muhammad Mohib Ullah Khan3 and Sumaira Hafeez1* 

Sanaullah1*, Urooba Pervaiz1, Shahid Ali2, Mohammad Fayaz2 and Aftab Khan

...stan. A sample of 166 respondents was selected through multistage stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected with the help of a pre-tested and validated well-structured interview schedule. Analysis was carried through multiple regression and independent sample t-test. Results indicated that extension visits, involvement in agriculture, adoption of recommended farming practices, irrigation and HYVs had significant effect, while disease, fertilize...
Jun Yan Bai*, Hong Deng Fan, You Bing Yang, Xu Wang, Heng Cao, Xue Yan Fu and Yu Qin Wang
...TT to CCT, and the corresponding aa changed from leucine to proline, which was a missense mutation site.
...
Weigeng Wen1,2,3, Xu Chen1,2,3, Wang Zhao1,2,3, Qibin Yang1,2,3, Jian G. Qin4 and Zhenhua Ma1,2,3,*
...reproductive capacity of pond-reared female Penaeus monodon after unilateral eyestalk ablation. A total of 240 females (57.0-143.3g) were used as broodstocks in a continuous three-year breeding experiment. After unilateral eyestalk ablation, the relationships of egg and nauplii at the first spawning event and female bodyweight were evaluated. At each spawning, a female could produce 120000-1250000 eggs which hatched into 80,000-950,000 nauplii. The egg ...

Ihsanullah Kakr1, Sarwar Khan2, Khalid Khan3* and Sajjad Ahmed

... regarding the age of respondent, experience, type of community, feeding/watering pattern of camels, prevailing camel diseases in the area, treatment facilities, traditional remedies used by them against various diseases in camels and economic losses were collected. A total of one thousand and forty (n=1040) camel owners/respondents from three groups viz settled, transhumants and nomads were interviewed in Districts, Musa Kh...

Arjumand Nizami1, Muhammad Zulfiqar2*, Jawad Ali1, Naushad Khan2 and Imran Sheikh

...ing technology by the respondent farmers. The data were collected from the three selected villages using focused group discussions and individual interviews of 21 beneficiary rice producers. Out of 21 farmers, 7 farmers were selected each from head, middle and tail of the water channels located at Joyianwala, Saikhum and Kathianwala villages. The baseline data were collected in July 2017 while post technology adaptation data were collected in December 2018 fro...

Bahadar Sher Khattak1, Muhammad Kaleem1, Waqas2*, Humaira Naz1 and Muhammad Yasir

...t the majority of the respondents (83.3%) who were small farmers acquired and utilized micro-credit in establishing income generating entrepreneurs, purchased quality seeds, fertilizers and small scale modern technology. These innovations brought substantial enhancement in their farm productivity and income that ultimately improved those farmers’ socioeconomic position. However, 16.7% of the respondents’ remains ...

Muhammad1*, Muhammad Suleman Bacha2 and Syed Akhtar Ali Shah1 

...While the majority of respondents (81%) were concerned about the unsafe disposal of solid waste and are willing to pay for organic fertilizer alternative to chemical fertilizer for urban agriculture. We also found that socio-economic variables namely education, monthly expenses, and agriculture farm size positively affect farmers’ WTP for organic fertilizer. Conversely, households’ size and land tenure of the farmer has a negative influence on farm...
Samia Afzal*,Sadia Zahid, Iram Amin, Muhammad Shahid and Muhammad Idrees
...ive claims for the corresponding outbreak in Pakistan, a study was conducted at the Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology in Lahore. The study included 500 suspected serum samples. All clinical specimens were tested for IgM and IgG specific antibodies against Chikungunya virus using a commercial ELISA kit. Twenty seven (5.4%) and thirty five (7%) samples were IgM and IgG positive, respectively. All antibody positive samples and a subset of negative samples...
Muhammad Shuaib Khan1, Shakeeb Ullah1, Nisha. A.R2, Muhammad Umar3, Muhammad Inamullah Malik1*, Syed Muhammad Kamal Shah1, A. Zaman1, Shakir Ullah1, Imdad Ullah1, Sumera Ali Khan4
...sonal interviewing of respondents and observations regarding different pack animals i.e. camel, bull, horses/ mules and donkey. Score from female respondents by different pack animals i.e. camel, bull, horses/ mules and donkey receive were 33.67±2.55, 29±1.00, 29.52±2.52 and 58.67±2.082 respectively (% means ± Standard deviation), while from male respo...

Muhammad Jamal Nasir*, Anwar Saeed Khan, Said Alam and Riyasat Sultan 

...ed by the majority of respondent responsible for the decline of seasonal migration is increased number of marriages (trans-cultural) between Utla males to the females from down country. Transhumance pastoralists are very productive yet socially neglected population group of society. They remain a resource, a system of producing meat and milk etc. This resource need to upheld and managed effectively by understanding the mechanism of transhumance and pastoral so...

Gulnaz Hameed1, Abdul Saboor1, Khuram Nawaz Sadozai2*, Ghaffar Ali2, Dawood Jan2 and Mansoor Rasheed

... draw a sample of 540 respondents from the universe comprising both registered and nonregistered members of AJKCDP. Primary data were collected through interview schedule. Foster Greer and Thorbecke measure was used to calculate incidence of poverty which is then used to model the probability expressions with the help of Logit to investigate the correlates of poverty in the research area. Poverty was found at below for registered members and investigations sho...
Min Lv1, Hui Gan2, Zhide Ruan1, Huizan Yang1, Rui Wang1, Laiba Shafique3, Huma Naz4 and Huawei Ma1,
...sed rectangular concrete ponds (4 m × 2 m × 1.6 m; water depth 1.2 m) with dissolved oxygen concentrations above 5.2 ± 0.3 mg/l, and pH 6.5–8.1. Water flow in the ponds was poor. The amount of feed increased from 0.81 ± 0.35 to 13.42 ± 1.89 g/fish-day throughout the experiment. Samples were collected between mid-March and October 2016, and we monitored the Cd, Cr, and Hg concentrations ...

Muhammad Usman Saleem, Nadeem Iqbal, Shawaiz Iqbal*, Usama Bin Khalid, Adila Iram, Muhammad Akhter, Tahir Latif and Tahir Hussain Awan 

... the need for continuous ponding of water and thus lessens water use for rice production, resulting in saving of 15-20% of water over TPR. DSR is also a less labor-intensive and more farmers-friendly, time-saving and cost-effective technology than TPR. The Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, has refined the DSR technology and production practices and conducted 20 field demonstrations of DSR with modified seed drills during 2017 in Gujranwala, Hafizabad, N...

Arshad Farooq1*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan2, Abdul Hassan1, Muhammad Ishaq3 and Asif Nawaz

...edule from 285 sample respondents randomly selected from eight villages of the eight selected union councils. The empirical results indicated that farmers of district Mardan had 41 percent knowledge gap with cane yield 58387 kgs/hectare and sample farmers of district Dera Ismail Khan had 33 percent knowledge gap with 82184 kgs/hectare. The results showed that in both districts sugarcane farmers had medium knowledge gap (37%) with cane yield 70912 kgs/hectare. ...

Muhammad Ali1*, Norsida Man2, Farrah Melissa Muharam2 and Siti Zobidah Omar

...ral intentions of the respondents and TPB has been applied as technology acceptance model in various contexts. However, predicting behavioral intentions to use ICTs for agricultural risk management has not been evaluated from the actual field. Therefore, the data were collected from 360 farmers through multistage cluster sampling technique. Multiple linear regression through SPSS was administered for statistical procedure. The findings confirmed that the theor...
Saira Saleemi1*, Zafar Iqbal1, Abdul Nasir Khalid2
... carp reared in earthern ponds. Due to aspergillosis fish may not be recommended for human consumption. If proper health management practices are adopted on fish rearing facilities, then the chances of incidence of aspergillosis in silver carp may be minimized. 

Muhammad Raheel Faiz1, Ijaz Ashraf1, Haq Nawaz2, Muhammad Zubair3*, Muhammad Sajid Mahmood4, Sajid Hussain5 and Abdul Qadeer2 

... a sample size of 120 respondents. A well-planned interview schedule was prepared for the collection of data from the selected respondents. The survey showed that major problems of the vegetable production were the labour shortage, high prices of fertilizers and chemicals. The protection problems identified were lack of storage facilities for surplus vegetables, fluctuation in market price of vegetables and transportation pr...

 Salman Khan, Irfan Ullah*, Shahid Ali and Murtaza

...collect data from 100 respondents during 2018. A Cobb-Douglas type production function was used to approximate effect of determinants on potato yield. Major shares of the input cost per acre incurred in the study area were seed (Rs. 18720), followed by land rent (Rs.15890) and labors having an estimated cost of Rs. 14965 respectively. The analysis showed that on average per acre yield of potato was recorded as 4,953.35 kg with net revenue of Rs. 28,261.89. The...

 Abdus Salam* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...ormula. The number of respondents as per formula was confined to 188 respondents in district Mansehra, 153 respondents in district Swabi and 59 respondents from district Karak, where data were collected randomly. Five point Likert scale was used to record responses of the respondents. The results of the study clearly s...

Sahib Khan1, Muneeza Wahid2, Muhammad Abeer Irfan1, Muhammad Naeem3, Asma Gul4, Muhammad Haseeb Zafar2

ROW LEVEL IMAGE FORGERY DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING EMBEDDED DIGITAL SIGNATURES
...ted pixel of the corre- sponding row of digital image. The proposed technique is powerful enough to detect different image manipulations. The results show that it can successfully detect one least significant bit alteration made in any pixel of digital image.

...

Naveed ul Hasan Syed*1, Qurat-ul-Ain1, Muddasar Habib1, Naseer Ahmed Khan1, Sultan Ali1 

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
... W/(m2.oC) for the corresponding hot water flow rate. An empirical model
correlating the outlet temperature of the STHx fluids with the inlet conditions has also been proposed. The proposed
model was used to calculate the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold water and the heat flux. The model predictions
were compared with the experimental results and a good agreement was found. 

...

Rashid Nawaz*1, Iftikhar Hussain1, Sikandar Bilal Khattak1 

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS
...distributed among 213 respondents representing
24 cement plants were analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The proposed KPIs are supposed to
assist the decision makers in achieving environmental sustainability. Among the 11 KPIs identified, the KPI “Total
amount of Emissions in Metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year” was identified as having the highest impact on
environmental sustainability.

...

 Waqas Javaid1*, Adnan Tariq1, Iftikhar Hussain2, Sahar Noor2

AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH FOR CMS DESIGN
...and machines in to corresponding groups as it results in minimizing the number of
intercellular moves. Over the years, a number of efficient approaches have been developed by researchers to handle
the Cell Formation Problem (CFP). Among these, a large number of approaches consist of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) based techniques. The main advantage of such approaches is their ability to handle the CFP effectively both in
terms of acc...

Farid Ullah Khan1, Muhammad Iqbal1 

DEVELOPMENT OF A TESTING RIG FOR VIBRATION AND WIND BASED ENERGY HARVESTERS
...4 to 11 m/s at the corresponding
fan speed of 1000 rpm to 10000 rpm respectively. Furthermore, the reported wind tunnel is quite able to producing
a maximum mass flow rate of 0.170 kg/s. 

...

Farid Ullah Khan*, Tashfeen Ali*, Khubroo Jamil* 

DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW VOLTAGE AC TO DC CONVERTER FOR MESO AND MICRO ENERGY HARVESTERS
...> harvesters into corresponding DC voltage. 

...

Waqas Anwar, Iftikhar Hussain 

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT BETWEEN RESTIVE REGIONS OF PAKISTAN AND REMAINING PART OF COUNTRY
...eks feedback from the respondents through a comprehensive questionnaire containing twenty-six questions. Comparing circumstances and outcome of construction projects with remaining part of the country, the study finds that the cost of work in FATA / PATA and restive regions of Baluchistan is substantially high due to multiple factors and therefore recommendations a construction model for creating ideal circumstances for expediting pace of development and assur...

Waqas Anwar, Iftikhar Hussain 

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT BETWEEN RESTIVE REGIONS OF PAKISTAN AND REMAINING PART OF COUNTRY
...eks feedback from the respondents through a comprehensive questionnaire containing twenty-six questions. Comparing circumstances and outcome of construction projects with remaining part of the country, the study finds that the cost of work in FATA / PATA and restive regions of Baluchistan is substantially high due to multiple factors and therefore recommendations a construction model for creating ideal circumstances for expediting pace of development and assur...

Asif Nawaz1*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan1, Rehmat Ullah1, Arshad Farooq2 and Abdul Hassan2

Assessment of Weed Management Competency of Field Assistants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...most constraints that respondents faced in building the required competencies. Therefore, it is a dire need to provide practical in-service training to the Field Assistants in the identified areas for the adequate acquisition of weeds management competency. Moreover, there is need to minimize the identified constraints so that the Field Assistants could acquire the requisite weed management competency and provide beneficial recommendations to the farming commu...
Kemi F. Omotesho*, Adedamola V. Adetayo, Adeniyi F. Akinrinde and Deborah A. Olabode
 
Challenges to the Adoption of Agricultural Innovations: The Case of Yam Minisett Technology in Kwara State, Nigeria
...as used to select 205 respondents on whom an interview schedule was administered. Descriptive statistics, Probit Regression Analysis and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation, were used to analyse data. Result reveals that the farmers were mostly males (71.2%), middle-aged (50.7years,) with an average of 28 years of farming experience. Only 58.5 percent of the farmers had adopted the YMT. Training was most required in the preparation of minisett dust and ...

Shaista Naz1*, Noor P. Khan1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Azra2 

Does Women’s Participation in Livestock Management Enhance their Empowerment? An Insight from the Tribal Belt of Pakistan
...domly selected female respondents from 323 randomly selected households in Mohmand Agency. The collected data were analyzed using percent participation, descriptive statistics, and Decision Making Index (DMI). The results showed that the decisions related to livestock management were mostly taken by both women and men jointly (44%), followed by men alone (27 %) and women (25%) independently. It has been found that six kinds of livestock management activities s...

 Akhtar Nawaz*, Sahar Noor*, Iftikhar Hussain*, Afzal Khan*, Shahid Rashid**, Rehman Akhtar*

METHODOLOGY FOR POSITIONING MULTIPLE DECOUPLING POINTS IN HYBRID MANUFACTURING SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEM
...st of the product. To respond to a given lead time, manufacturing firms need to
adjust their supply chain networks and design an effective interface for decoupling points in the supply chain based
on the cost to be incurred. In this paper, a modified cost model is proposed for a hybrid supply chain networks of
a manufacturing firm which is applied for determining positions for decoupling points in the entire manufacturing

Waqas Anwar1*, Iftikhar Hussain1

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT BETWEEN RESTIVE REGIONS OF PAKISTAN AND REMAINING PART OF COUNTRY
...eks feedback from the respondents through a comprehensive
questionnaire containing twenty-six questions. Comparing circumstances and outcome of construction projects with
remaining part of the country, the study finds that the cost of work in FATA / PATA and restive regions of Baluchistan
is substantially high due to multiple factors and therefore recommendations a construction model for creating ideal
circumstan...

Muhammad Naeem*, Sohail Asghar**

A REVIEW OF FEATURE SELECTION TECHNIQUES IN STRUCTURE LEARNING
... evaluators, their corresponding searching methods under six well known scoring functions in K2 which is a notable structure learning technique in Bayesian belief network. We have come up with some useful findings for overall computationally efficient approach among eleven evaluators. This analysis is useful in inducing better structure from the given dataset in imparting improved performance metric for Bayesian belief network.
...

Asif Nawaz*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Rehmat Ullah, Khalid Nawab and Urooba Pervaiz

Investigation of Professional Competency Level and Training Needs of Field Assistants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
...khwa. A sample of 234 respondents was selected and personally interviewed through pre-tested and validated interview schedule. Paired sample t-test and dummy variable regression model were used to achieve study objectives. It was found that Field Assistants were highly competent in conducting farm/home visits followed by conducting meetings and organizing extension campaigns. Highest training needs in professional competency were reported in use of Information...

Syed Mufeed Hadi Naqvi1*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui1, Waqar-Ul-Hassan Tareen1, Muhammad Ameer Qarib Naqvi2 and Naseeb Hussain3

Usage of Mobile Phone by Vegetable Growers and its Impact on Vegetable Production
...ne hundred and twenty respondents for the study. Most (44.2%) of the respondents of present study were present in middle age group and one out of three (31.7%) of the respondents were young and belong to age group of 15-35 years. Slightly more than one out of four (28.3%) of the respondent were owner-cum-tenant. Majority (76.7%) of them were literate at ...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Saima Sadaf1, Adnan Ahmad1, Usman Rafique1 and Muhammad Arshad Javed1

An Assessment of Farmers’ Awareness Level Regarding Integrated Farming System in District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
...d the opinions of the respondents by using Likert-type scale. The 200 respondents were selected through systematic random sampling technique. The response rate was 60%. Hence, the sample of 120 respondents was used for final analysis and description of the results. The instrument’s validity and reliability were checked before data collection. In-person interviews were conducted by th...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Saima Sadaf1, Adnan Ahmad1, Usman Rafique1 and Muhammad Arshad Javed1

An Assessment of Farmers’ Awareness Level Regarding Integrated Farming System in District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
...d the opinions of the respondents by using Likert-type scale. The 200 respondents were selected through systematic random sampling technique. The response rate was 60%. Hence, the sample of 120 respondents was used for final analysis and description of the results. The instrument’s validity and reliability were checked before data collection. In-person interviews were conducted by th...

Abroon Jamal Qazi*, Afzal Khan*, Muhammad Tahir Khan*, Muhammad Ali Kamran* and Khizar Azam*

A NOVEL APPLICATION OF PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE IN SEMI-ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM CONTROL
...ated in the system corresponding to the inputs and output of the controller. Particle swarm optimization method is utilized for its better convergence and precision. The technique results in evaluation of appropriate gains that result in superior performance of the designed system. The models are compared on the basis of suspension displacement and tire displacement for ascertaining ride comfort and road handling attributes respectively.

Behram Khan1, Amir Nawaz Khan2, Said Qasim3, Atta-ur Rahman4

ANALYSIS OF HUMAN PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATIONS TO FLASH FLOODS IN KHYBER AGENCY, FATA
...the total households. Respondents’ perceptions were investigated about the occurrence of flash floods, flood damages, nature of affinity towards flood prone areas and adaptation strategies. Cartographic and statistical techniques were applied to process and analyze the data. As a result, the data were analytically discussed and presented in the form of tables, maps and plates. The analysis reveals that people of the area perceived about the recurrence of...

 Muhammad Qasim Khan1*, Syed Athar Masood1 and Shahzad Naeem Qureshi2

REFORMULATION OF PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT MODEL FOR PUBLIC SECTOR AUTOMOBILE REBUILD ORGANIZATIONS
...hundred and sixty-two respondents representing twenty-one different automobile rebuild organizations was compiled through quantitative survey and analyzed statistically through SPSS. Results implied that public sector automobile rebuild organizations due to certain peculiar characteristics possess low productivity and essentially require a distinct productivity improvement model. Based on the shortcomings/inadequacies identified through literatu...

 Arshad Ali1, Hashim Nisar Hashmi2

TREATMENT FEASIBILITY OF THE BLEACHING EFFLUENT OBTAINED FROM NSSC PULP AND PAPER MILL IN A UASB REACTOR
... was observed that corresponding to an OLR of 2.14kg-COD/m3-day the overall COD removal efficiency of the reactors R-I and R-II was 83% and 64%, respectively. And the AOX removal efficiency was noticed as 71% and 49% for reactor R-I and R-II, respectively. During the study it was observed that the treatability efficiency of reactor R-I was comparatively  better but the amount of its biogas production was slightly lower. The average biogas g...

Hina Imtiaz1*, Salma Khalid2, Kashaf Riaz1, Muhammad Arshad Ullah3 and Zubair Rehman

...was observed that 70% respondent reported that they are facing spread of diseases is become major issue. Therefore, the issue needs a special focus in terms of planning and management to save human health and environment.  

...

Zakeer Ahmed Khan Abbasi* and Allah Nawaz 

... geographic-zones and respondents’ educational level has also been found significant. Therefore, more efforts, if directed, to enhance climate change awareness through dissemination of authentic and need based information, would significantly help farmers to undertake more relevant, effective and efficient adaptation measures, thereby, contributing in increasing the agriculture yield and reduce losses. However, imprudent projection of climate change adap...

Shahzad Malik* and Ayesha Khan

Gap Analysis of Farmers’ Capacity Building by Public and Private Agriculture Extension Sectors in Central Plain Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...present study was 270 respondents i.e. 90 respondents from each tehsil. Data were collected from respondents by using well-structured interview schedule. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences V.20 (SPSS). Simple percentages and percentages were calculated whereas paired t-test was applied to compare gap/differences between capacity building of farmers offered by...

Israr Yasin1, Ismail Qureshi1*, Shahjahn Qaimkhani1, Gulam Mustafa Solangi3, Ismail Qaimkhani1, Ismail Brohi1 and Abdul Ahad Soomro2

A Perspective on Household Dairy Farming in District Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan
...). About 66.0% of the respondents reported that they contact veterinary doctors. Relatively more proportion (39.0%) of abortion was estimated for the households who used Oxytocin before milking of animals. Using chi-square statistic, the relationship between use of Oxytocin and abortion in large animals was found highly significant (p<0.01). On an average basis, 3.0% growth rate in livestock was estimated. The highest growth rate (5.0%) was recorded in buff...
Chao Zhao1,2, Sigang Fana2 and Lihua Qiua2,3,*
...s stage, postlarvae). In ponds 1, 2, 3 and 4, the survival rates were significantly lower but the nitrite concentration and vibrio numbers (before mysis stage) were considerably higher than those in other ponds (P < 0.05), indicating that nitrite and vibrios influenced P. monodon survival during larva culture. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations increased from day 6, and increased dramatically by day 12. Tota...
Murtaza, Shahid Ali*, Syed Attaullah Shah, Mehran Ahmad, Irfan Ullah and Jahangir Khan
Adoption of Hybrid Maize Technology in District Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...stan. A sample of 255 respondents in the study area was randomly chosen using a multistage random sampling technique. The logit model was used to measure the probability of adoption of hybrid maize technology. The estimated results of the model revealed that younger farmers were comparatively more adoptive of the hybrid maize technology. Education level, number of adult males involved in agriculture and land holdings of the farmers affected the adoption of the...

Inam Ullah1, Mahfooz Khan2*, Munir Khan2, Himayatullah Khan2 and Azra3

Factors Affecting Different Wheat Varieties Yield in District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis
...ted from 150 selected respondents randomly in district Peshawar. For this purpose, the effect of various inputs was separately analyzed using multiple regression model. The empirical results show that for Pirsabaaq-5 wheat variety, the effect of (weedicides) was insignificant. While for Pirsabaaq-8 wheat variety irrigation was found insignificant and for Pirsabaaq-13, wheat variety the effect of seed was insignificant. It was observed that majority of the farm...

Nadeem Abbas Shah1*, Ejaz Ashraf1, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Zaheer ud Din Mirani3, Usman Rafique1 and Raees Abbas Shah4

Assessing Perceptions of the Households-heads Regarding Food Security Status in Drought-hit Areas of District Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan: A Case Study for Agricultural Extension
...he perceptions of the respondents for ongoing food security status in the district of Tharparkar, Sindh-Pakistan and to highlight the role of extension service delivery organizations in the area. District Tharparkar is the most vulnerable area in the country for food insecurity. Tharparkar has four tehsils such as Mithi, Diplo, Chachro and Nangerparkar. Out of four tehsils, one tehsil Mithi was selected purposively. A well- structured questionnaire and key inf...
Gulzhan Aubakirova1*, Zhanat Adilbekov2, Assylkhan Inirbayev2, Assel Zhamanova2 and Aibar Akhmetov3
...he presence of gulls and pond mollusks on this lake, which are the main links in the helminth’s life cycle. We have also identified isolated cases of ligulosis in roach and crucian carp from the “DSU-58” dam, where, respectively, IR was 27 and 14.2%. The presence of this disease is associated with the presence of fish-eating birds and crustaceans in this pond.
...
Aatif Amin1,*, Zakia Latif2, Arslan Sarwar1, Basit Zeshan1 and Mushtaq A. Saleem1
... homology with the corresponding region of the merA gene of already reported mercury resistant Gram positive bacteria. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was applied to the amplification products of 16S rRNA and merA genes and a specific restriction patterns was successfully obtained after treatment with different endonucleases. A small scale reservoir of Luria Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with 30 μg/mL of HgCl2<...

Mehnaz Safdar and Urooba Pervaiz*

Constraints in Accessing Agricultural Extension Services by Rural Women: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...ions, 128  women respondents from each district were randomly selected and interviewed through pre-designed interview schedule in 2018. Results indicated that 47% respondents were in middle age category (31-40 years), 59% were illiterate, 91% women respondents were married and 75% households were headed by male. It was observed that local famers/colleagues were the main source of info...

Imtiaz Hussain1, Azhar Mahmood Aulakh2, Muhammad Sohail1*, Khalid Hussain2, Ansaar Ahmed3, Abdul Hamid3 and Muhammad Imtiaz3

Impact of Zero Tillage on Productivity of Traditional Mung Bean-Wheat Cropping System of Punjab, Pakistan
...d mung bean yield, correspondingly in comparison to conventional tillage practice. This improvement in grain yield with zero tillage can be linked to better germination. Adoption of zero tillage planting technique reduced total cost of production by Rs. 6236 ha-1 and helped farmer to earn additional Rs. 25601 ha-1 in terms of annual net returns than prevailing conventional tillage system. The benefit-cost ratio under zero tillage was calculated as 2.19 whereas...

Muhammad Yaseen1*, Muhammad Luqman1*, Zahoor Hussain2, Usman Saleem3, Asif Nawaz1, Tahir Munir Butt4 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood1

Assessment of Knowledge Level and Information Sources of Vegetable Growers regarding Tunnel Farming in District Sargodha
...is way a sample of 90 respondents was interviewed using a structured interview schedule. The content validity of the instrument was checked by the panel of experts and followed by the reliability test run through SPSS. Data were analyzed and evaluated by Microsoft Excel and SPSS to reach a meaningful decision in the consideration of data acquired. The maximum numbers of respondents were falling in the age range of 26 to 50 y...

Syed Muhammad1*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui2, Farhat Ullah Khan1 and Nawab Khan3

Self-perceived Constraints of Extension Field Staff Affecting their Working Efficiency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...in which all EFS (95) respondents comprised of Field Assistants (FAs) and Agriculture Officers (AOs) served as respondents. Five-point Likert scale (Likert 1967) was used to record the response of respondents. Results showed that a majority of the respondents (85.3 %) were FAs by designation, almost half of them (50.5 %) were of middle age (> 35 to 50...

Muhammad Luqman1*, Roshan Hussain1, Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Umer Mehmood1, Ijaz Asghar2 and Usman Saleem1

Comparative Analysis of Dietary Intake Patterns of Rural and Urban Communities of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
...ly sample size of 600 respondents (300 rural respondents and 300 urban respondents) was randomly selected through equal distribution technique and interviewed by using structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the following key results were obtained. Most of the respondents from the study were abo...
Sukhpreet Kaur Sidhu*, Gurkirat Singh Sekhon, Randeep Kaur Aulakh and Tejdeep Kaur Kler
...re. The present study on ponds was carried out on avian diversity and its services of composition in relation to vegetation distribution to understand their biodiversity. Four natural ponds and one man-made pond were surveyed at three locations viz. Ludhiana (location I), Ropar (location II) and Ferozpur (location III) falling in three agro climatic zones. A total of 51 bird species belong...

Sanaullah1*, Abdul Basit2 and Inayat Ullah3

Challenges and Prospects of Farm Mechanization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Rural Farmers in District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
...e literate, while 68% respondents had farming as their income source and land owners were 64% with small landholding (46%). The study exposed that illiteracy of the respondents (4.10), et al system (3.98), lack of trained machinery operators (4.27), access of roads to the farm (4.45), adequate capital (4.00) and costly inputs (3.80) were some of the challenges plaguing the use of agricultural mechanization in the rural area....

Mansoor Qadir1*, Yousaf Khan2, Shahid Khan3, Djamaleddine Djeldjli3 and Muhanned Ismael Ibrahim Al Firas4

... coding scheme and corresponding network architecture to support high capacity Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON). The coding scheme is proposed by deploying diagonal eigenvalue unity (DEU) scheme at the frequency domain (X-axis) in combination with double weight zero cross-correlation (DW-ZCC) code at the time domain (Y-axis). The proposed 2D-DZ coding scheme provides high orthogonality in adjacent codes and resolves the problem of larger code lengths. Th...
Jia Shi
...ncidence of treatment responders in comparison to non-responders was significantly lower (OR = 0.78, CI (0.7-0.87), p <0.0001). High heterogeneity was observed in this analysis (I2 = 95%, p <0.0001). to investigate factors affecting heterogeneity, a subgroup analysis was done based on the HBV genotype. 5 Studies in which most patients (&g...
Tanveer Hussain, Masroor Ellahi Babar*, Akhtar Ali and Fiaz Hussain
...were compared with corresponding genetic sequences of other animal species available on NCBI including European bison, Indian bison, Tibetan antelope, wild yak, domestic goat, sheep, water buffalo and cattle for biological positioning of dromedary camel. The results reconfirmed the classical biological classification.
...

Dabesa Wegari and Fikiru Temesgen Gelata*

 

 

...n actors; totally 476 respondents by using interview schedule, site visit and personal observation. Data analysis was made using descriptive and inferential statistics. In the study areas, the major beef cattle value chain actors were input suppliers, producers, traders, fatteners, processors, retailers, consumers and governmental and non-governmental institutions. The core functions of the chain actors were input supply, production, marketing/trading, process...
Muhammad Tariq Chaudhary1, Saleem Ashraf 2, Muhammad Yaseen3 and Muhammad Luqman3
 
 
...uestionnaire from 300 respondents who were recently appointed as Field Assistants (FAs) in Agriculture Department. Total 237 questioners returned by the respondents were found complete, thus, sample size was reduced to 237. Effective Schools Model presented by Lezotte (2010)” was employed as theoretical framework of this study. Collected data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results...
Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Saleem Ashraf3, Tahir Munir Butt4, Abdur Rehman5, Imtiaz Hussain6 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood2
 
 
...re population, female respondents from the study area were drawn randomly. A total sample size of the study was 110 respondents (rural female engaged in different farming activities). Data were collected through pre-tested interview schedule and analyzed using SPSS. Results showed that an overwhelming majority of respondents (89.1%) were perceived that family farming played a significant r...
Asima Batool1, Ghulam Abbas2*, Zuhair Hasnain3, Nasira Perveen4 and Muhammad Naeem Akhtar5
...ies, the hybrids also respond differentially to the prevailing high temperature stress condition. The results also showed that hybrids capable of producing greater root mass were better able to withstand the heat stress than those with a lesser root volume. In the current screening effort, the hybrid SB-11 emerged as heat tolerant while ICI-984 was ranked as heat sensitive hybrid based on the investigated growth para...
Ahmad Abrar Khan* and Muhammad Idrees
...re collected from 132 respondents belonging to the district Mansehra’s five agriculture circles through a pre-tested interview schedule. Results were obtained through frequency, percentage and multiple regression with a dummy variable model. The majority (46.2%) apricot growers cultivated apricot on 01 kanal of land and major group (31.8%) were getting 51-70 Kg yields per tree. Moreover, 68.9% of apricot growers used chemical fertilizers, and Farm Yard M...
Tariq Ali Mastoi1, Zulfiqar Ali Mastoi2*, Zahoor Ahmed Khetran3, Ghulam Hussain Alizai2, Binish Baig4, Mitha Khan2 and Syed Jahangir Shah1
 
 
... and obstacles of the respondents for obtaining micro finance loan from Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL). Out of selected districts; ten respondents were chosen randomly who obtained micro finance loans. The information of the selected districts and respondents was obtained (ZTBL). Thus, the respondents were interviewed personally and necessary data w...
Md. Sabbir Ahamed1, Md. Rayhan Chowdhury1, Md. Atik Mas-ud1, Sujat Ahmed2, Md. Shahadat Hossain1 and Mohammad Nurul Matin1
 
 
... selection of this corresponding trait would be more effective. Identified low value of GCV than the PCV, suggesting environment may play influencial role on their phenotypic expression. Correlation coefficient values of yield attributing traits reveals that the association among total grain per panicle (0.96**) and FGPa (0.95**) were positive and significant with yield.
...
Ibrar Muhammad Khan1, Dezhi Xu1, Zubing Cao1, Hongyu Liu1, Adnan Khan2,  Sajid Ur Rahman3, Jam Zaheer Ahmed4, Muhammad Akmal Raheem5 and Yunhai Zhang1*
...mmol of vitamin E. Correspondingly the DNA integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential percentage were found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in diluent groups treated with 7.5 mmol L-cysteine or 4.8 mmol vitamin E. The juvenile results indicated that L-cysteine and vitamin E improves the freeze-thawed spermatozoa characteristics in crossbred bulls.
...
Ahsan Numan1,4, Abdul Basit Qureshi2, Fehmeda Farrukh Khan3,Faisal Masud3,Ijaz Ahmad4, Kamran Ashraf5, Nisar Ahmad5, Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf 4, Imtiaz Rabbani4, Hafsa Zaneb6 and Habib Rehman4*
...ompared with their corresponding duration of DMT2-matched individuals without clinical DSP. Latency, conduction velocity and amplitude of four sensory nerves (median, ulnar, peroneal and sural) and four motor nerves (median, ulnar, peroneal and tibial) were measured. Results demonstrated significant differences in all electrophysiological attributes of motor nerves except tibial nerve of the DSP patients compared to DMT2 patients in the short duration group. S...
Arshad Bhat1*, Masudul H. Wani1, Shabir A. Wani2, Abid Qadir3, Iqra Qureshi4 and Abid Sultan2
 

...kewise, gender of the respondent was also found to be having a positive relation with purchase of biodegradable bags.
...

Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar1, Waqas Wakil2, Shahbaz Talib Sahi3, Waqas Raza1* and Mahmood Ahmad Randhawa4

...ts. The cultivar C-44 responds efficiently as compared with other two cultivars. The results of the current study showed that amino acids play significant role in resistance and susceptibility of chickpea cultivars against A. rabiei.

...

Shapon Kumar Bashak1, Alok Kumar Paul1, Md. Akhtar Hossain1, Usman Atique2,3*, Sonia Iqbal3, Md. Najim Uddin1, Asrafi Mohammad Farhaduzzaman4, Md. Mojibar Rahman5, Md. Shahanul Islam6

...mi-intensive aquaculture ponds. The cuchia eel was reared in rainfed earthen fishponds and supplemented with poultry viscera in three different stocking densities of T1 (9880 cuchia/ha), T2 (14820 cuchia/ha) and T3 (19760 cuchia/ha). The results divulged that the physicochemical water quality factors varied significantly in different ponds. Similar was the case with the mean outcomes about...
Iqra Muzammil1, Muhammad Ijaz Saleem1, Amjad Islam Aqib2,*, Ambreen Ashar3Syed Ashar Mahfooz1, Sajjad ur Rahman4, Muhammad Shoaib4, Muhammad Aamir Naseer1, Imran Khan Sohrani1, Javeed Ahmad1, Razaullah Saqi1, Fizzah Laeeq Lodhi1 and
Qaisar Tanveer5
...R=7.33, p=0.002), pond as source of drinking water (OR=2.05, p=0.179), stall feeding (OR=7.27, p<0.001), 4-6 years of age of goat (OR=4.2, p=0.0874), and teat injury (OR=13.74, p<0.001) were potential risk factors for subclinical mastitis. The in-vitro findings of current study revealed 100% sensitivity of S. aureus against gentamicin, oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and linezolid while 80% of biofilm negati...

Mohammad Tariq Aziz* and Ayesha Khan

...ue was used to select respondents from three selected villages of Tehsil Shabqadar of District Charsadda, namely Hajizai, Katozai and Battagram. Through Proportional Allocation Technique a sample of 112 respondents on basis of 10% of total 1120 registered farmers was drawn to collect primary data through pre-tested and well-structured interview schedule. Collected data was analysized using Statistical Package for Social Scie...

Rahat Rukhsana1, Shahnaz Rashid2, Asma Fatima2, Owais Iqbal Khan3, Syed Babar Hussain Shah4, Mumtaz Ali4 and Ghulam Abbas2*

...mg l-1) was found in the ponds water of Shamimul Hassan Farm, Fish Farm Green Co., and Ghulam Ali Nizamani Fish Farm, although the remaining farms showed maximum values 5.8-7.5 mg l-1. Similar trend for the minimum (2.3 ×105 cells 1-1) and maximum (13.2 ×105 cells 1-1) concentration of phytoplankton cell density was also found in all the ponds, representing a strong correlation (P>0.05) between chlorophyll-a a...

Summara Abbasi* and Khalid Nawab

...randomly selected 333 respondents. For analysis of data descriptive statistics and binary logistic model was used through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATA. Information about dairy practices was studied and percentages recorded, about 70% of the farmers were aware of artificial insemination and vaccination while at least 51% was reported about livestock management. Improved feeding was very active as 70% of farmers were well informed...
Assefa Tessema Tecklie1*, Abebe Getahun Gubale1, Seyoum Mengistou Yilma1, Tadesse Fetahi Hailu1 and Eshete Dejen Diresilign2
...ake Hayq were used as respondents for structured questionnaires. In addition to this, 30 fish traders and 8 fish hotel owners specialized in fish dish were used as key informants. The average age of fishermen was around 36 which were in active force age group (< 65 years). Most (97%) of the fishermen used gillnets imported from Egypt with mesh size of 4-6 cm stretched mesh size < 8 cm which is the national standard. There are three commercially important...

Abdul Hameed1*, Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda1 and Abdul Salam2

...ded calories). The corresponding figures for the urban and rural areas are 40.5% and 36.7%, respectively. Households experiencing deficiency in caloric intake in Balochistan and Sindh provinces are comparatively higher. Nutritional deficiencies in terms of essential macro and micronutrients indicate that 40% of households were deficient in protein, with 58% in urban and 44% in rural areas. Micronutrient deficiency analysis shows that 22% of the survey househol...

Muhammad Shahzad1*, Syed Amer Mahmood2, Athar Ashraf3, Amer Masood2 and Saira Batool4

...sting results that correspond to the relative sensitivity of the landscape to regional neotectonics. DD exposed the neotectonic activity preserved in the Quaternary era in the surroundings of NPS. The TSR maps revealed that North-North-East (NNE), North-West (NW), South-West (SW) f the investigation region and segments parallel to the Sassi Raikot Fault (SRF), Sassi-Jaglot-Bunji (SJB) sector of Nanga Parbat Syntaxis as active tectonic zones. The areas which in...

Shahzad Khan1*, Munir Khan1, Arif Alam2, Ikram Shah2, Mahfooz Khan1 and Fida Muhammad Khan1

...iew from the selected respondents with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. For data analysis, profit margin, gross margin and Cobb-Douglas production function were applied. Therefore, the labour, tractor, and fertilizers were found major components in the total variable cost. The profit per acre was obtained as Rs.12714. The profit margin was obtained at 32.48%. Empirical results of the regression model found tractor, fertilizer, seed, and pest/weed i...

NawalM. Abdulla1, M. Haroun1*,Mohamed A. Shalaby2and Ahmed A. Elsanousi2

...ted cDNA fragments corresponding to the NDV RNA extracted from amnioallantoic
fluids (AAF). Sequence analysis and phylogensis of the NDVQF13 strain using 150bp
primer sets revealed 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 amino acid motif confirming velogenicity of the
strain and its relation to genotype group VII, respectively. NDVQF13 failed qualification
for sequence and phylogentic analysis using the same primers.
...

Amal Mahmoud1&2 and Medhat H. Hashem3

...esulted in 1110 nt correspond to partial sequence of polymerase (pol) and envelop (env) genesTwo HBV isolates were associated with HCC (Sohag1 and 7). Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence and the amino acid of the pol or env genes revealed that 7 out of the 8 isolates were closely related to genotype D. Only Sohag 1-HCC isolate was clustered with genotype C which is known as risk factor of HCC. Multiple sequence alignment resulted in unique amino a...

Allam A. Megahed1; Hoda M.A. Waziri2; Khaled A. El-Dougdoug3; Badawi A. Othman3; Sirag M. Lashin1; Mohamed D. Hassanin1 and Mahmoud A. Ibrahim4

...vely for BtMV. The corresponding figures of the purified virus preparation of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) were 2.196 mg/ml, and the min, max nm, Amax./Amin., A260/A280 and A280/A260 were 248, 264, 1.606, 1.237, and 0.785, respectively. The polyclonal antibodies raised against BtMV and BNYVV by 5 injection doses each, using different injection types obtained from rabbit bleedings 10 days after the last injection had the titer of 1:2048 and 1:1024, r...

Salama M. El-Saghir1, 2

...v>
and their corresponding insect vectors.
...

Md. Abdullah Al Mamun1,2*, Shamima Nasren1,3, Sanjay Singh Rathore1 and Kavalagiriyanahalli Srinivasiah Ramesh1

Nadeem Anwar1, Muhammad Luqman2*, Shaoib Nasir3, Moazzam Sabir1, Hafiz Bashir Ahmad4 and Saleem Ashraf5

...rdle. Majority of the respondents revealed their concern on rising inflation in the country. They reported that the increase in cost of production negatively effects the profit earned especially by the small farmers. The results of inter-correlation analysis of variables, which are considered to be a constraining factor in citrus production confirms that most of the variables are interrelated and by resolving one, may lead to the resolution of other accompanyi...

Iftikhar ud Din* and Yousaf Hayat

...y to that found in corresponding MANOVA. Further it was observed that for highly correlated traits, the status of some of the effects found in separate ANOVAs for both the traits are totally altered by the MANOVA model.

...

Sana Javeid* and Khalid Nawab

...Primary data from 306 respondents were collected using multistage simple random sampling techniques. The data were collected using an interview schedule; analysis were carried out by using cross-tabulation, frequency counts, percentages through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). To measure the poverty level of apple orchard growers, poverty score card was employed. In addition, bivariate analysis was used to examine relationship between various ex...
Aftab Raza Khan1, Azhar Abbas Khan2*, Javed Iqbal3, Arif Muhammad Khan4, Zeshan Hassan2, Hafiz Muhammad Aatif2 and Umbreen Shahzad2
...francolin Francolinus pondicerianus is the Least Concern in the Red List of Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, its population has been significantly reduced in the desert ecosystem of Bhakkar (Punjab) Pakistan. The study was conducted to study the population ecology and breeding biology in relation to feeding habits of grey francolin in 16 different stands in Bhakkar, Punjab, Paki...
Naveed Farah1*, Izhar Ahmad Khan1, Asif Ali Abro2, Jehanzeb Masood Cheema3 and Muhammad Luqman4*
...d 71.8 % (Sahiwal) of respondents rely on farming plus non-farming activities as alternate livelihood strategies. The results of independent T-test reveals that the human and social assets index show an improved livelihood in Faisalabad. However, Sahiwal has a better Physical assets index (p=.008), natural assets index (p=.000) and Financial assets index (p=.000) as compared to Faisalabad. The overall livelihood index shows an improvement in the livelihood ass...

Muhammad Yaseen*, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Luqman, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed and Muhammad Umer Mehmood

...outh, a sample of 450 respondents was selected using a multistage sampling technique. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to have descriptive statistics of data. The majority of youth respondents were taking part in agricultural activities like land preparation, sowing practices, irrigation, harvesting and storage obtaining a percentage of 80.2%, 77.6%, 79.3%, 90%, and 75.8% respectively. Lack of basic fa...
Jun-Dong Tian1,2, Wei-Jie Guo1,2, Han Yan1, Jie Zhang1, Shu-Liao Tian3 and Ji-Qi Lu1,2,*
...activity rhythm which responds to the timing of feces defecation. To test the effect of activity rhythm on fecal microbiota, we used non-invasive sampling method to collect the feces defecated in the morning (AM group) and afternoon (PM group) from a zoo rhesus macaque population. Then 16S rRNA sequencing technology was adopted to assess the microbial communities. The results showed i) the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Spiro...
Anwar Khan1, Fareeha Nosheen2,4, Bushra Tabassum2*, Olawale Samuel Adeyinka2, Khurram Shehzad3, Naila Shahid2, Arif Muhammad Khan4 and Idrees Ahmad Nasir2
... short hairpin RNA corresponding to siRNA3 was designed and tested against CP-PVX which resulted in a similar pattern of inhibition on RNA expression of target gene as synthetic siRNA3. It was found that mRNA expression of targeted gene was reduced to 91% depicting strong RNAi response generated by shRNA. Our findings support the possibility of using consensus siRNA and shRNA-based approach as a promising strategy in effective inhibition of PVX in in-vitro<...

Milkessa Wakjira, Fikiru Temesgen*, Chala Hailu and Dabesa Wegari

... 70% of participating respondents reported that they could not survive if the present trend lasts more than three months. As a temporary solution to sustain their business 169 (45.40%) reduced the number of their employees, 73 (19.60%) laid off their employees as the result of the pandemic crisis. The findings of study are consistent with previous studies and so that national authorities must continue taking a host of measures to provide support to ensure cont...

Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho1*, Philip Akintunde Fatodu1 and Toyin Benedict Ajibade2

...veal that most of the respondents were male (73.6%), with mean age of 28 years and average of 12 years farming experience. Farmers’ level of record keeping was low (Mean=2.26), and their attitude was poor (index=0.43). Farmers’ knowledge of record keeping was fair (index=0.66) while they had high intensions towards keeping records (index=0.77). Farmers’ overall behavior was fair (index=0.62) and determined by years of schooling (β=0.034)...

Theophilus Miebi Gbigbi* and Rodney Akpoviri Isiorhovoja

...at the average age of respondents was 43 years; majority (85%) of respondents were males with 16 years’ experience in exotic chicken production; 75% were married and 48% had secondary education. The mean household size was 5 persons. Budgetary analysis showed a net return of ₦930,700.00 per annum and return on investment was 1.73 per naira. This means that exotic chicken production is profitable. The double log regre...

Hamida Bibi1*, Dave Rraffaelli2 and Muhammad Sharif1

...vironmental condition of ponds and canal system of North Yorkshire, UK. Samples of benthic communities from eight different stations were collected from the bed of ponds and canals with a pond net. The sites were varying in their qualities as determined in the laboratory by Average Score Per Texon (ASPT) as well as water conductivity. For most sites the body mass distributions were skewed ...

Saadu Mustapha1,2, Norsida Man1*,  Jasmin Arif Shah1, Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman1 and Ahmadu Abubakar Tafida3

...oal was to define the respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics, classify the types of ICT tools adopted by the respondents and identify factors influencing the adoption of ICT in extension service delivery among the respondents. Primary data were obtained using multi-stage cluster sampling technique, using organized questionnaires administered to 254 respon...

Riaz Alam1*, Muhammad Sajid2 and Durri Shahwar3

...bratica and Pendolino responded efficiently to all these attributes, when treated with 1000 and 3000 ppm IBA solution respectively. 

...
Congfen Zhang1,Yingxiao Liu2, Linfeng He2, Fengjun Shi2, Weitang Yao2 and Xuegang Luo2,*
...) as well as their corresponding mRNA levels in the fat bodies of the pupae were evaluated. As a result, we found that the contents of MDA were increased at 4 h and then decreased compared with control. And, the contents of GSH were decreased gradually. However, the activities of catalase were inhibited and the trend of SOD activity changes was down-regulation in a time-dependent manner with higher concentration treatments. The changing trends in the mRNA leve...
Roheela Yasmeen1*, Laiba Asif1 and Samia Djeffal2
...eoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and actinic keratosis etc. Although, it is good for livestock, its impact on the vulture population has been very deleterious. The present review discusses the chemical structure, uses, and the mechanism of the action of diclofenac and its negative impacts on vulture populations along with less harmful alternatives such as meloxicam, and controlling measures to stop decline of vulture species that can be adopted to regain n...

Nawab Khan1, Ram L. Ray2, Muhammad Ihtisham3*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui4*, Muhammad Khayyam5, Raheel Anjum6 and Simplice A. Asongu7

...stan. A sample of 120 respondents was selected through multi-stage-random sampling from two tehsils (Sinjawi and Ziarat) of district Ziarat. Data were collected with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule. The association of some chosen socioeconomic characteristics like age, education, and size of landholding of the farmers with their awareness and adoption level was measured through the chi-squire (χ2) test. The research outcomes showed that 49.2% o...

Samreen Khan*, Salma Javed, Tabassum Ara Khanum, Nasira Kazi

...s, resultantly the corresponding recovery rate of EPNs was found 10.9% which includes only genus Steinernema comprising two isolates of S. balochiense (24%), two isolates of S. siamkayai (24%) and four unidentified Steinernema spp (52%). However, genus Heterorhabditis was not identified from collected soil samples. Characterization of these previously reported isolates made possible by using morphometric scrutiny. The recovered nematodes further compared with ...
Syed Shahid Imran Bukhari1*, Nusrat Jahan2, Muhammad Khalil Ahmed Khan3, Mariam Zaheer1, Sabir Javed1
...ed compared to the corresponding control values. High dose (400mg/kg) was effective in reducing blood sugar random and fasting blood glucose level (58.00±6.35 and 66.00±2.5 mg/dl) respectively. High dose was effective in reducing bilirubin (0.67±0.15), SGPT (35.67±2.03), SGOT (127.67±4.67) and alkaline phosphatase (86.33±1.86) compared to their corresponding control group values. A. ...

Vladimir Safonov 

...y cows at the age, corresponding to 2 to 3 lactations, with mean or great live market quality and a weight of 500 to 650 kg. The content of microelements, malonic dialdehyde, enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system in the blood was investigated. Biochemical analysis of the blood was also performed to estimate the functional state of the cow’s organism. In animals from the selenium-deficient region, the microelement conten...
Xiaoyun He1, Yongfu La2, Jinxin Wang1, Ran Di1, Qiuyue Liu1, Xiangyu Wang1, Wenping Hu1 and Mingxing Chu1*

...ated that H2, H7 were preponderant haplotype in high prolificacy sheep breed. The litter size of TT genotype was significantly higher than that in CC genotype at T1235C loci in STH sheep (P<0.05). The current study provides evidence in sheep for genetic markers that might be used in breeding program. 
...

Tilahun Woretaw1, Netsanet Beyero2*, Yonatan Kassu3 

...riana. A total of 100 respondents, 58 from three high land peasant associations and 42 from two midland peasant associations, were purposely selected for an interview who had at least one livestock. Secondary data sources, field observation, and semi-structured questionnaire interviews were employed to generate data. The descriptive data were analyzed by percentages, means, and standard errors of the mean. At the same time quantitative data were subjected to A...

Pham Tan Nha*, Le Thu Thuy 

... with 5 treatments corresponding to 5 diets and 3 replications. Ten ducks balancing in sex were used in one experimental unit. The treatment 0 (basic diet, 0%). Treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4 were mixed basic and shrimp soluble hydrolysate with 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%, respectively (DM). The treatments were: SH0, SH1, SH2, SH3 and SH4, respectively. The results shown that daily weight gain (DWG) was lower for the ducks without supplementing shrimp hydrolyte (SH0 treatment)...

Arshad Farooq1, Abdul Hassan1, Muhammad Ishaq2, Asif Nawaz3*, Iltaf Ullah4 and Hidayatullah5

...ndomly from 60 sample respondents comprised of 30 respondents each from Charsadda and Nowshera districts through pre-tested interview schedule. The empirical results indicated that majority (68%) farmers of both districts had medium knowledge level (35.19%). The lowest knowledge level of the sample farmers was found in early maturity (short duration) maize (OPVs) varieties (26.67%), IPM techniques (25.84%), wheat on ridges/s...
Ardi Prasetio1*, Christina Maria Sri Lestari2, Sutaryo Sutaryo2, Manar Fayiz Mousa Atoum3,4Muhammad Zahoor5, Asma Nisar6 and Muhannad Illayan Massadeh7
... occurrence. The body responded to chitin as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) to trigger the inflammation. BSLF can substitute SBM. However, it needs further study to eliminate the inflammation response caused by chitin in BSLF.
...

Nguyen Binh Truong1,2,3*, Nguyen Van Thu3 

...d 59% NDF in diets corresponding to NDF47, NDF51, NDF55 and NDF59 treatments following the previous findings of the in vitro experiment. Each experimental period was two weeks including one week for adaptation and another one for sampling. The results showed that nutrient intakes (kg/animal/day) were similar (P>0.05) among treatments, however DM and OM intakes were numerically higher for the NDF55 treatment compared with the others. Digestibilities (%) of D...

Khadim Hussain Memon1,*, Amir Mahmood Memon2, Tahira Jabeen Ursani3, Abdul Manan Shaikh1 and Sapna Waheed Memon1

...ere also estimated correspondingly. The annual total mortality (Z) was 1.03/year, natural mortality (M) was 0.635/year at mean annual surface water temperature of Indus River 21°C, fishing mortality (F) was 0.395/year and exploitation rate (E) was estimated at 0.384/year. The growth performances indices phi prime (Φ’) 3.429 was computed accordingly. The present fishing mortality 0.395/year was smaller than the target biological reference points (...

Pham Tan Nha1*, Nguyen Thi Kim Dong2, Le Thu Thuy1 

... with 5 treatments corresponding to 5 diets and 4 replications with 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were the different ginger supplement levels of 0.1. 0.2. 0.3 and 0.4 % (in DM) to basal diet. Corresponding to the G0, G0.1, G0.2, G0.3 and G0.4 treatments. The results showed that the daily intakes of DM, OM, CP and EE were signiificantly higher (P<0.05) for the 3 last treatments (the G0.2, G0.3 and G0.4 tre...
Seble Mulugeta1 and Amenu Leta2*
... employed to draw 210 respondents. The descriptive statistics and multinomial logit and the binary logit model were used to analysis the data . The descriptive result revealed that a total of samples 37 (17.6%) were adopter of modern energy sources, 50(23.8%) were adopter of both traditional and renewable energy technology, and 123 (58.6%) were user of traditional energy source. The binary logit model revealed that age, family size, education, income, number o...

Mahreen Alam*, Muhammad Ashfaq, Sarfraz Hassan and Asghar Ali 

...re collected from 300 respondents along 11-L distributary located in District Sahiwal, Punjab-Pakistan during 2018-19. A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data, and three stratums like head, middle, and tail of 11-L distributary were selected based on groundwater quality. The results showed that the benefit-cost ratio for milk production was higher with good groundwater quality. The Data Envelopment Analysis was used to calculate the tec...

Oce Astuti1, La Sara2*, Muzuni3 and Safilu4

...f females BSCs always preponderated over males, while C. anisodon, T. crenata, and T. danae were in contrary. Similar results were also showed for overall sex ratio of each species. The other species were mostly no patterns of SR. Chi-square test showed that those SRs were mainly significant different (P < 0.05). Data of CC implies that this waters constitutes main habitat for BSCs which prefer intertidal zone grown by mangroves (station A) particularly in ...

Shoaib Hameed1, Shakeel Ahmad1, Jaffar Ud Din2 and Muhammad Ali Nawaz3*

...r valleys. Ninety-six respondents (59 from Laspur Valley and 37 from Broghil Valley) reported a total of 449 livestock losses (90 heads per year) to carnivore species—grey wolf (Canis lupus), snow leopard (Panthera pardus), Himalayan lynx (Lynx lynx isabellinus)—during the five-year (2005–2009) period, which translated into an economic loss of USD 34,297 (PKR 2,931,022); USD 357 (PKR 30,531) per household. Himalayan brown bear was not account...

Chandrakala Rana1*, Deepak Subedi1*, Shanti Kunwar1, Rajesh Neupane1, Birendra Shrestha2, Khan Sharun3, Dinesh Kumar Singh4 and Krishna Kaphle2

...performed and the dog responded to the intervention and recovered uneventfully.

...

Hilarius Yosef Sikone1*, Budi Hartono2, Suyadi2, Bambang Ali Nugroho2 

...ng (applied to farmer respondents) and snowball sampling (to collect respondents from traders and butchers). Samples used in the study were 115 respondents consisting of 90 farmers, ten collectors, four inter-island cattle traders, six cattle butchers, and five meat retailers. The data was analyzed quantitatively, the presentation of the data was descriptive, and the added value of marketi...

Tahir Munir Butt1*, Azra2, Muhammad Luqman3, Naveed Farah4 and Muhammad Yaseen3

...tion, majority of the respondents were aware about health associated hazards (Hepatitis, Nausea etc.) of wastewater produced vegetables. It was further concluded that there exists a difference between mean of perceived rewards/incentives received from (especially untreated) wastewater irrigation in vegetables and mean its consequences/disadvantages. Therefore, it is recommended that timely and effective campaigns must be launched in the extensive vegetable gro...

Magdy M. Fahmy1, Nisreen E. Mahmoud 1*, Mohamed R. Mousa2, Manal M. Zaki3, Elshaimaa Ismael3, Mai Abuowarda1 

...nzala Lake and its corresponding fish farms. Fish samples together with water samples were collected from 3 affected farms and 6 locations along Manzala Lake. Field observations and physicochemical analysis of water revealed deterioration of water quality indicating marked pollution. Parasitological examination of fish samples showed high total prevalence of 68.18% with 10 different ectoparasite species (4 Crustaceans, 4Monogeneans and2 Protozoans) of which th...

Mohammad Mahmudi1,2*, Muhammad Musa1,2, Sulastri Arsad1,2, Evellin Dewi Lusiana1,2, Alamanda Bunga1, Nur Azlina Wati1 

...ing mangroves and shrimp ponds has been discussed as an attempt to preserve mangrove forests as well as using them as wastewater treatment for aquaculture sewage. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of integrated super-intensive shrimp aquaculture with mangroves in terms of water quality characteristics and phytoplankton as a bioindicator. The study was conducted at coastal area of Probolinggo region, Indonesia. Our research showed that the culture...

Asli Salcioglu

...types/haplogroups, corresponding to three different species. Additionally, the number of mutations and high values of sequence divergences were useful in differentiating the three different Spicara.

...

Hyun-Ju Cho1, Eun-Jae Lee2 and Shin-Jae Rhim3*

...ulation, while the corresponding variables associated with A. peninsulae population were suboverstory coverage, understory coverage, and the volume of coarse woody debris as preferred habitat variables. We found that patch size and habitat variables had major direct effects on small rodent populations. Investigations of biodiversity in urban areas are necessary and should be considered in urban planning for the conservation of biodiversity.

...

Husmaini1*, Riza Andesca Putra1, Indri Juliyarsi1, Tevina Edwin1, Linda Suhartati1, Aditya Alqamal Alianta1, Harmaini2 

...in in-situ areas. The respondents of this study were fifty-seven farmers who kept the KBC. The method was survey method and purposive sampling to determine the respondents. The observed variables were breeder profile, maintenance management, number of KBC, actual population (Na), effective population (Ne), and inbreeding rate. The total population of KBC in Nagari Batu Bajanjang, Tigo Lurah District is 1960, with an actual p...

Hosny Kesba1, Ashraf Suloma2, Samy Sayed3*, Abdullah Abdel-Rahman1 and Shaimaa Diab1

...g semi-intensive tilapia pond (STP), intensive tilapia biofloc (ITB) systems, and well water (WW), on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplants7 or 45 days after planting in sandy loam or sandy soils. Each irrigation source was applied daily at 150 mL/pot. The STP source was more suppressive to nematode development than ITB irrigation source in the two inoculation times of treatments either in sandy soil or sandy loam soil. Also, the produc...
Bambang Yudi Ariadi1*, Rahayu Relawati1, Barbara Szymoniuk2 and Waris Ali Khan3
...res were filled by 95 respondents who met the requirements. Data were analyzed using the partial least square–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) model. The results revealed that product, psychography, and demography influence the purchase of organic vegetables. Furthermore, product and demography also influence the WTP of organic vegetables. All product attributes positively correlate with product variables, except the label. About psychography, cons...

Noora Hassan Hezam Al-Aqmer1*, Zain Aamir2, Muhammad Farooq Hanif3, Soumble Zulfiqar4, Sibgha Zulfiqar1, Mateen Izhar5 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori4*

...ents (genotype 3) who responded to the directly acting antiviral treatment and achieved negative HCV-RNA three months after completing the treatment (sustained virologic response (SVR)) and 66 hepatitis C patients (genotype 3) who did not achieve SVR three months after completing the same treatment. Informed consent was taken from participants, demographic data was collected, and 5 mL of blood was drawn from each participant and used for DNA extraction, polyme...

Phassakon Nuntapanich1*, Hathaichanok Nuntapanich2 and Woraman Maicharoen3

... the community. Trapping ponds in paddy fields have developed and transferred from the old generation as local wisdom. It is the tools considering as an appropriate technology, which enables the ecosystem to continually provide services to the farmer (e.g., local food security, household income, surface water supply for rice production and enhance soil nutrients for rice crop) without damaging the ecosystem’s capacity to provide the services. The marketi...
Nguyen Binh Truong1,2,3*, Nguyen Van Thu3
...n diets (DM basis) corresponding to NDF47, NDF51, NDF55 and NDF59 treatments. In the second experiment, a total of 30 crossbred beef cattle were assigned into three groups (Charolais, Black Angus and Wagyu) which each consisted of ten animals (5 males and 5 females). The experiment consisted of a 7 days adaptation period when crossbred cattle were introduced to the pens and experimental diets (from the result of experiment 1), followed by a 90-day experimental...
Rubaijaniza Abigaba1,4*, Pharaoh C. Sianangama1, Progress H. Nyanga2, Edwell S. Mwaanga3, Wilson N.M. Mwenya1
...regated data from 622 respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, mean, and standard error of the mean as well as inferential statistics, namely, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, independent samples t-test, ANOVA, and the post-hoc tests were used to analyse the data. Out of 622 respondents, 66.9% were females while 33.1% were males. This study revealed significant associat...

Asim Zubair1*, Iffat Batool2 and Ghulam Akbar Malik3

...cedures to select 160 respondents as the study’s sample. The questionnaire was utilized by the researchers to gather data. Statistical analysis was done to see the either NGOs were playing their best role in Agricultural Sector or not. To examine the research hypothesis, a chi square test was also used. The findings revealed that NGOs had a favorable impact on agriculture.

...

Zunaira Fatima Syeda1*, Ahafaque Ahmad Shah2, Farrah Deeba3 and Farheen Malik1

...ex Project. Total 170 respondents of sports science department and some more sports students from other departments participating in sports activities were conveniently selected as a sample of the study. Mean median, mode and range were calculated to describe the data. The difference between the levels of competence was measured with the help of independent sample t-test. The same was applied on gender and group to observe the difference. The relationship betw...

Rawda S. Mohamed1,2, Mohammed Y. Matoock2*, Abeer H. Abdelrazek2 

...search. However, mice respond differently to stress. Therefore, we conducted this study to screen the behavioral and biochemical responsiveness of two different strains of mice, Balb/c (B) and Swiss (S). A total of fourteen adult males, each of (S) and (B) mice, were housed in either the control group or the multiple concurrent acute stress (MAS) group that was exposed to different physical and emotional stressors for 3-hours. Serum corticosterone level, brain...

Oluwaseun Adetarami1*, Oluwatoyin Olagunju2, Babatunde Adebayo Oyebamiji1, Adegboyega Abel Odeyemi3 and Sina Basil Johnson4

... used to select (160) respondents. The primary data were collected through structured questionnaire. For the data analysis, statistical tools such as budgeting technique and logitistic regression were used. Results of the budgeting technique showed that each farmer of the FBS approach had a mean profit of ₦ 81,134.65 with a cost benefit ratio of 1.09. The results of logistic regression revealed that the age of cocoa farmer, level of education, extension cont...

Muhammad Luqman1*, Adeel Mustafa1, Sheer Abbas2, Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Umer Mehomood1 and Raheel Saqib3

...the maximum number of respondents were belonging to the age category of above 40 years of age and 70 respondents were recorded as illiterate. There were 75% of respondents (148) who claimed that there are multiple major income sources. The respondents who had a low level of poverty and a high level of poverty were the same in the study area. Among res

Atta Ullah*, Nasrullah Khan, Ataur Rahman and Rafi Ullah 

... Information from 250 respondents (240 male, 10 females) was gathered randomly about plants’ medicinal and folk uses in the park. One hundred and sixteen plants species belonging to 99 genera and 50 families were recorded and identified with the help of available literature. Of these, monocots were represented by 17 species under 15 genera and 5 families, while dicots were represented by 99 species belonging to 84 genera and 45 families. The results refl...

Syed Wajahat Husain Jaafry1* and Amber Fatima2

...ed to find how plants respond to different neighbors at various points of genetic affiliation. Contrasting results and lack of molecular evidence in species recognition studies have made this topic more curious and complex. Some plant species compete more vibrantly for below-ground resources when an encounter with neighboring unrelated conspecifics as compared to related conspecifics (kin recognition). Some species increase competition when interacting with re...

Ayesha Khan*, Mohammad Tariq Aziz, Urooba Pervaiz and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...g method was used and respondents were selected from three villages namely Hajizai, Katozai and Batagram of tehsil Shabqadar. A sample of 112 respondents was drawn through proportional allocation technique based on 10% of total 1120 registered farmers. A pre-tested and well-developed interview schedule was used to collect primary data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Results indic...

Muhammad Furqan and Zulfiqar Ali

...ecorded. According to respondents the highest sighting (62.4%) of kalij pheasant was recorded from the forest, followed by cultivated land (20.4%). Major threats to kalij pheasant include forest fire (41.6%), followed by hunting (27.2%), habitat destruction (18.8%), and natural predators (12.4%). The hunting (n=142) of kalij and hunting index (0.855) was recorded during the study period. The maximum hunting was in the evening (54.23%, n=77) followed by night (...

Asma Fatima*, Ghulam Abbas and Shahnaz Rashid

...iversity of marine water ponds at Thatta district, Sindh, Pakistan. Water samples were collected monthly (Jan-Dec, 2019) from different sites of the ponds and studied the total abundance of plankton in each month. During the study, physicochemical parameters of the pond water like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, transparency, ammonia, phosphates, nitrates, potassium, calcium, ...

Muhammad Hanif Chandio1,2*, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Muhammad Farooq Hassan3, Faheem Sadar4, Nasiruddin Shaikh1, Bushra Ainy Dars5, Ghulam Abass6, Asma Fatima6 and Shahnaz Rashid6

Nadia Farooq1*, Asad Ullah1, Mussawar Shah1 and Muhammad Idrees2

... that majority of the respondents was graduate, unemployed and belongs to farming families. Moreover, the majority of respondents’ families were having 8-12 acres of arable agricultural land. However, respondents were lacking very limited access to arable land due to various problems; which decline their interest in the agricultural sector.

...
Ejaz Ur Rehman1, Shakeel Ahmad2, Fathul Bari3*, Tanveer Khan2, Naveed Ullah Khan2, Abdullah Khan4 and Romaan Hayat Khattak2
...vening times which correspond to the energy needs of the species and the resting time peaked during mid-day, may be associated with temperature coping strategy. Difference observed in pre and post hatching activity patterns may be attributed to time needed for incubation and responsibility of providing food to the young ones. White-throated kingfisher makes need based time allocation for various activities to increase reproductive success. The current study do...

Zhang Yan1,2 and Muhammad Mohsin3*

...nson Model (PT-M), correspondingly. Besides, it was found that fishing mortality (F) has increased from 0.510 (2007) to 1.099 (2018) whereas biomass t has decreased from 320,100 t (2007) to 68,890 t (2018), F-M in ASPIC. Estimated parameter values vividly signpost overharvesting of T. lepturus in Shandong, China. Thus, current management measures should be further strengthened for sustainable harvesting of this fishery resource and additional research on this ...

Ayesha Khan*, Zubair Ahmad Khan and Urooba Pervaiz

..., the total number of respondents for the study was 81. The interview schedule was quantitative containing closed-ended questions restricting the respondents to choose from the given options. The majority (90%) of extension agents needed training and the most demanded areas for training were Integrated Pest Management (IPM), computer skills and technology dissemination techniques. A small number (32%) of the extension agents...

Shandana* and Ayesha Khan

...al sample size of 400 respondents was selected. Data were collected through pre-tested and validated interview schedule and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study showed that the maximum of the respondents (34.5%) were in the age category of 36 to 45 years whereas, 25.8% of the respondents were illiterate. About 64.5% of the sampled res

Naheed Zahra1*, Saira Batool1, Mubbashira Nazir1, Ghulam Akbar Malik2 and Iffat Batool3

... only 32.5% of female respondents said they were part-time farmers, while 67.5% said they were actively involved all in farming activities. The respondent female farmers were involved in number of farming activates like crop production, wheat harvesting, livestock operations and, cleaning animal sheds was high. Taking into consideration the role of women in farming, the government should take steps to encourage them by provi...

Ejaz Ul Haq, Urooba Pervaiz*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan and Ayesha Khan

...lected from 60 sample respondents from three circles (Mattani, Peshawar and Tarnab) through pre-tested and well-structured interview schedule during February- March, 2020. The results showed that 48.3% farmers were motivated by extension staff towards tunnel technology, only 6.7% farmers got training regarding tunnel farming, 70% respondents reported that extension worker visited their field once a year. The study concluded ...

Hamenya Mpemba1, Fan Yang1, Kirsty J. MacLeod2,3, Dusu Wen1, Yan Liu1,4 and Guangshun Jiang1,*

...rstanding how species respond to novel cues may help to determine extinction probabilities and overall plasticity in the face of change. This study is, therefore, an important step forward in understanding predator cue responses at the community level. This is also the first study to test the ecological function of Amur tiger cues in the wild environment and may serve as essential information in the rewilding process of captive Amur tiger plans.

...

Adefunke Fadilat O. Ayinde1*, Peter Allison Johnston2, Olanrewaju Olusoji Olujimi3, Purnamita  Dasgupta4 and Dare  Akerele5

...easures, 63.4% of the respondents had access to the weather forecast, some (55.4%) utilise it, while 58.4% engaged in artisanship (blue-collar jobs) and vegetable production (63.2%). Lessons on adaptation are critical for putting in place, policies that reduce the vulnerability of arable crop farmers to help to achieve sustainable development goals. The State governments should reintroduce the highly adaptable and high yielding TMS 30572 (an improved cassava v...

Ty Nguyen, Giang Thi Huong Phung, Lan Le Thuy Hoang and Giang Van Tran*

...average of 137 mm, corresponding to a weight of 10.6 - 35.6 g, with an average of 25.2 g, the fish distributed in the South has a size ranging from 112.4 - 172.7 mm with an average of 144 mm, corresponding to a weight of 10.6 - 35.6 g, an average of 28.3 g. CO1 gene DNA barcoding was used to study the genetic diversity of M.cunnesius in two regions of the North and the South of Tam Giang lagoon. Amplified and sequenced 10 sa...

Neni Widaningsih1,2*, Budi Hartono2, Hari Dwi Utami2, Eni Siti Rohaeni3 

...hniques with the main respondents, namely breeders, collecting merchants, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The number of respondents in this study was 135 persons. Methods of data analysis carried out include; qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is intended to find out the characteristics of marketing institutions, and the marketing channels of buffalo cattle. While quantitative analysi...

Abdullah Al Musabbir1, Md Abedur Rahman2*, Naveed Anjum2, 3 and Mustajab Ali4,5

... and 8.88% for the corresponding straw heights, which were 28.01%, 16.63% and 26.85% lower, respectively while using Blade B. In both anchored and loose straw conditions, the effective field capacity was witnessed to be higher for Blade B. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the percentage of time loss in strip tillage was observed by using Blade B compared to that of the Blade A in all considered cases. Thus, Blade B was found to be better in strip tillag...

Farah Naz1*, Asad Umair2 and Ghazala Noureen3

...ents around the world responded to the pandemic by imposing long, nationwide lockdowns in an attempt to “flatten the curve”-a term that refers slowing down the spread of the disease in order to prevent healthcare facilities from being overwhelmed by too many new patients. However, lockdowns and related strategies designed to minimize the spread of the pandemic, like early detection, isolation of confirmed cases, and social distancing, were build an...

He-Cai Zhang, Tian-Ge Hu, Chang-Ying Shi, Guang-Wen Chen* and De-Zeng Liu

...ere was no obvious correspondence between the haplotypes and the geographical locations, revealing no obvious phylogeographic pattern. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggested that the genetic differentiation of D. japonica in Taihang Mountains was very great (FST=0.405, P<0.01). This significant genetic variation mainly occurred within populations (59.52%), followed by 36.54% deriving from among populations. As for demographic analysis, positive Ta...

Hashem Saeed Murad1*, Salah Jassem Amin2, Rawa’a Muhammad Al-Chalabi3, Mahmood Khalaf Wasmi4 and Sundus Salim5

...tion variables of the respondents, and the second part included a knowledge test to measure the level of knowledge of agricultural extension workers in the Domain of climate changes. The data was analyzed by using the SPSS program to extract arithmetic averages and percentages, the simple correlation coefficient and rank correlation of Spearman. The results showed that the degree knowledge of agricultural extension workers in the Domain of climate change in ge...

Ghazala Nasreen1, Ali Hussain2, Komal Tayyab1, Muhammad Rashid3 and Sumaira Aslam1*

..., while the lowest corresponding figures were noted for the fingerlings of the treatment group T4. These values were lower than found in the control group having 10.50±0.23, 77.25 ± 1.19, 24.50 ± 0.96 and 18.25± 1.19 IU L−1 levels for the ACP, ALP, AST and SOD, respectively. The hyperproduction of the hepatic enzymes revealed dysfunction of the livers in the fingerlings of the treatment group T1. However, the moderate producti...

Oluwatoyin Adenike Fabiyi1*, Mariam Temitope Baker2 and Gabriel Ademola Olatunji2

...tional frequencies corresponding to C-H and carbonyl C=O functional groups of fatty acid and esters. Jew’s mallow plants infected with Meloidogyne incognita on the field were treated with the fatty acid esters (FAE) and compared to deionised water and carbofuran as control in two season trials. There was increase in biomass and vegetative growth with notable reduction in M. incognita reproduction in plants treated with FAE at 0.75 mg/ml in the first and ...
K. Nasira, S. Shamim and F. Shahina†
... of ice, rivers, streams ponds and ground. In Pakistan Indus River and its tributaries are the major sources of
fresh water. Fresh water is clear from pollutants in upcountry, but as it flows downstream it becomes more pollutant.
In the present study nematodes were selected as bio-indicators for these pollutants at eight localities of Sindh, which
are Malir, Karachi; Kalri (Keenjhar) Lake, Thatta...

K. Nasira† and S. Shamim

...s (river, lakes, canals, ponds, reservoirs and irrigation sources: tube well and tanks) and evaluation of
feeding categories at eight collecting sites of Sindh. After analysis it was found that different parameters of
community structure of fresh water nematodes varied considerably at different surveyed sites. Nematode community
analysis revealed that frequency (absolute frequency, relative frequency), density (relative dens...

Shaista Naz1*, Muhammad Arif2 and Akhtar Ali3

...ational status of the respondents, and household head as the negative and significant ones, while livestock rearing experience, extension contact, access to credit, age of the respondent, and farm income were the positive and significant ones. Concluding, the literature shows the considerable evidence of women’s participation in livestock management but the determinants were not fully explored in the developing countri...

Ahmad Abrar Khan1*, Ghulam Qadar1, Asif Ali Abro2 and Muhammad Awais3

...re applied by all the respondents while one-third applied natural fertilizer along with chemical fertilizers. Regarding irrigation majority (89.2%) was blessed with canals while 10.8% were rain water dependent. Two-third of the total cases relied on chemical method for insects/pests control while one-third on chemical and physical both. The highest yield recorded was above 16000 Kg/acre achieved by only less than a quarter (23.1%), while collectively above fif...

Hendro Prasetyo1*, Diah Karmiyati2, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi2, Ahmad Fauzi2, Trias Agung Pakarti1,3, Mardiana Sri Susanti4, Waris Ali Khan5, Leila Neimane6,7 and Maizirwan Mel8,9

...e ones. A total of 52 respondents were of local rice farmers in Sidodadi and Banturejo villages of Ngantang district, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The result of correlation test showed good cognitive, affective, and conative aspects of the farmers despite low achievement rates in all government programs. Social stratification significantly affected the farmers’ response on the programs. The farmers’ cognitive, affective, and educational as...
Abdelwahab Mohammed Abdelwahab1,2*, Ahmed Almadani1, Ibrahim Almehsen1
...a, which is suspended in ponds and tanks. The current study aimed to determine feed utilization, growth performance, morphological and chemical body features, and blood profile upon dietary biofloc feeding to red Tilapia fingerlings. The diets were control and biofloc (00.0%, 33.0%, 66.0%, and 100.0%). The diets were fed to red Tilapia fingerlings (14.3 ± 0.15 g) thrice a day. The study lasted fourteen weeks. Feed utilization, growth performance, morpho...

Syed Shah Mohioudin Gillani1, Muhammad Naveed Tahir1, Adeel Anwar1*, Syed Ijaz Ul Haq2, Muhammad Awais3, Mujahid Iqbal4, Javed Iqbal5, Hina Ahmed Malik3, Syed Muhammad Zaigham Abbas Naqvi6, Raza Ullah7 and Muhammad Abdullah Khan1

...l impacts and help to respond to them precisely and rapidly. Chlorophyll pigmentation in plants is a supreme factor to assess the health of plants and ultimately leads to crop yield estimation. The present experiment evaluated the capacity of high-resolution satellite imagery to estimate wheat chlorophyll content coupled with ground-based information for accurately monitoring crop chlorophyll status under rainfed conditions. Images with zero clouds from LANDSA...

Hasina Basharat1, Muhammad Ramzan Ali2*, Aziz Ahmed2, Rehana Kausar2 and Shamim Akhter1

...was conducted in earthen ponds of size 0.02 hectare each, for the period of four months at a stocking rate of 10,000 fingerlings per hectare (500 fish/acre). The experiment design was CRD with four treatments (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% feeding level of wet fish body weight daily) having 3 replications. The feeding the fish at higher levels showed higher final weight and weight gain, percent weight gain and specific growth rate. The values of Feed Efficiency (FE) and F...

MUHAMMAD EJAZ*1, MUHAMMAD JAMIL YOUSAF5, ASMA MAQBOOL3, ALTAF HUSSAIN4 & ABDUL QAYYUM KHAN SULEHRIA2

...seasonal variations in a pond of Pipnakha village, Gujranwala. Sampling was executed on monthly basis at three sites of the pond from October, 2011 to September, 2012. Altogether, 74 rotifers belonging to 24 genera and 13 families were identified. Highest (128.7±40 ind/ml) ppopulation density of rotifers was observed in June while lowest (64.9±22 ind/ml) population density was seen in January. Brachionus havana...

Nguyen Thi Kim Dong1*, Nguyen Van Thu2 , Nguyen Hoang Qui3 

...shrimp by-products corresponding the SBP1, SBP2 and SBP3 diet, respectively. Daily intakes of ether extract (EE) and fiber fractions increased with increasing levels of SBP. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), as well as nitrogen retention, decreased linearly with increasing SBP (P <0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of the majority of individual amin...

Siti Azizah1*, Salsa I Latifah1, Irfan H Djunaidi1, Anif M Wati1, Achadiah Rachmawati1, Siti Hamidah2 

...eef cattle farming as respondents in this study through Quota Sampling. We analyze the data by descriptive qualitative analysis. The results show that wives are productive in households, including on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm sectors. The contribution of wives who perform productive roles is essential. It is at 29.06%, with an outpouring labor of as much as 78,128 man-days/year and a productivity level of 112,515 IDR per man-day.
 

...

Nguyen Thi Kim Dong1*, Nguyen Van Thu2 

...ntrate-basal diets corresponding to the S0, SP0.2, SP0.4, VE0.4 and VE0.8 treatments. The results indicate that the treatments supplemented SP and VE improved final live weight and daily weight gain (p<0.05) and the birds in the PS0.2 treatment had the highest daily weight gain (17.3 g/day), final live weight (1543 g/bird) and better feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Similarly, the carcass, breast and thigh weights were significantly higher for the SP0.2tr...

Wuritunashun*, Burenbatu, Narenqiqige, Jiuguniang, Eerdunduleng, Shuanglian Wang, Cuiqin Gong, Hashengaowa, Huizhi Jin, Baiwurihan and Chunhaizi

...g protein (LBP), thrombospondin-4, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that they play a critical role in immune-related responses. Parallel reaction monitoring validation also substantiated the results of the LFQ proteomics approach by analyzing the expression of LBP and SERPINA10. This work identifies the proteins and protein-related molecular pathways that are r...

Atena Azarniush1, Majid Moghbeli2*, Farshid Kafilzadeh1, Mohammad Kargar1 and Hooshang Jamali1

...and of about 22 kD corresponding to the recombinant protein was observed in positive sample. This research demonstrated the efficacy of using B. subtilis as an expression system for the production of IL-11 and it can be used as a candidate for the proteins without post-translational modification.

...

Hassan Raza1, Muhammad Kashif Afzal2, Muhammad Luqman1*, Tahir Munir Butt3, Muhammad Yaseen1 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood1

...lts, about 51% of the respondents in the study belonged to old age (above 45) and about 53.2% of the respondents were having matric education. Furthermore, results from correlation analysis showed that education, the number of olive trees and motivation to grow olive trees have a highly positive significant relationship with the level of awareness about olive cultivation practices. The systematic promotion of fortnightly and...

Imran Ahmad

...leptic) attributes corresponding to the textural qualities measured by a texture analyzer. A commercial MIS (size ≤ 40 microns) was added to the puree of five arbitrarily selected fruits (strawberry, banana, and apple) and vegetables (beetroot and carrot) at three different levels (3%, 5%, 7% w/w). A Texture Analyzer determined hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The difference among the treatments was analyzed using standard dev...

Syed Muhammad1*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui2, Farhat Ullah Khan1, Muhammad Adnan3, Sami Ullah3 and Nawab Khan4

...onstituted the sample respondents.Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS). The results showed that the technical competency of FAs remained in between low and high categories with mean values ranging from 2.45 to 3.80. Similarly, the technical competency of AOs was in between low and very high categories with mean values ranging from 2.88 to 4.07. The FAs were comparatively more competent in fertilizer application (mean 3.80), so...

Abdul Hassan1*, Arshad Farooq1, Muhammad Ishaq2, Ghulam Sadiq2 and Asif Nawaz3

...owers comprised of 65 respondents each from Nowshera and Charsadda districts through pre-tested interview schedule during financial year 2020-21. Principal Component Analysis was used for determining the risk and coping strategies of the farmers. Moreover, Ordinary Least Square regression model was applied for determining the relationship among perceived risk source elements obtained from factor analysis and farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Land u...

Rogia SA Gomez*, Said H Mbaga 

...than men (25.6%). The respondents had received either formal training (education from primary to university) or informal training (vocational training: 7.7% of respondents). More than half of the households (53.8%) had activities annexed to broiler production including raising local chicken (75.76%) and other animal species such as cattle, goats, and rabbits (41.7%). The average mortality rate recorded in these farms was 11....

Asim Zubair1*, Ayesha Aziz2, Ghulam Akbar Malik3, Iffat Batool4 and Zohaib Atta Mehdie5

...hered from 100 female respondents using random sampling technique. The data that had been gathered, was examined using SPSS. According to the findings of our research, women in the study area were energetically involved in agricultural activities. To better meet the requirements of their family, they invested more time in agricultural activities.

...

Budi Guntoro1*, Agung Triatmojo1, Bambang Ariyadi2, Nguyen Hoang Qui1 

...mers (65.7% and 77.9% respondents) to Anthrax and FMD and the dissemination of knowledge for FMD as well as a positive attitude for both Anthrax and FMD. However, the knowledge of Anthrax dissemination was risk (65.01% farmers had inappropriate practices). It could be concluded that Yogyakarta’s cattle farmers are susceptible pose a risk from FMD prevention practices. Besides, farmers’ Anthrax knowledge should be enhanced, as their knowledge and pr...

Winda Sartika1*, Budi Hartono2, Hari Dwi Utami2, Lilik Eka Radiati2 

...duction. The research respondents comprised 61 respondents from the rendang industry, including suppliers of raw materials, distributors, and consumers of rendang with qualitative and quantitative descriptive data analysis. The results of the study show that the resilience of the beef rendang industry during and after the Covid-19 pandemic caused good collaboration and cooperation between the institution chain involved; supp...

Muhammad Usman Shafi1, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan1*, Tiyyabah Khan2, Waheed Anwar2, Adnan Akhter2 and Muhammad Zubair3

...gement (IPM). Most of respondents 97% (out of total 250) were male and 28% were between the ages of 26-45 years. Thirteen percent respondents had acquired education up to secondary level, and 92% respondents got knowledge about pesticide usage from pesticide retailers. Most of the respondents (85%) visited doctor after any exposure and 96% took showering...

Tasew Getu1*, Wassu Mohammed2, Awol Seid3, Tesfamariam Mekete4 and Bekele Kassa

...the tested treatments respond differently to the disease complex, and potato yield parameters. Therefore, the integration of drip irrigation, VC and selected cultivars could be used for sustainable management of MI and RS infections in potato production during the dry season.

...

Abdul Zahir1*, Asad Ullah1, Muhammad Jawad1 and Syed Attaullah Shah2

... that majority of the respondents did not attend formal school, cultivated 5–12.5 acres arable land (small farmers), and had moderate monthly family incomes (PRS 21000–50000). However, the respondents had the least information regarding revision of water distribution schedule, mutation of irrigation water, and share of irrigation water during stressful times, which decreased their satisfaction with irrigation wat...

Siswanto Imam Santoso*, Agus Setiadi, Wahyu Dyah Prastiwi 

... selected as research respondents. Brebes is the duck production center of Indonesia. Approximately 80% of duck egg production originates in this area. The variables utilized include socioeconomic characteristics of duck farmers, social variables, age, education, medicinal seeds, feed, dried-cooked rice, trash fish, processing, business pattern, marketing, technology, and production; the endogenous variable was sustainability. Structural equation modeling (SEM...

Zaki Al-Hasawi1* and Reda Hassanine2

... site, while their corresponding concentrations were significantly high in the polluted site. Mean concentrations of other metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) in water, sediment and fish liver samples from polluted site were significantly much higher than those from the unpolluted one. In contaminated fishes from polluted site, mean levels of blood biochemical parameters, serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT), serum glucose, triglycerides and urea were significantl...

Zaki Al-Hasawi1* and Reda Hassanine2

... site, while their corresponding concentrations were significantly high in the polluted site. Mean concentrations of other metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) in water, sediment and fish liver samples from polluted site were significantly much higher than those from the unpolluted one. In contaminated fishes from polluted site, mean levels of blood biochemical parameters, serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT), serum glucose, triglycerides and urea were significantl...

Farheen Shafique1, Shaukat Ali2*, Mahreen ul Hassan3, Saiqa Andleeb1

... Around 69.47% of the respondents strongly agreed that cousin marriages are not a reason behind β-thalassemia in the family. Despite the highest literacy rate, large number of young population and prosperity in the region, awareness about genetic disorders is not sufficient.
 
Novelty Statement | This manuscript presents the first knowledge assessment study on β-thalassemia in Azad Jammu and K...

Ramzan Ali1, Erum Iqbal1*, Muhammad Ismail Bhatti2 and Saboohi Raza1

...matodes were found correspond to the type specimens. According to the latest information, these identified nematodes species are new records from Pakistan.

...

Karamat Shah1, Muhammad Fiaz Khan1, Zaib Ullah2*, Rashid Ali Khan1, Sajid Mahmood1, Naveed Akhtar2 and Muhammad Naeem Awan3

...ch the opinion of the respondent was taken by asking 13 different questions like crop damage, livestock depredation, season and months of damage, and people attributes towards the wildlife, etc. The domestic animals killed by the wildlife in the study area were the goats and sheep, (38.98%). The rate of depredation of livestock has been recorded to increase in the early summer season (60%), spring (15%), followed by winter (12%), and autumn is less (13%). Wild...
Tariq Ahmad1*, Anum Razzaq2*, Li Bo1, Faiz ur Rehman3, Gul Saba2, Omama Saqib1, Saif Ullah2 and Muhammad Suliman1
...,168.66. According to respondents fruits attack (40%) and domestic poultry attack (32%), were the major root of conflict followed by agriculture damage (12%), livestock attack (10%) and human settlement (6%). This unwarranted killing must be stopped immediately, otherwise this species will become extinct.

...

Bushra Ainy Dars1*, Naeem Tariq Narejo1, Muhammad Hanif Chandio2, Hamida Narejo3, Majida Parveen Narejo4, Faheem Saddar5, Ghulam Dastagir6, Ghulam Abbas7 and Shahnaz Rashid7

...inus, reared in cemented ponds was initiated from March–September 2021 by using 200 individuals (110 males and 90 females).These specimens of experimental fish ranged from 14.4 to 37.0 cm in length and from 44.7 to 985 g in weight and were obtained from the stock marinated in the cemented ponds of the University of Sindh, Jamshoro. At 5cm intervals, samples of fish were separated into groups. Fish body dimensions, incl...

Asim Zubair1*, Anam Farid Chishtti2, Zohaib Atta Mehdie3, Aamna Arshad3, Ghulam Akbar Malik4 and Iffat Batool5

...lect data from female respondents during face-to-face interviews, a random selection approach was employed to choose a sample of 100 livestock farm homes from the research area. To gauge the level of women’s participation, a composite score was created, and factors influencing women’s participation in cattle farming were identified using statistical methods. The findings show that women dominated practically all farming operations in the chosen are...

Jaisy Aghniarahim Putritamara1*, MB Hariyono1, Budi Hartono1, Hery Toiba2, Hamidah Nayati Utami3, Moh. Shadiqur Rahman2, Tina Sri Purwanti1

...SMEs in East Java and respondents with a business aged ten years and above. Nonetheless, the findings can inform future studies on other dynamic MSME products in food and non-food sectors, especially in a post-crisis context, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding dynamic MSME products can help the sector bounce back after a crisis so it can contribute to GDP and the economy.
 
Keywords | Customer...

Gang Liu*, Na Xu, Zhizhong Gong and Jiahui Feng

...302,562 valid tags corresponding to 2,102 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 20 fecal samples (ten per lake). The OTUs from the Shengjin Lake geese represented 7 phyla, 27 classes, 81 orders, 151 families, and 395 genera; those from the Caizi Lake geese comprised 7 phyla, 28 classes, 73 orders, 133 families, and 232 genera. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Rozellomycota were the dominant gut fungal phyla in the geese. The alpha-diversity indices ...

Sajid Ali1, Ghulam Abbas1, Shahnaz Rashid1, Asma Fatima1*, Abdul Malik1, Dilawer Ali1, Muneer Hussain Bijoro1, Ushra Batool Hashmi1, Rumaisa Abdul Rahim1, Shahid Hussain2, Kashif Ali3, Jabbar Memon4 and Javeria Khourshid1

...ored in seawater earthen ponds designated into four nylon meshed hapa (3.7×9.5×9.5 feet) for 60 days. Juveniles (35.75±3.2g) were collected with the help of cast net from Sakro creek and transferred into the earthen fish ponds located at Garho, Thatta, Sindh. Juveniles were acclimatized for more than two weeks (15 days) to the experiment conditions. After acclimatization period, juveniles (n=15) were distr...

Saeed Ahmad1, Muhammad Iqbal1*, Muhammad Akram1, Muhammad Rafiq Shahid1, Muhammad Shahid1, Taj Muhammad1, Muhammad Ihsan Ullah1, Zunera Saeed2 and Mazhar Ali3

...pectively. FH-Lalazar responded better to organic matter and its yield was more as compared with MNH-886 and VH-311. It is suggested that farming community should focus on enhancement of organic matter and varieties highly responsive to it for better productivity in future.

...

Jameel-ur-Rehman1, Asghar Ali Kamboh1*, Ahmad Ali Moryani1, Riaz Ahmed Leghari1, Abdullah Sethar2, Ali Raza Nizamani3, Abdul Ahad Soomro3, Kanwar Kumar Malhi1 

...m fish retail market and ponds (60 from each source) comprising of three fish species i.e., Labeo rohita (LR; local name Rohu), Catla catla (CC; local name Thaila) and Cirrhinus mrigala (CM; local name Morakhi). The samples were processed for isolation of bacterial organisms using conventional culture method and isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity according to CLSI method. According to results, the prevalence of bacterial organisms was high (p &...

Tahir Rasool Qamar1, Sanaullah Iqbal1*, Muhammad Nasir1 and Habib-ur- Rehman2

...bsp;     Corresponding author: [email protected]
...

Ming Wang1, Nan Yang2, Xiaolin Zhang2 and Wei Liu1*

...dsmen. The age of the respondents ranged between 18 and 73, and 261 valid questionnaires were collected. The results demonstrated that the herdsmen who agreed with deratization were between 31–40 years old (71.70%), possessed a college education or above (69.92%), killed rodents when their damage was serious (70.48%), and participated at least once in deratization organized by the government (76.35%). There was a significant difference in the awareness o...
Md. Abdullah Al-Mamun1,2, Al-Mamun2,3, Sanjay Kumar Mohanta2,3, Md. Farhan Tazim2,3, Mohammed Rashed Parvej 2,3, Md. Sharif Uddin2,3, Suman Barua1,2 and Liu Qun1*
...plusmn;1.75, which corresponded to warmer water temperature 29.68ºC±0.60 in April and 29.72ºC±0.28 in May, respectively, over the Bay of Bengal. At 50% sexual maturity (Lm), males mature at standard length of 145 mm and females at 163 mm. During the peak spawning time, the sex ratio significantly differed from 0.5, with females dominating over males, according to a Chi-squared test (p<0.05). To ensure sustainable exploitation of this...

Nwafili Sylvanus Anene, Ibinabo Jessica

...lity. Majority of the respondents (81.63%) strongly agree that eggs mortality experienced in hatchery was due to fungal infection while 40.82% strongly agree that fungal infection was responsible fry/fingerlings losses in the hatchery. In general, the catfish farmers’ perception of causes of eggs and fry/fingerlings mortality were positive (strongly agree or agree) on 6 items and negative on 5 other items. The respond...

Amistu KU1,2*, Monahan FJ2, Wims P2, Yonatan KY1 , Fahey AG2, Takele TA3 

...e majority (94.4%) of respondents depend on the mixed crop-livestock farming activity as a source of income. The major feed resources for beef cattle fattening during the dry season are Desho grass (30.7%), hay (15.0%), and crop residues (14.7%) as basal diets, whereas for the rainy season fatteners almost fully depend on natural pasture (97.7%). However, fatteners use corn/fresh maize (87.7%), coffee leaf boiled together with water (44.4%), haricot bean (40.5...
Sami Ullah1, Choudary Ihtasham Ali1, Umar Ijaz Ahmed1*, Shoaib Nasir1 and Amjad Masood2
...a collection from 250 respondents of District Multan. We have employed the logit model to examine the effect of various factors on choice variables. The results indicate that health concerns, urban locality, age, education, family size, and income significantly influence the preference for oil over vanaspati ghee. At the same time, the taste has a negative and significant influence on the choice of vegetable oil. The estimates indicate that the highest income ...

Saime Betül Baygeldi1, Barıs Can Güzel1*, Ramazan Ilgün2 and Zait Ender Özkan1

...he tongue surface, corresponding to the findings on the fresh material. The papillae on the SEM images were observed to be preserved as in the fresh material images.

...
KHALID JAVED IQBAL1, ARSHAD JAVID2, NOOR KHAN3, IRFAN BABOO4, AHMED ALI5, KASHAF
MOHSIN6, AZRA ANWER7, USMAN ATIQUE8, MUHAMMAD ALTAF9, DILAWAR HUSSAIN10 & ASMA
CHAUDHRY11
... fish consumption, corresponding
percentage of consumers was 9.5%, 30.5% (3kg per year) and 82.5%.
Finally, Consumer interests in food safety and to prefer fish food
seasonally have also shown significant percentage effects on consumer‘s
attitudes towards fish consumption.
...

Saloua Ziani1*, Khalid Sohaib2 , Youssef Lhor3, Ikhlass El Berbri4, And Ouafaa Fassi Fihri4  

...e also less likely to respond to vaccination than dogs that are four months to six years old. A dog receiving a booster dose is better immunized than a dog receiving a single dose. On the other hand, the time interval between the last vaccination and the time of sampling also affected the titer. The longer the interval, the lower the titer measured, and this effect becomes more pronounced when the interval exceeds 60 days. The sex did not appear to affect the ...

Rokhani Rokhani1, Amam Amam2*, Mochammad Wildan Jadmiko2, Dhimas Yusantoro2

...Discussion (FGD). The respondents were 36 beneficiary farmers of the One Thousand Cattle Village Program. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression. The results showed that the farmer empowerment positively and significantly affected the economic dimension with the equation Y = 27.712 + 0.305X and the social and cultural dimension with the equation Y = 13.531 + 0.310X. It is concluded that it is necessary to increase the implementation of farmer em...

Mervat M. Fath- Allah, Amal A. Ahmed, Hala A. Amin

...cted plant samples corresponding to viruses
BYMV, CVMV, PVY, WMV and ZYMV, and according to virus symptoms and ELISA results. The
nucleotide sequence analysis of the polyprotein gene of PVY-ME2 (the present Egyptian isolate)
showed 98% homology with the PVY-isolate strain N of Poland. In turn the PVY-ME2 showed low
homology with the other characterized Potyvirus members. Furthermore the PVY-ME2 had much
more distantly related...

Nguyen Thi Thu Hien1, Dong Huu Rin2, Nguyen Xuan Hoa1, Le Viet Tuan Khanh2, Phung Thang Long1*, Dinh Thi Bich Lan1

...n No. AE017244.1), corresponding to 144 amino acids. Expression of this protein in E. coli BL21 produced a fusion protein with molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa. Moreover, the antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae in sera taken from pigs that were immunized with the PEP inactivated vaccine (HYOGEN®) strong detected the recombinant M. hyopneumoniae P36 protein by ELISA, demonstrating that expressed recombinant P36 protein has the antigenicity and is sp...

Nurul Isnaini*, Dedes Amertaningtyas, Hanief Eko Sulistyo, Aulia Puspita Anugra Yekti, Faizal Andri

...e and allocated in 5 bio ponds (12 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm) (5 replicated per dietary treatments). The treatments enriched media was formulated as follows: T0: 100% dried poultry waste; T1: mixed up-fermented dried poultry waste 75% and commercially laying hens feed (starter); T2: mixed up-fermented dried poultry waste 50% and 50% commercially laying hens feed (starter); T3: mixed up-fermented dried poultry waste 25% and 75% commercially laying hens feed (starter);...

Tevina Edwin, Arfa’i*, Olivio Dickresna

...aires and interviews. respondents in this study were 97 breeders. The cattle kept were generally Peranakan simental (F1-F4), Pesisir cattle, Bali cattle, and Peranakan Ongole cattle. The feed provided was forage and concentrate with a rate of 10% of the cow’s body weight. Cattle were intensively reared in a semi-permanent housing system. Disease prevention has been done well, especially to handled worm diseases. The average income of farmers from livesto...

Irfan Safdar Durrani*, Noreen Asim and Ammar Sohail

... elements with the corresponding Transcription factors was performed using pyDockDNA. The OsGLP12-3 promoter region (1863bp) was PCR amplified using genomic DNA from Indica rice cultivar Dilrosh-97 and subsequently purified and sequenced. Sequence analysis using Plant Care online database revealed 32 different regulatory elements in Nipponbare while 31 different regulatory elements were found in Dilrosh-97. The cis-acting elements were found to be involved in ...

Muhammad Luqman1*, Muhammad Talha Shoaib1, Muhammad Yaseen1, Umair Safdar2 and Hassan Raza2

...as collected from 300 respondents with the help of structured interview schedule. The results revealed that all the respondents (100%) considered ‘enhance farm production’, ‘control of insect/pest’ and ‘weed eradication’ as major factors for application of pesticides. Moreover, results also indicated that 66% of respondents were applying 2-6 and above ti...

Adnan Ibrahim Khamis1, Jasim Mohammed Saleh2*, Najwa S. Ali3 and Anwer Thamer Ghaffoori2

...sample included (228) respondents distributed over (11) agricultural divisions. A descriptive approach was used as a method to achieve the research goals. A questionnaire was designed to collect data for the purpose of the study. It contained two main axes. The first axis contains areas (9) for developing the skills of rural youth, paragraph (69) and the second axis contains problems and obstacles that hinder the work of agricultural projects. I was one paragr...

Milena Vlahovic*, Dragana Matic, Marija Mrdakovic, Larisa Ilijin, Anja Grcic, Aleksandra Filipovic, Jelica Lazarevic and Vesna Peric-Mataruga

...treatment, egg masses respond more uniformly by reducing PMM during the short-term effect of cadmium. Finally, we can conclude that, as an addition to biochemical and molecular research, PMM can be used for studying the cadmium effects to gain a better insight into the state of the organism under stress conditions.

...

Lijiao Wang1, Haibin Chen2*, Hongyan Yu1, Zexian Fu3 and Jianjun Zhao2*

... of RCC tissue and corresponding adjacent tissue and 40 cases of metastatic lymph node tissue were selected. Western blot and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of EPAS-1 in the three groups. The expression of EPAS-1 and the clinicopathology of RCC were further analysed. To examine the relationship between these characteristics, a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of EPAS-1 expre...
Suneela, Sajida Mushtaq*, Sadia Maalik, Asma Waheed Qureshi and Moazama Batool
...=2.819). Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) determines the impact of different environmental factors on presence of different species.
...

Adnan I Khamis1, Jasim Mohammed Saleh2*, Najwa Ali3 and Anwer T Gaffoori2

.... The number is (235) respondents distributed among (5) agricultural divisions, the descriptive approach was used as a method to achieve the objectives of the research. A questionnaire was prepared to collect study data if it included two main axes. The first axis included (8) fields of developing and developing the capabilities of rural women by (50) paragraphs. The second axis included the determinants that hinder Work in agricultural projects, as it include...

M. Azalou1,3*, C. C. Kpomasse1, A. S. Assani3,4, I. T. Alkoiret3,4, Wéré Pitala1,2  

...ne (WAZ). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and ascending hierarchical clustering (AHC) identified three groups of goose farmers. Group 1 was composed of primary and secondary level goose farmers whose main activity was trade (56.1%); group 2 was composed of secondary level herders whose main activity was agriculture (59.38%); and group 3 included public servants (27.59%) with university-level education. As for the feeding of the geese, Group 3 fed more f...

Hemeida, A. A., Osman, M., El-Shahat, Mohamed, Hashem, Medhat H., Mahmoud, Amal and Dahi, Hosni

...t 67 patients (72.8%) responded to the treatment (group A), while 25 patients (27.2%) non responders (group B). The two groups were Screened for Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) , serum Albumin , serum creatinine , Serum TSH, Hemoglobin (Hb),White blood cells count (WBCs) and Platelets count . Hematological disorders and ALT elevation were common side effects...

Zaghloull , A.H.; Mahmoud2, Amal; Hassanl , H.Y.; Hemeida2, A.A.; Nayell , M. A. and Zaghawal , A.A.

...follow: 9/9 (100%) correspond to Berket El-Sabaa and Tokh Tambesha regions and 3/9 (33.3%) correspond to Demiate and Salamon regions. In conclusion, a local Egyptian probe was designed and applied in the dot blot hybridization technique for diagnosis of bovine ephemeral fever virus.

...

Soliman*, Ahmed M.; Mahmoud**, Sabry Y. M. and Dawood*, Rehab A.

...were compared with corresponding viral nucleotide sequences reported in GenBank. The sequence analysis showed that; nucleotide sequence of OYDV-EG [Egyptian isolate (HM473189)] had 82-96% similarity compared with ten reported OYDV isolates. Thus, a method of identification and detection by RT-PCR of OYDV was established. This study also aimed to obtain OYDV-free plants from infected garlic plants using cloves subjected to electrotherapy, thermotherapy, chemoth...

El-Dougdoug, Kh.A.; Rezk , A.A.; Dawoud, Rehab A. and Sofy, A.R.

...s occur in regions corresponding to the conserved, variable and right terminal domains which are believed to control viroid pathogenicity. Finally, this constitutes the first isolation and identification of CSVd from diseased Chrysanthemum plants in Egypt

...

*El-Helaly, Sahar H.; ** Ahmed, Amal A.; * Awad, M.A. and ** Soliman, A.M.'

...were compared with corresponding viral nucleotide sequences reported in GenBank. The analysis showed that nucleotide sequence of the Egyptian isolate of AMV (GenBank Accession No. HQ288892) had percentage of similarity ranged from 97-98% with eight reported AMV isolates. Thus, a method of identification and detection by RT-PCR of AMV was established.

...

Sahar A. Youssef I and A. A. Shalaby 

...th different sizes corresponding to the different viral targets were amplified from infected samples, .i.e., 677, 172, 300, 270 and bp for ACLSV, PDV, PNRSV, PPV and ToRSV respectively, Results showed that multiplex PCR products of the expected sizes were obtained for all virus isolates assayed they were tested either alone or in c.ombination in an artificial mixture with no interference. This method saves time and reagent costs compared with rnonospecific RT-...

S. A. Sidaros*, S. A. EL-Kewey*, Eman A. H. khattab**, M. M. ELsharkawy* 

...g/100g tissue. The corresponding data for CABMV were 1.20&1.22 and its yield was 3.52 mg/100g of cowpea leaves. The maximum antiserum titer against either BBSV or CABMV was I :512. The dilution end point of BBSV in faba bean sap was I :320 using indirect ELISA, whereas it was 1:280 for CABMV. Both of BBSV and CABMV were detected in stems and all flower parts (sepals, petals, pistils and anthers) in intact seeds and all seed parts (seed coats, cotyledons an...

Tariq I. Almundarij

...en compared to the corresponding controls with a BCS of 4, the catalase (CAT) values in overweight female camels with a BCS over 4.5 were substantially lower at P<0.01 in both breeds under study. At age ≥ 8 for both breeds, the glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) values were lower in the overweight camels than in the healthy ones, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Therefore, based on these results, reproductive abnorma...

Nguyen Binh Truong1,2*, Ho Xuan Nghiep1,2, Tran Trung Tuan1,2

...6, 6.87 and 6.62 g corresponding to BrWh, BrCa, MaCa and MaWh treatments. Moreover, average weight gain was the same as nitrogen retention in this study. Therefore, the energy feed combination that feed intake, nutrient value, nitrogen retention and daily weight gain well from high to low were BrWh, BrCa, MaCa and MaWh. 
 
Keywords | Soluble carbohydrates, Rumen, Ruminant, Combinations, Energy feed, Goat
...

Nurlan Akhmetsadykov1*, Tanatar Kydyrov2, Moldir Akhmetzhanova1, Gulnazi Akhmetova3, Maxat Berdikulov4 

... by sequencing for correspondence to the matrix molecule. For transformation E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain was used. To assess the efficacy of the antigen, immunoassay analysis and blot-hybridization techniques were employed. Obtained results showed that 1mM isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside induction at 2℃ for 18 hours was the most optimal condition for expression of recombinant GM6 T. evansi antigen. From a 500 ml of growth medium, a total of 3.4 mg ...

Sukhpreet Kaur Sidhu1*, Gurkirat Singh Sekhon1, Sachin Kumar1, Tejdeep Kaur Kler1 and Anureet Kaur Chandi2

...r foraging activities at ponds surrounded by wheat and rice crop fields. Three ponds were selected and surveyed during April 2020 to March 2021 in village Mukrabpur, district Rupnagar (pond I), village Gopalpur, district Ludhiana (pond II) and in Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) campus (pond III), district Ludhiana...

Nguyen Binh Truong1,3*, Nguyen Ba Trung1,3, Nguyen Thi Bich Hạnh2,3

...dry matter intake) corresponding to NDF43, NDF47, NDF51 and NDF55 treatments. Dry matter intake per body weight of NDF43 (2.40%) treatments tended to (P>0.05) high compared to the NDF47 (2.20%), NDF51 (2.22%) and NDF55 (2.16%) treatments. Total metabolism energy inclined to decrease (P>0.05) from NDF43 to NDF55 treatments. It was 42.8, 38.4, 35.5 and 35.6 MJ/cattle/day (NDF43, NDF47, NDF51 and NDF55 treatments, respectively). The DM digestibility (%) of ...

Anisa Muthia Fakhira1, Madihah Madihah1, Susi Susanah2, Erick Khristian3, Ratu Safitri1*

...with higher values corresponding to increasing dosages. The ID dose starting from 20 mg/kg BW showed a significant increase in pancreatic beta cell necrosis of 1.6 ± 0.55 and a fasting blood glucose level of 167.40±11.45 mg/dL, classifying it as a prediabetic state, that significantly different with control (p<0.05). Thus, ID as low as 20 mg/kg BW impaired the structure and function of pancreas of male wistar rats.
 

Ruth Dameria Haloho1*, Jisril Palayukan1, Agus Setiadi2, Edy Rianto2, Nadlirotun Luthfi3

...farmers were taken as respondents by a multistage random sampling method. The data were obtained by observation and direct interviews the farmers. The data was analysed descriptively and quantitatively. The study showed that there are two kinds of buffalo in West Sulawesi, the first one is the expensive buffalo and raised by intensive system. The expensive buffalo were consisted of Saleko, Doti Salamba and Bonga. The another one is Pudu (black) buffalo that re...

Shamsa Jabeen and Javed Iqbal Qazi*

...st-transplantation corresponding values for control and probiotics were 23.0% and 1.7 %, respectively increase when compared with the value of intact control. Current study revealed that probiotic administration in orthotropic-transplanted EDL muscle reduce CK and LDH activities in mice, which is positive indication for increase in muscle regeneration.

...

Rogia SA Gomez*, Said H Mbaga 

...lers. The grouping of respondents showed that 59% of them (group 1) were beginners of about 47 years of age with an average of 5 years of poultry farming experience, who made more profit from their production than the rest of the older and more experienced farmers (groups 2 and 3). This study therefore showed that the productivity of broiler farms in the coastal region of Tanzania was low to average, and the reasons for this included the high cost of poultry i...

Faris Sahib Imran1*, Layth Hamzah Merzah2, Mohammed Mohsin Kareem3

...m is used in aquaria and pond gardens for its fast growth rateability to improve water quality by excess nutrients, and toxins, and can be included in the sheep diet as a protein source at certain levels. The study was conducted in Karbala province, using the Al-Husseiniya River as the source of C. demersum. A total of 40 Awassi sheep were divided into two groups. The experimental group received a diet containing C.demersum as the primary protein source, while...

LAILA SHAHZAD*1, ARIFA TAHIR2 & FAIZA SHARIF3

...at 83.5% and 40.5% of respondents observed change in temperature and increase in annual rainfall respectively. Local residents of the area were more vulnerable to climate change and natural hazards due to their poor socio-economic conditions and previous disasters history. In order to adapt to change in climatic conditions, mitigatory measures should be taken to improve their living conditions. Deforestation should also be avoided to overcome and reduce their ...

*ARIFA ZEREEN1, ALMAS JAHAN1,SHEIKH SAEED AHMAD2 & ZAHEER-UD-DIN KHAN3

...PAN) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were used. Vegetation data obtained from forty quadrats was compiled. Thirty eight plant species belonging to twenty one families were recorded. TWINSPAN bifurcated the flora of entire study zone into two main communities that had been again separated into smaller i.e., sub communities. Canonical correspondence analysis recognized the relation of vegetation assembly to underly...

LAILA SHAHZAD*1, MUHAMMAD UMER HAYYAT1, NIDA SAJID1, FAIZA SHARIF1, ASMA MANSOOR1, MANAL SHAH1 & NABEEHA LODHI1

...atural disasters. 71% respondents still suffer from psychological trauma. More than 60% respondents want to leave the area but are unable to do so because of lack of governmental support. More than 72% people have no reach to information on future disasters. Ninety percent buildings are being built without codes. Almost 50% buildings are reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C) and contribute to vulnerability. Other factors are ve...

SYED SHAHID IMRAN BUKHARI1&2* & ZULFIQAR ALI 2

...ctitioners, 166 (83%) responded. One hundred and sixty six asthmatic subjects were selected and given to the practitioners at Gulab Devi hospital, Lahore. Practitioners were asked for a prescription for each subject and also to write views on dietary restrictions in asthmatics. The practitioners prescribed totally thirty patterns of short acting β-2 agonist and 16 patterns of steroid treatments. Only 39% of practitioners recommended corticosteroids for as...

Karima Akool Al-Salihi1*, Luay Jumaah Jihad2, Abbas Najm Aldin Saleh3

...he participants (187) responded at a rate of 98.1%. The undergraduate students and graduated veterinarian percentages were 79.67% and 20.32%, respectively. Online study materials were accessed via Google Classrooms, University platforms, You Tube, and Slide Share. Moreover, Google Classroom, Telegram, WhatsApp, Viber, Zoom, and FCC were the tools for lectures and communication with lecturers. A variation appeared in the assessment of the online education Theor...

Ho Xuan Nghiep1,2, Nguyen Binh Truong1,2*

...65, 1.50 and 1.47% corresponding to CMW0, CMW25, CMW50 and CMW75 treatments. The neutral detergent fiber consumption tended to increase (P>0.05) from CMW0 (2.97 kg) to CMW75 treatments (3.22 kg). However, the metabolism energy of CMW25 was higher than (P>0.05) CMW0, CMW50 and CMW75 (57.9, 54.7, 52.7 and 52.2 MJ/animal/day, respectively). Both DM and OM digestibility were not significantly different in this study but CP and NDF were otherwise. The CMW0 tr...

Nadia Kèmi Assana Chabi1, Gildas Codjo Tchemadon1,2*, Olaïgbé Lydie Hounkpatin3, Paul Kouété Jimmy4 and Leonard Antoine Chaffara Afouda1

...I of Benin. Among the respondents, 96.3% do not recognize symptoms of sweetpotato viral diseases, although 81.4% observe these symptoms in their fields with most (76.7%), a low incidence (0 to 25%). Also, 72.3% farmers affirm that the first viral symptoms appear at the flowering stage of sweetpotato plants. They observe the presence of aphids or whiteflies in their fields at 53.3% (AEZ II); 65.0% (AEZ VI) and 75.6% (AEZ VIII). Moreover, 100% (AEZ II); 92.5% (A...
Sanaullah Sattar1, Ali Hussain1,2*, Javed Iqbal Qazi2, Arshad Javid1 and Shahid Mehmood1
...ctively, while the corresponding figures for CR and APWL in clay were 108 ± 2 and 1.88 ± 0.29, respectively. In addition, the CR and APWL were higher in the presence of Postgate B medium compared to the medium without it. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analyses reveals the presence of FeS in the corrosion product. Our findings of this study will be helpful for devising corrosion-protecting strategies.<...

Hilarius Yosef Sikone1*, Gomera Bouk2, Edelnia Kristina Bere2, Yohana Kamlasi2, Elisabeth Yulia Nugraha1

... 180 breeders from 18 respondent groups. Respondents must meet two requirements: have raised Bali cattle for at least five years and own at least three cows. A basic random sampling technique was employed to identify the sample, which involved selecting sample members randomly from among farmer respondents in six sub-districts without considering strata. The findings demonstrated that Bali...
Mona Adel El-Wakeel1*, Salah El-Din Abd El-Ghany Ahmed, Sanaa Abd El Rahman Mohamed
and Nadia Khalil Messiha
...>
1). In the corresponding treatments PLP at the same sequenced rates were mixed with the
soil then sprayed with acetic acid 5% immediately. Moreover, sole spraying of acetic acid
5% treatment was sprayed on the soil surface. All treatments were applied before
transplanting directly. Results revealed that the maximum inhibition of both weeds in both
seasons (2018 and 2019) was recorded by PLP at 60g + Aceti...

Mona Adel El-Wakeel1 and Ibrahim Mohamed El-Metwally1

...ustify;">the other corresponding four treatments, the orange peels powder was incorporated with
the soil surface at the same rates but directly at the same time with sowing of common
bean seeds. Additionally, four untreated control treatments were applied for comparison.
The recorded results revealed the inhibitory allelopathic effects of orange peels powder
on both weeds with direct relationship between the oran...

Sanaullah1*

...ata from the selected respondents through a well-designed interview schedule. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 20) was used to analyze the primary cross-sectional data and the obtained findings were depicted in tables and figures. Descriptive statistics revealed that majority of the respondents i.e. 31.3% were of middle age with 63.9% illiteracy rate and 60.8% reported living in household size of 10 and above ...

Amir Ehsan1*, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar1, Amjed Ali1

...ctively. While the corresponding increases in plant dry weight and relative competitive index of D. arvensis were 367 and 360% and 79 and 82%. The enhancement in N (up to 258 & 257 %), P (up to 220 & 232%) and K (up to 293 & 301%) uptake in years 2015 and 2016, respectively were made by E. Colona whereas the corresponding increases in N, P and K assimilation by D. arvensis were 265 & 257%, 238 & 233% and ...
Setter S.D , M.J. Setter , K.A Patane , P. Logan , D. Sydes
Muhammad Faisal1, Syed Makhdoom Hussain1*, Majid Hussain2
Muhammad Zubair ul Hassan Arsalan3, Zeeshan Yousaf1 and Muhammad Amjad1
...gs cultured in 6 earthen ponds. In order to formulate experimental diets, MOLM was used as test ingredient. MOLM was used to replace fish meal (FM) in the diet at varying levels of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. There were five experimental diets and one control diet used during the trial. Fingerlings were placed in a cemented pond for fifteen days under laboratory conditions for acclimatization. There were 1...

Migie Handayani1*, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto2, Jamhari Jamhari2

... applied to select 90 respondents in each sub-district, resulting in 270 respondents. Data and information in the study were measured on an annual basis. Data were analyzed using a combination of quantitative descriptive and inferential analyses with a multiple regression model. The results show that, on average, goat ownership was 11 goats, with annual production costs of about IDR 7,140,000, annual revenue of IDR 16,501,00...

Chengrui Yan1, Jing Miao1, Jiantong Feng1, Liping Xia1, Yingying Ye1,2*, Jiji Li1 and Baoying Guo1,2

...itional, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) analysis between environmental factors (SKT, TOP, SLP, and SUND) and haplotypes indicated that SLP and SUND carried highest influence on the haplotype distribution. SKT and total precipitation TOP were highly correlated with haplotype formation. Combine life story of T. clavigera revealed that environmental factors contribute to the nuances of population genetic in different regions. Understanding the genetic va...
Manahil Wahab1 and Anwar Ali2
...questionnaires. Fifty respondents were interviewed in selected sample villages using multi-stage random sampling techniques. The sampling intensity was 0.1%. The results revealed that all farmers have planted trees on their farmlands. Poplar is the main species, followed by Eucalyptus, Bakain, Ailanthus and Kikar. Though farm forestry is practiced in the area since ancient times, the modern commercial farm forestry has been started in the last three decades. D...
Salman Ahmad1, Anwar Ali1, Basheer Ahmad1, Nowsherwan Zarif1* and Saif Ullah Khan1
...ecessary data from 40 respondents using a two-stage random sampling procedure. According to our findings, 72% of respondents are farmers, 20% work for the government, and 8% are labourers. Poplar is the species most frequently used in agroforestry, accounting for 52% of all plantings, followed by Eucalyptus at 16%. 10% of the seedlings for planting came from the Forest Department, and 90% came from private nurseries. 30% of ...
Saddam Rasham1*, Sohaib Ahmed1, Arz Muhammad Umrani1, Sidra Jamil2, Tariq Khan1, Shehr Yar Nasim3, Safi Ullah1, Haseeb Ahmad1 and Asfand Yar Nasim1
...ndividuals serving as respondents. These interviews were carried out in each neighbourhood respectively. According to the conclusions of the study, the expansion of tourism has a considerable impact, not just economically but also socially, on the people who make their homes in the communities that were looked at in this study. It makes no difference if the communities are situated in less developed areas or more developed ones; this is always the case. The ex...
Basheer Ahmad1, Anwar Ali1, Salman Ahmad1, Nowsherwan Zarif1* and Saif Ullah Khan1
... revealed that 64% of respondents believe that the increasing usage of firewood in the area as a result of more trees means that people's consumption patterns have changed. When it came to the availability of timber, the data showed that 24% of respondents bought their wood from plantations and 32% bought it from marketplaces, farms, and other places. According to the results, more than 70% of respon...
Muhammad Rayyan1, Basheer Ahmad1, Anwar Ali1, Nowsherwan Zarif1*, Saif Ullah1 Khan and Salman Ahmad1
...nformation from forty respondents through a structured questionnaire. Our results revealed that about 72.5% of respondents have the primary reason for planting is economic return, while 15% plants for shelterbelt purposes. Whereas, results further revealed that 12.5% farmers planted trees for land stabilization. In addition to that 57.5% of households gets benefits from agroforestry in the form of cash and fuel wood 10% in t...
Khush Bakht Arooj1, Muhammad Salman2 and Naveed Ahmed3
... that majority of the respondents belong to age class 21-35 (52%) followed by age class 36-50 (32%) and the least number of respondents belong to age class 51-65 (16%). It was concluded that average production in the study area is 5-7 kg/10 hives and most of the respondents 95% were less educated and were not familiar with modern and advanced scientific practices of beekeeping. The income ...
Maaha Malik1, Muzakir Shah2, Muhammad Naqash2, Mamoona Wali Muhammad2, Safdar Ali Shah2, Bushra Khan1, Sayyed Masoom Shah2, Zahid Mahmood2, Syed Talha Kamil2, Kamal Anwar2 and Faisal Khalid2
... and adaptation. 100% respondents were of the view that governments has not taken serious steps in handling the issue of climate change. Therefore, 58% suggested that the government should prioritize different issues to address and neutralize damaging effects of climate change. The respondents were of the opinion that government should focus on issues like deforestation (12%), urbanization (11%), overpopulation (18%), follow...
Kaleem Mehmood1, Sultan Muhammad2 and Altaf Hussain3
... for the selection of respondents. The sampling intensity was kept as 12.5%. Major source of income in the area is farming. The plantation in the study area increases fodder production to fold for livestock for fulfilling their daily needs. Firewood is the main source of fuel. Average fire wood consumption per day per household is procured from these plantations. The trend of more firewood use is also observed after plantation. Some portion of population also ...
Bilal Ahmad1, Maqsood Anwar2 and Muhammad Sadiq Khan3
...0-12. Majority of the respondents 22 (55%) replied that Chukar is present in abundance at Topdara, 28 (70%) replied that its population is decreasing due to habitat destruction and 20 (60%) replied that Jackal is its main ecological predator. Majority of the respondents i.e. 34 (85%) replied that to control illegal hunting and trapping of Chukar and 24 (60%) replied that Suitable Habitat for Chukar is rocky and shrubby veget...
Alam Zeb, Fawad Habib, Sajid and Tilawat Khan
...nnaire. A total of 60 respondents including 31 Owners, 19 Owner cum Tenants and 10 Tenants were selected randomly from Gadar, Sawaldher and Gujar Garhi villages. Owner category was found dominant in the above mentioned target villages in the parameters of productivity, formal education, planting experience, knowledge of silviculture of poplar and commercialistic nature of respondents. The Net Incomes (NIs) calculated per Ave...
Mazhar Iqbal, Ashar Farooq, Zulfiqar Ali Sheikh and Waseem Abbas
...minutes of reading corresponding to 5.72, 5.54 and 6.20 cm/hr for Zone-I, Zone-II and Zone-III respectively.

The soil of the study area varies from loam to sandy loam. The soil analysis, carried out at the soil laboratory of PFI, reveals that the organic matter in the soil is in the range of 6.16 to 12.56%. The soil is acidic with pH value of 5.02 to 6.2. The bulk density of soil is in the range of 0.87 to 1.26 gm/cm3

Mamoona Wali Muhammad1, Syed Ajmal Rahim2, Junaid Mumtaz3 and Syed Akmal Rahim4
...relevant data from 50 respondents, according to the pre tested structured questionnaire.

The average household size in the study area was 6 persons with 1-2 earning members per household. 60% were literate including 2% with religious education. The study revealed that 30% of the respondents have agriculture as a sole source of livelihood whereas 70% also have other activities along with agriculture. Majority 94% we...

Farah Samuel and Syed Kamran Hussain
...s, establishment of fish ponds and community based watch and ward mechanisms can be a better option for conservation. We conclude that awareness campaigns and environmental education are principally required to promote useful knowledge in the conservation of River Kabul ecosystem. Key words: River Kabul; Hunting; Poaching; Fish species; Migratory Birds; Freshwater turtles...
Fazal Baqi Kakakhel
...rancolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) in Sewagali Game Reserve. The main method used for collection of data was line transects. We observed 58 Grey francolins; identified six habitat types and were mapped using GIS and field surveys. The species was observed in three of the available six habitat types including woody ravines, shrub land and agricultural fields. Chi-square tests showed the species displayed significant habitat selection in relation to the...
Saif-ur-Rehman Saif Abbasi & Saeed Akbar
.... Results showed that respondents mostly depended on forest vegetation in shape of medicinal plants, wood for making their farm implements i.e. wooden plough, spade, blade etc. and domestic goods of daily usage i.e. charpoy, stool, baskets, furniture etc. The use of cheep and easily available forest vegetation, based on indigenous knowledge, has reduced household expenses on one hand but has also put tremendous pressure on forest vegetation on the other hand. ...
Mazhar Iqbal1, Ahmad Hussain2 and Zulfiqar Ali Sheikh3
...ment's Officials) respondents were interviewed on specially designed questionnaire. The data was analyzed using Statistix 8.1 at α=0.05.The existing level of forest Efficiency and Effectiveness was well below the ideal level of governance. There was no statistical difference between the means of Effectiveness and Efficiency (t=-2.16, p=0.0561). Perception of the respondents was strongly correlated. Decrease in fore...
Fazal Baqi Kakakhel
...artridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) and Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) in Sewegali Game reserve District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Animals select resources for food, cover and nest sites. If a variety of habitats are available to an animal, it selects some and avoids others. We examined habitat preferences of Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) in Sewegali Game Reserve. The main method used for collecting data was...
Muhammad Shabir Mughal and Abid Hussain
...ad district. Among 24 respondents 21% farmers have 1-5 acres of Hurrie plantation, 13% have 6-10 acres, 29% have 10-16 acres and 37% have more than 16 acres. The results show that 58.3% farmers raised hurrie by themselves and 41.7% grow through tenants. The cost for raising hurrie varied from 7000/acre/rotation (15% respondents), 10,000 (35% respondents) and 15,000 (50% res
M. Nafees and Zahid Ullah
...essed by providing corresponding legislative coverage.

Key words: Social codes of conduct, communal land, reforestation, livelihood opportunity

...
Mamoona Wali Muhammad and Iftekhar Ahmed
...n fishery sector. 80% respondents had their own livestock and agriculture land. Avuaennia marina is mostly fed to the animals as lopped from vicinity forests. Water shortage, erosion and salinity were main problems faced by the agriculturists.

The study revealed that only 8% of the respondents were utilizing mangrove vegetation as a whole for fuel purpose. Responses about priority of importance of mangroves...

Amjad Ali Ch., Javaid Ahsan, Tariq Mehmood, Shahzad Fazal, Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad and Nowsherwan Zarif
...s of livestock of all respondents remained unmet after grazing. Grazing problems faced by the majority of graziers were low carrying capacity of Rakhs, lack of drinking water and protection measures forced by the Forest Department. The major constraints regarding range development efforts were lack of funds, and interest of range personnel working in the field. Other constraints were half hearted implementation of existing range management regulation and inade...
J. Kayode
... be in high demand by respondents in the study area. 95% of these species were sourced from the free areas while those sourced from the reserves were mere 5%. Most of the timber species were indigenous species, only Gmelina arborea and Tectonia grandis, were exotics which were sourced from the reserves. 10 forest reserves abound in the state; most of them were highly exploited with a myriad of other problems that make them unproductive. Thus the ...
M. Saqib, Mushtaq Ahmad, Mir Ajab Khan and R. M. Zarif
...stionnaire. In all 90 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed. Analysis revealed that fuelwood was the major source of household energy in the area. About 83% of the household use fuelwood as well as other cheaper fuels. Only 17% were found using efficient commercial fuels (LPG, Kerosine etc.) to meet their energy needs. The data show that the average household size in the study area is nearly 6 persons. The increase in household size results in inc...
Mamoona Wali Muhammad and Asad Ali
...e, 54% of the female respondents confirmed their participation in agroforestry works....
Altaf Hussain
...e gametophytes and corresponding embryos of viable seeds. On the average the electrophoretical detectable variation was low. GDH, IDH, PGM, and SOD were monomorphic, whereas moderate electrophoretical variation was observed in the remaining enzymes. Analysis of female gametophytes of 29 putative heterozygous trees showed that the one-to-one segregation was significantly distorted. Single trees segregation for SKDH zones often was in accordance with the Men...
Maqsood Ahmed and H. Verplancke
...oth growth parameters responded positively to the addition of polymer, and negatively to the salt concentration in saturating solutions. A variation was also observed between the species....
Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh, R. W. Hussain and Saliheen Khan
...3, while the corresponding figure for coal was 417 and 373 tonnes. Average wholesale price of firewood was Rs.28/-, 40/-29/17 per 40Kg for Hazara, Peshawar, Kohat and D. I. Khan Civil Division respectively. The whole-sale price for anthracite coal was Rs.1400/-, 1600/-, 650/- and 256/- per tonne for Hazara, Peshawar, Kohat and D. I. Khan Civil Division. The price in the last two cases is rather low as it is available from nearby coal mines....
A. Mahmood and Tariq Mahmood
...omparable with the corresponding values for their trunk wood. The branch wood of A.pindrow, P.roxburghhii and P. wallichiana, contained slightly lower holocellulose content as compared to trunk wood. Amount of alphacllulose in branch and trunk wood was comparable in C. deodara, J. polycarpos, P. roxburghii-americana and P. wallichiana while in trunk wood of A.pindrow, P.halepensis and P. roxburghii amount of alp...
M. Kamaluddin and M. K. Bhuiyan
...d on the blanks of rural ponds with a spacing of 1,6X 1,6 m to assess the growth and fuel wood yield under rural site condition. The survival of plants was 96%. At the age of 5 years the plants attained an average height of 11,54 m with an average diameter (dbh) of 11.64 cm. The yield of fuel wood including bark and branches was 139,1 t/ha 12% moisture content. The results show a good prospect in raising fuel wood plantation of the province in rural waste and ...
Wali-ur-Rehman and M. Ismail Chaudhry
...1168 and 1031 with corresponding defoliations. Population per tree on northern aspects was 506 with medium defoliation while in most shady places and deep nullahs defoliation was either light or negligible with lowest population (208 per tree). An average population of 1788,794, 571and 208 larvae per tree, respectively caused complete, heavy, medium and light defoliations....
Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh
... plant seems to have responded well to its new environment with luxuriant growth producing abundant seed and good natural regeneration at favourable site (deep sandy loam, 1000 mm rain or irrigation)....
Zakaullah and Khial Badshah
... ten meter height, corresponding to the age of about 180years....
Ishtiaq Ahmad Qazi
...is comparable with corresponding standard instruments. ...

Javaria Sherani1*, Tehseen Ali Jilani2, Jalil Ahmad3, Rashid Jawad1, Shabana Nazeer4 and Muhammad Jan5 

Kashif Shehzad* and Ikramul Haq

...cted. A sample of 147 respondents were selected from the four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using the Sekaran sampling table whereas proportional allocation technique was also used to obtain the desire sample size from each district. The findings indicated that the majority of the respondents were in the “51-60” age group, with 79.5% holding a diploma as their highest qualification and having more than 21 years...

Muazzam Hashmi1, Braima Pascal Komba1, Muhammad Waqas Alam Chattha2*, Almazea Fatima1, Muhammad Farooq Hyder3

...mall-scale farmers as respondents selected randomly from Gehlan Hithar in district Kasuther. The results from benefit-cost ratio analyses revealed that the benefit-cost ratio of cut rose (2.07) farming is expected to deliver more positively than gladiolus (1.35) production. The maximum likelihood estimates found that cut rose florists produce efficiently regarding the total area cultivated, irrigation cost, and harvest cost as measured against gladiolus farmer...
Nazish Huma Khan1*, Mohammad Nafees2, Tooba Saeed3, Sarzamin Khan1, Hazrat Hussain4, Adila Bashir2 and Nida Naz1
...pulated countries. To respond to strong demographic pressure, the construction industry has become one of the main sectors in the country. Keeping this scenario, this study will help to know the availability and demand of raw materials for the construction industry. For a sustainable future, this study will propose a professional and ecological management strategy for stone crushers without affecting the economy and position of the stone-crushing industry.

Hasina Basharat1, Muhammad Ramzan Ali2*, Aziz Ahmed2, Muhammad Zubair Anjum1 and Shamim Akhter1

...ing densities in earthen ponds of African catfish is necessary for efficient management, increase in fish production and to maximize the return on investment. So, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of various stocking densities on the production and economic character of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Pakistan. After the successful transportation and acclimatization of African catfish, further experiment was performed for optimiza...
Wasseem Emam1, Mohamed E. Bakr2*, Marwa F. Abdel-Kader3, Mohamed M. Abdel-Rahim4, Ashraf I.G. Elhetawy4 and Radi A. Mohamed1
...ting a section of a fish pond (thereby introducing a thermal gradient) and effectively modifying pond design. This was achieved through the construction of a ‘greenhouse’ type structure above a section of the pond. Over the length of the production cycle at three typical Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farms, the study collected data on water quality and fish growth and at...

Azhar Ali1, Faheem Ahmed Khan2, Wu Di3, Huang Chunjie3, Muhammad Rizwan Yousaf1, Bilal Ahmed1, Farwa Shakeel1, Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari1, Windu Negara2, Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko Prasetiyono1*

...oglycosides, which correspond to antibiotics often administered to both animals and humans. An important discovery in this study is the recognition of Enterobacteriaceae as the predominant family in the phylum Proteobacteria, together with enterococcus species from the phylum Firmicutes, which possess numerous antibiotic resistance genes associated with health risks. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria underscores the ...

Kashif Haleem, Basheer Ahmad, Muhammad Rayyan, Nowsherwan Zarif, Saif Ullah Khan, Salman Ahmad and Anwar Ali*

...collected from eighty respondents through a structured questionnaire. The primary motivations for planting trees were income (67.5%) and timber (31.25%), with firewood being a minor reason (1.25%). A significant majority (78.75%) of respondents grow trees on their farmland to sell them and support their families, while 21.25% use the trees for personal purposes. Most respondents (61.25%) u...

Murad Muhammad1,2,3*, Shahid Ullah1, Nimrah Ameen4, Abdul Wahab3,5, Abdul Basit6, Muqadas Batool7, Muhammad Nazim2,3 and Haroon Khan

...nterviewing 120 local respondents (85 males, including herbalists and pansiris, and 35 women) regarding the naturally occurring medicinal weeds in the area. During the field survey, traditional knowledge and the ethnobotanical relevance of seasonal weeds were collected. A total of 65 species from 24 families were recorded across the four different seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) in 2021–2023, including 54 angiosperms, 10 tracheophytes, and o...
Olagbaju Olawole1, 2, Ayoola Mathew*1, Lawal Tunde1, Olorunleke Solomon3, Oladejo Opeyemi1, Oguntunji Abel1 , Alabi Olufemi1 , Aderemi Foluke1, Ajayi Abimbola1
... on day 10, with a corresponding decrease in estradiol. The study demonstrates that regardless of synchronization protocol, the lowest mean VER reading post-treatment corresponds to high blood estradiol and low progesterone concentrations. This consistent pattern highlights the reliability of VER measurements in predicting estrus, while no significant difference in VER means the two protocols offer flexibility to goat farmer...
A.M. Ahmed1*, R. Dutta1, H. Pokhrel1, D. Nath1, L. Mudoi1, R. Sarmah1, S.K. Bhagabati1 and I. Ahmed2
...eam. The Canonical Corresponding Analysis revealed that environmental parameters have varied connotations with the fish occurrence, indicating species-specific adaptive potential. The parameters like temperature, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and velocity exhibited a positive correlation with fish abundance. Longest K-dominance curve formed at the station S-4 indicating the highest fish abundance. The findings will aid in the development of a reasonable exp...

Norsida Man1*, Shin Yee Siaw2, Munifah Siti Amira Yusuf2 and Siti Azizah3

... 200 program breeders responded. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS software version 23.0. The survey found that respondents have positive views and high expectations of veterinary extension services, officers, and the DVS. The respondents agreed that veterinary extension is critical in cattle farming because farmers cannot increase their cattle production without assistance from t...

Iffat Ara Mahzabin, Mohammad Maruf Hasan*, Saifur Rahman, Md. Asaduzzaman Sarker and Md. Yeakub Ali

...tify the services the respondents mostly received. For each of the statements, they were asked to indicate whether they strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree with a corresponding score of 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively. One hundred twenty fishermen were interviewed for data collection with a structured interview schedule in the selected unions from August 20 to September 22, 2022. The highest proportion of the res...

Mohammed Nasir Uddin1, Maimona Monir Jhilam1, Most Zannatun Nahar Mukta1, Zujaja Wahaj2, Mohammad Maruf Hasan1* and Samiha Khan3

...rventions, 53% of the respondents reported facing medium-level problems. The most prominent problem reported by the respondents was ‘lack of technical knowledge’. It is recommended that necessary steps, such as providing credit and training, to resolve these problems should be taken to ensure an improved quality of life for wetland farmers.

...

Hazrat Younas1,*, Khuram Nawaz Sadozai1, Amjad Ali1 and Rizwan Ahmad2

.../- for the latter. Correspondingly, structured vertical staking led to higher profits, with Rs. 4,25,875/- compared to Rs. 1,92,000/- for linear staking, demonstrating the increased profitability of vertical staking practices. Based on the analysis, the study offers recommendations to foster the growth, promotion, and enhancement of vertically structured tomato production. Notably, labor costs constitute a substantial portion, approximately 50%, of tomato prod...

Ying Zhong1,3,4, Jingni Chen1, Chunping Huang1, Huaiyuan Jin1, Jinlu Huang1, Lining Zhao1, Yi Geng3, Guiping Wang1,4 and Xueqiao Qian1,2*

...pathogenic bacteria from ponds with outbreaks of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis at a L. vannamei farm in Zhuhai, China. Among the seven bacteria strains, one strain was isolated from aquaculture water, two strains were isolated from hepatopancreas, and the other four strains were isolated from juvenile shrimp. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing and biochemical identification showed that all seven pathogenic bacteria were Vibrio parahaemolyticus and that they ...

Muhammad Ramzan Ali1*, Hasina Basharat2, Aziz Ahmed1, Mubeen Fakhar1 and Shamim Akhter2

... were stocked in earthen ponds. The shooter fish were separated and kept in separate ponds of 0.04-hectare area. The mature 100 males and 100 female brooders fish were selected on basis of morphometric characters. Monthly gonadosomatic index of male and female Clarias gariepinus was lower in male as compare to female fish. Milt volume of male African catfish was directly related to its body weight. It was seen that by increa...

Mohammad Wasiullah Khan* and Abdur Rab

...nbsp;
*Correspondence | Mohammad Wasiullah Khan, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop production Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]
...

Truong Thanh Trung1, Nguyen Thi Kim Dong2, Tran Long Hai1

... 22% crude protein corresponding CP14, CP16, CP18, CP20 and CP22 treatment, respectively. Feedstuffs used in the experiment included fermented soya waste, soybean extraction meal, Operculina turpethum, and Pennisetum purpureum. The experiment was carried out for 12 weeks in which sperm of the experimental rabbits was collected and analyzed weekly. After 12 weeks of semen collection, 1 bucks per treatment with stable semen quality were used for mating with does...

Baraa Najim Al-Okaily 

...ount of ROS, which corresponds to a low level of oxidative stress. These molecules play a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling pathways, facilitating communication between cells, and supporting the immune system. However, when the level of oxidative challenge exceeds the normal physiological range, it can cause disruption and oxidative damage to large molecules. Recent advancements in scientific techniques have provided detailed understandings of spat...

Rael Jepkogei Masai 

...stic regression. Most respondents (200 (66.7%) visited the hospital during dry season and only 33.3% visited during the rainy season. Infection prevalence of geohelminths was A. lumbricoides, A. duodenale and T. trichiura, 40% (p<.05), 25% (p<.05), and 1% infection prevalence were detected respectively during the wet season, and 24.5%, 10.5% and 1% respectively during the dry season, 16% of P.falciparum (p<.05) were infections during the wet season, r...

Hina Yasin1,2*, Shaukat Mahmud2, Hina Abrar1, Kaneez Fatima3, Rabia Bushra1 and Saima Zahid2

...xtracts significantly responded as analgesic drug comparable to standard drug using different methods of evaluation for analgesic activity. Brine shrimp bioassay in different leaves extracts also showed similar effects likewise to the standard drug vincristine sulphate. All extracts exhibited marked cytotoxic activity as well against the Artemia salina (brine shrimp eggs). Based on the findings, it is concluded that the leaves extracts of the C. bonplandianus ...

Shah Fahad* and Akhtar Ali 

...representation of the respondents. Interview schedule was used as a tool for the collection of primary data. The data results indicates that majority of the respondents were having age between 20-30 years. The illiteracy ratio was 58% while 42% were literate, 28% of the respondents were having primary level of education. The family size was above 5 members. Nineteen percent res

Khalid Hussain, Muhammad Jamal Nasir*, Anwar Saeed Khan and Hafiz Ullah Khan

... of the study area, 5 respondents from each union council were selected randomly and priority was given to long-time farmers. The data collected were tabulated and the maximum (Xmax) and minimum (Xmin) values for each sub-component of each major AWPI component were determined and, subsequently, the WPI was computed by combining all the sub-components of the five major components. UCs; Balambat, Chakdara, Kambat, Kotkai, Koto, Kotigram, Lajbok, Lal Qilla, and O...

Fitrini1*, Masyhuri2, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto2, Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti3

...udying documents. The respondents were determined purposively with the provisions of farmers who specifically raise local beef cattle in 3 districts which are the agribusiness centers in agropolitan area, so that a total of 101 farmers, and in-depth interviews with 10 experts. Data analysis was conducted using analysis of existing conditions of resources and other supporting factors, Location Question (LQ) and shift share analysis (SSA) to determine beef cattl...

Abid Jan* and Asad Ullah

...379 randomly selected respondents (18 years and onward age group) in eight union councils of four towns of District Peshawar. Chi–square and Kendall’s Tau-b tests were used to ascertaining the association between variables (awareness of monetary damage due to food waste, and food wastage at the household level). The study revealed that food wastage had a highly significant and negative association with having alternatives to expensive food items (P...

1Md. Faruq Hasan, 2Nazmunnahar Kolpona, 3*Atia Shahin, 3Md. Rayhan Sojib and 3Susmita Sarmin

...(72.8 percent) of the respondents held a moderately to highly unfavourable attitude towards government extension services. The key factors influencing farmers’ attitude were individual extension contact, training experience, educational qualification, farm size, annual income, and mass media contact, respectively. Thus, to enhance farmer engagement and trust in government extension services, policy formulation should be aimed at proactive and collaborati...
MohamadRahijan AbdulWahab*andAhmadAimanSalahudin
 
...ookpartinthesurvey.Therespondentswerebetween the ages of 13 and 65, and they must have previously tasted stingless bee honey.A questionnaire containing four sections: section A for sociodemographic information,section B for satisfaction evaluations, section C for attitude evaluations, and section D forevaluationsofpurchaseintentions,wasused.The data were examined using SPSS. Quantitative data are utilized in the analytical process. This quantitative appro...

Sami ul Haq, Basheer Ahmad* and Bilal Ahmed Qazi 

...to 0.78. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed 22 plant species distributed along environmental variables. Key soil factors influencing species distribution include pH (7.38), electrical conductivity (4.67 Sm/cm), moisture content (2.73%), and organic carbon (2.08%). The Shahpur Valley is characterized by coniferous forests, with Pinus wallichiana as the most prevalent conifer species. However, primary threats include illegal logging for fuelwood an...

King Hei Ip

...or bats and humans to respond to viral infections. Also, there are fundamental differences in the bat and human innate immunity other than ISGs, including inflammasome activation, stimulator of interferon-stimulated genes protein function, immunological approaches, physiological adaptations, protein kinase R adaptation, and lineage-specific immune responses in bats. However, the incomplete genetic annotation of all the bat species, a lack of understanding of b...

Awang Hazmi Awang-Junaidi1, Yeoh Boon Nie2, Siew Te Wong2, Nur Nabila Sarkawi3, Wafeq Mu’izzadin Khairul Anuar1, Siti Mariam Zainal Ariffin1* 

... bilateral involvement. Spondylosis deformans was observed in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The DJD changes include osteophyte formation, subchondral bone degradation, and joint remodelling. In conclusion, the findings provide valuable insights into the joint health of Bornean sun bear and highlight the importance of proactive measures to mitigate factors contributing to joint degeneration, such as optimizing husbandry practices and providing appropriat...

Adi Tiya Warman1, Panjono1*, Tri Satya Mastuti Widi1, Sigit Bintara1, Bayu Andri Atmoko2, Endang Baliarti3

...tic cattle, and both. Respondent selection was carried out using a purposive sampling method, with 95 respondents. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data were analyzed descriptively and pearson correlation to ascertain the relationship betweens these social, technical, and economic factors with the choice bull breed. The results showed t...

Mujahid Ali1*, Malik Muhammad Akram2, Emily Silverman3, Asif Iqbal1, Muhammad Mohsan1, Haseeb Ahsan4

...irs, and water retention ponds to help capture all available water that falls on the land. The country requires hydrogeological surveys, applied water management research for identification, evaluation, pilot testing, and demonstration of water management interventions, and practical training of stakeholders for successful pilot testing of new technologies, and sustainable practices. There is an urgent need to educate the public and develop infrastructure for ...
Norsyasya Shari1, Nur Nabilah Husin1, Zalilawati Mat Rasid1, Maaruf Abdul Ghani2 and Noroul Asyikeen Zulkifli1*
 
...ure content with a corresponding increase in the carbohydrate, fat and ash content of CMD. The pH reduced from 6.65 to 6.55, while total sugar content and total solid increased from 3.28 °Brix to 12.85 °Brix and from 15.90% to 22.50% respectively as the concentration of sugar increased. In terms of colour, the addition of sugar caused the increased in the lightness (L*), reduced the redness (+ a*) with no significant effect on blue intensity (-b*) of C...

Talha Shafique1, Mustansar Mubeen2, Yasir Iftikhar2, Qaiser Shakeel3*, Muhammad Ahmad Zeshan2, Haseeb Ahmed Lalika4, Malik Abd-ur-Rehman5, Atta ur Rehman2, Muhammad Irfan Zafar6 and Farwa Seemab2

...d Sargodha at 1.9. Correspondingly, Kot Momin also showed the highest severity score at 33.5 pits per square inch, with Bhalwal and Sargodha recording 25.5 and 12.5, respectively. The research provides deep insights and understanding for the identification of high-risk areas in Punjab and susceptible varieties, which are crucial for developing effective CTV mitigation strategies. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by presenting novel i...

Saiqa Jehan1*, Tahir Sarwar1, Naveedullah1, Shahzad Khan Khattak2 and M. Jamal Khan3 

... used. A total of 212 respondents including farmers, personnel from government departments and NGOs were interviewed. The results of the survey revealed that almost all respondents were aware of climate change, which has effect on rainfall and seasonal temperature pattern of the area. Almost all the respondents reported that deforestation is the primary factor contributing to climate chang...

Athar Mustafa Laghari1*, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Muhammad Hanif Chandio1, Faheem Saddar3, Muhammad Yunus Laghari4, Munawar Lal1, Urooj Imtiaz4, Majida Parveen Narejo5, Hameeda Lashari4, Ghulam Abbas5 and Shahnaz Rashid5

...y index (DI) 0.927 correspondingly while lowest detected at site IV richness, 20% abundance 121 and diversity index (DI) was 0.87 accordingly. Three kinds of native carps like Labeo rohita (11.25%), Cirrhinus mrigala (10.88%), Cirrhinus reba (9.47%) and one species of each Clupiedae, Gudusia chapra (10.31) and Cichlidae, Oreochromis mossambicus (16.22%) were found to be leading (dominant) kinds throughout examination period and from sampling sites. Analysis of...

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture

December

Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 56, Iss. 6, pp. 2501-3000

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